• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.246-258
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• 2009

This study was conducted for behavioral characteristic analysis of the Asiatic Black Bear in a limited space. Behaviors of eight Asiatic Black Bears were classified into 13 normal stances and locomotor activities, 15 normal maintenance behaviors, 9 locomotory compulsive behaviors, 2 non-locomotory compulsive behaviors through the 3 years of monitoring. The bears had originally been released into the Jiri National Park for Asiatic Black Bear Restoration Project and were withdrawn again because of several reasons such as habituation to humans, and apiary damage. Through the monitoring of 6 hours per day during 3 months, classified behaviors were analyzed based on sex, age, observing month, observing timing, captivity period, and captive form. The total rate of stereotypic behaviors was $26.51{\pm}13.38%$. Among these, RA(Rest_A) was rated high as $47.32{\pm}18.32%$. In addition, SP(Standard pace), HR(Head rear), EP(Extended pace) were most frequently observed behaviors. The time budget of TFS(Two feet stand), SA(Sniff_A) and SB(Sniff_B) on females and younger individuals were relatively higher than male and older individuals. So we confirmed that females and younger individuals had more wariness and curiosity. As the period of captivity took longer, the rate of stereotypic behaviors was higher and more stereotypic behaviors were observed in the afternoon. At night, behaviors related with resting like Rest-A, Rest-B, Lying down, Lying on abdomen, Sitting were more frequently observed. We concluded that the captive state could affect the behaviors of Asiatic Black Bear and long term research should be necessary.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.240-248
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• 2006

In this study, a retrofitting BNR process that was modified for the economical applicability was proposed and evaluated in the pilot plant($50m^3/d$). At the same time the bacterial community structure was investigated in the pilot plant by using FISH(fluorescent in situ hybridization) method. Economically 16% of the initial construction cost for the proposed process(introduction of a biological nutrient removal process of $60,000m^3/d$ scale basis) was reduced due to the absence of a bioreactor. Water treatment efficiencies and maintenance facilities of the modified process were satisfied with the strengthened discharge permits in Korea throughout a long term pilot plant operating including a winter season. Bacterial populations in the pilot plant and in the control plant(A2/O process, B SIP(Sewage Treatment Plant)) were remained uniformly during the test period, but bacterial structure in the bioreactor was changed drastically. Proportions of ${\beta}$-proteobacteria group including soil bacteria which play a important role in wastewater treatment increased $25{\sim}607%$ in population.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.109-118
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• 1999

The need for and components of a contemporary community pharmacy externship for pharmacy students have not been clearly identified in Korea. Mail survey was performed among 20 college of pharmacy deans and 800 community pharmacists to analyze the current status and develop a consensus regarding major focus area and criteria of community pharmacy externship to be implemented under the separation of dispensary from medical practice in year 2000. Mail survey yielded $80\%\;and\;23.5\%$ response rate for pharmacy school deans and community pharmacists, respectively. Of the 16 pharmacy schools that responded 14 said they have externship program in hospital pharmacy, and only 8 pharmacy schools responded of having externship program for community pharmacy. However, these community pharmacy programs lacked criteria and standard guideline for the externship. The results of survey revealed that community pharmacy externship program for students should be organized and directed toward developing expert knowledge and skills in pharmacy practice activities, clinical services, communications, pharmacy management, and professionalism. Pharmacy practice components should include competencies and skills in computer application, prescription processing, dispensing, pharmaceutical compounding, Narcotics Control Law application, maintenance and provision of drug information, and laws and regulations. Clinical service components should include the ability to identify patient's drug-related problems, provide long-term patient care and appreciate drug therapy services. Communication skills should be taught to effectively express his/her professional opinion, deduce the needs of others, utilize appropriate techniques and media to communicate ideas and conduct a patient interview and to obtain patient drug history. Pharmacy management skills should be taught to be efficient in medical insurance and drug control process. It was found that professionalism, morality, pharmacy practice experience, ability to provide clinical services, collect and provide drug information and regality are important criteria of preceptors. Externship sites should possess the ability to stock various drugs, access and provide diverse pharmacy services and should have private patient counseling area. Most pharmacists agreed that top 200 drugs' generic and brand name, indications, dosage, side effects, and contraindication should be instructed during the externship. It was also found that student and preceptor should be evaluated for their performances during the externship. This information will be incorporated into teaming objectives for students and to develop Academic Extemship Program Guidelines.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.79-89
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• 1997

One of the strenuous problems in orthodontic procedures is postretention stability and retention against relapse. Many investigative trial had been done to disclose the factors associated with relapse and effective prescription to stave off, however, the nature of these jeopardies remained obscure. The objective was to investigate the long-term stability and quantitative changes of dental arches subsequently after Class I nonextraction treatment. Study models,cephalometric headfilms of 26 samples which were taken before, after teatment and postretention were employed to measure the interdental width of corresponding buccal teeth,overbite,overjet and the inclination of incisors and molars. Statistical analysis was carried to compare each measurements across the time period, and followings were brought around. 1. The quantitative amount of relapse in overbite presented positive correlation with the amount of changes through the treatment. 2. Stability of intercanine width was so far secure in the case the expansion had been done through. 3. The amount of changes in intercanine width of the lower regardless of expansion or contraction manifested less than the upper, however, the relapse ratio got high. 4. The upper and lower incisors were likely to be labioversive, and remained stable after retention. 5. The first molars of the upper and lower were conceivably tipped back immediately after treatment and returned to the original angulation. The expansion of intermolar width stayed stable across the time scheme after treatment It was suggested that the maintenance of intercanine width of lower was pertinent to perform the postretention stabilityv and the expansion of dental arch shoed be confined within physiologic boundaries of the patients.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Esthetic Dentistry
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.15-24
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• 2016

It is considered an implant failure when there is esthetic problems in the anterior area although the prosthesis function normally. In 2003, Dr. Kan et al stated that implant bone level is determined by the adjacent teeth. After that many scholars have studied how can achieve the esthetics result on adjacent teeth bone loss cases. In 2012, Dr. Takino published an article in Quintessence. He summarized previous articles and reclassified the defects from class 1 through 4. Class 1 and 2 depicts a situation where there is no bone loss on adjacent teeth. In Class 3 and 4, interproximal bone loss extends to the adjacent tooth. If one side is involved, it is Class 3. If both sides are involved, it is Class 4. The clue for esthetic implant restoration is whether bone loss extends to adjacent tooth or not. If the bone level of adjacent tooth is sound, we can easily achieve the esthetic but the bone level is not sound, the surgery will be complicated and the esthetic result will be unpredictable. So regenerative surgery for adjacent tooth is necessary for long-term maintenance. But the options and process were so complicated, the purpose of this article is to report the method simplify the surgery and gain a similar outcome.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.181-192
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• 2007

Periodontal surgery as part of the treatment of periodontal disease is mainly performed 1) to gain access to diseased areas for adequate cleaning; 2) to achieve pocket reduction or elimination; and 3) to restore the periodontal tissues lost through the disease; i.e., a new attachment formation of periodontal regeneration. To accomplish the latter, often referred to as the ultimate goal of periodontal therapy, a number of surgical procedures have been advocated throughout the years. Clinical studies have demonstrated that considerable gain of clinical attachment and bone can be achieved following guided tissue regeneration (GTR) therapy of intrabony defects. The aim of this study was to analyse the radiographic bone changes 2-year after GTR using a bone graft material and nonresorbable membrane. Patients attending the department of periodontics of Kyungpook National University Hospital were studied. Patients had clinical and radiographic evidence of intrabony defect(s), 33 sites of 30 patients aged 32 to 56 (mean age 45.6) were treated by GTR with a bone graft material and nonresorbable membrane. Baseline and 2-year follow-up radiographs were collected and evaluated for this study. Radiographic assessment includes a bone fill, bone crest change, defect resolution, and % of defect resolution. Pre- and post-treatment differences between variables (maxilla and mandible, defect depth, defect angle, bone graft materials) using the paired t-test were examined. We observed $2.86{\pm}1,87mm$ of bone fill, $065{\pm}0.79mm$ of crestal resorption, $3.49{\pm}2.11mm$ of defect resolution, and $44.42{\pm}19.51%$ of percentage of defect resolution. Mandible, deeper initial defect depth, narrower initial defect angle showed greater bone fill, defect resolution, and % of defect resolution. But no difference was observed between xenograft and allograft. Outcome of GTR as a therapy of intrabony defect was better than other therapy, but herein, good oral hygiene maintenance as a anti-infective treatment and periodic recall check of patients are essential.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.591-595
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the possibility of changes in onion (cv. 'Turbo' and 'Changnyongdaego') bulb quality during storage at room and cold temperature. Increased weight loss was found in the onion bulb stored at both cold and room temperature conditions. 4% weight loss was found in bulbs stored at room temperature and 2% at cold storage as compared to fresh cultivated onion bulb; after three months. Initially, there was no significant difference in the firmness of bulbs between cultivars and storage conditions. Hunter a value of bulb stored at room temperature was higher than the value of bulb stored at cold temperature. 27% and 7.9% decay was found after three months in 'Changnyongdaego' and 'Turbo' cultivars stored under room temperature condition respectively. In contrast, only 2% decay was noticed in both cultivars stored at cold storage condition. Hunter L value of onion bulb gradually decreased in both room and cold temperature storage conditions. In conclusion, quality of onion bulb can be maintained until three months. For long term storage and quality maintenance, under room temperature conditions a resistance cultivar should be selected.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.33-43
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• 2014

Recently, the case to construct the structure on the soft clayey ground has increased and in order to the reduction of the cost of construction and maintenance on the social infrastructure facilities we have been trying to improve the soft clayey ground using the existing methods such as the pre-loading method and the vertical drain method. Like this, when various ground improvement methods are applied on the soft clayey ground, a long-term consolidation settlement will be key issue due to low permeability coefficient of cohesive soil. According to existing research results that relate to the consolidation settlement, the loading periods for existing the standard consolidation test (Oedometer test) to obtain the consolidation parameters are needed for minimum ten days or more. Therefore, in this study, the standard consolidation test (24 hours step-loading) and constant strain rate consolidation test changed by strain rate was performed using the remolded marine clay on Gwangyang bay composed of a soft clayey ground of the south-west coast. From the laboratory test results, the characteristics of compression, strain-effective stress relations by constant strain rate and the variation characteristic of the pore water pressure by different of loading speed and the relation between consolidation parameters and constant strain rate are compared and analyzed.

• The Journal of Sustainable Design and Educational Environment Research
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.1-15
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• 2019

This study analyzes universities in Japan, which haves many similarities with those in Korea in certain aspects of the educational system and a common problem of reduced university admission resources, Korea's national university facility standards, policy related to nation-level university facility, and practical campus case. Through this, the study aims to examine the difference in the national approach and basic philosophy about university facilities in Korea and Japan, and also identify the major planning factors and improvement directions when establishing plans for university campuses in the future. The results of this study are as follows. First, Korea tends to promote policies related to university facilities by individual projects centered on a major pending problem or issue, while Japan has been shown to promote national university facility policies under a comprehensive mid-to-long-term plan by establishing a maintenance plan aimed at national university facilities every five years. Second, In the case of the university facility areas, the average university facility area of the examined universities in Japan is about 5.6% larger than the average university facility area in Korea. Additionally, the university facility area per student in Japan is about 13% wider than that of Korea. The total floor area of university facilities in Japan is also about 20.7% larger than that of Korea, and the university facility area per student in Japan is about 56.7% wider than that of Korea as well. Among support facilities, the total floor area of dormitories in Korea was 2.5 times wider than that of Japan, however, the acceptance rate of dormitory in Korea was 5.6% higher than Japan. Third, the university facility criteria items and systems of two countries are similar. but there are slight differences in the content such as the method of calculating student capacity, division classification, and the method of calculating the number of teachers.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.34 no.6_2
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• pp.1179-1192
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• 2018

In order to detect the Antarctic Polar Front (PF) among the main fronts in the Southern Ocean, this study is based on the combinations of satellite-based sea surface temperature (SST) and height (SSH) observations. For accurate PF detection, we classified the signals as front or non-front grids based on the Bayesian decision theory from daily SST and SSH datasets, and then spatio-temporal synthesis has been performed to remove primary noises and to supplement geographical connectivity of the front grids. In addition, sea ice and coastal masking were employed in order to remove the noise that still remains even after performing the processes and morphology operations. Finally, we selected only the southernmost grids, which can be considered as fronts and determined as the monthly PF by a linear smoothing spline optimization method. The mean positions of PF in this study are very similar to those of the PFs reported by the previous studies, and it is likely to be well represents PF formation along the bottom topography known as one of the major influences of the PF maintenance. The seasonal variation in the positions of PF is high in the Ross Sea sector (${\sim}180^{\circ}W$), and Australia sector ($120^{\circ}E-140^{\circ}E$), and these variations are quite similar to the previous studies. Therefore, it is expected that the detection approach for the PF position applied in this study and the final composite have a value that can be used in related research to be carried out on the long term time-scale.