• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.53-58
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to predict the amount of astigmatism through logMAR visual acuity by Jin's chart at best vision spherical power and to compare availability of astigmatism expectation by Jin's and beam project chart. Methods: LogMAR and decimal visual acuity were measured for 150 college students and visual acuity and compared the amount of astigmatism under full correction. Results: Jin's chart was showed marked differences at least more than 0.25 D intervals per line than beam project chart. Correlation with the amount of astigmatism was higher the logMAR visual acuity r = 0.8578 than decimal visual acuity r = -0.7199. Conclusions: LogMAR visual acuity at best vision spherical power was able to predict to amount of astigmatism and Jin's chart was easier than beam project chart to predict difference of each lines.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.419-424
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• 2012

Purpose: We were to obtain the basic data for studying kinetic visual acuity through the comparative analysis in kinetic visual acuity, visual acuity, refractive error, pupil size, and hand reaction time for college students. Methods: We had tested the kinetic visual acuity, visual acuity, refractive error and hand reaction time using the kinetic visual acuity tester (KOWA AS-4A), the hand reaction time program and auto-refractometer for thirty-nine male and same female optometry students with more than +0.1 LogMAR visual acuity in both eyes. And the results were examined gender differences of kinetic visual acuity and the factors correlation. Results: In the measured values of male, pupil size were 6.00 mm, hand reaction time 0.23 msec, refractive error -1.66 D, visual acuity -0.07, kinetic visual acuity 0.59 and pupil size 5.86 mm, hand reaction time 0.24 msec, refractive error -2.08 D, visual acuity -0.02, kinetic visual acuity 0.46 in female. It was significant difference for kinetic visual acuity values but other factors were not. The kinetic visual acuity and left visual acuity had the highest correlation, r=-0.406. The kinetic visual acuity indicated more excellent values in the case of increasing visual acuity and decreasing myopia amount. Conclusions: It was able to see that male college students were better than female for kinetic visual acuity and the visual acuity were related to kinetic visual acuity.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.191-197
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• 2021

This study studied the effect of visual difference on balance and walking ability in college students' life care. The study was conducted on 45 students attending H University in G City, divided into control groups (n=22, not wearing glasses and contact lenses) and experimental groups (n=23, wearing glasses and contact lenses). In not wearing glasses and contact lenses, the subjects measured visual acuity with logMAR charts, evaluated their balance ability with BIOrescue, and evaluated walking ability with G-Walk. The results of this study showed that the experimental group had statistically significantly lower vision than the control group in the visual acuity measurement(p<.01). Static balance ability was statistically significant increase in center of mass movement of the right foot in the experimental group compared to the control group(p<.05). Dynamic balance ability was statistically significantly reduce in limit of stability for groups of experiments compared to control group(p<.05). The walking ability was statistically significantly shorter on step length and stride length, swing of the experimental group compared to the control group in the right foot(p<.05). The findings showed that the visual difference in university students reduces balance and walking ability. Therefore, university students with poor visual acuity are recommended to correct of visual acuity to prevent collision and falls in their daily lives.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2016

Purpose: The study was aimed to suggest the most effective color of the tinted lenses by evaluating the effect of the prescription with tinted lenses on the visual quality of the elderly at the age of the sixty or more. Methods: The visual acuity of fifty subjects at the age of sixty or more (17 males, 33 females with the averaged age of $71.0{\pm}6.3$) were corrected to have the visual acuity at a far distance of 0.5 or more using a trial lens frame, and non-tinted, brown-tinted, and gray-tinted lenses were randomly applied on the trial frame. The minimum legibility and minimum separability were measured at a far distance in the aspect of the visual acuity and calculated as LogMAR and then, the visual acuity was compared. The stereopsis and contrast sensitivity were also estimated at a near distance in the aspect of the visual function. The participants' preference for tinted lenses and their subjective symptoms of the visual perception and the movement were further surveyed. Results: The best minimum legibility and minimum separability was shown when wearing non-tinted lenses, and brown-tinted and gray-tinted lenses were in the next. The stereopsis and the contrast sensitivity at a near distance and the visual perception was the best when wearing brown-tinted lenses. It was surveyed that the subjective discomfort was the biggest when wearing gray-tinted lenses, and brown-tinted lenses were the best in the aspect of the subjective preference. Conclusions: As the result of this study, it was revealed that the visual acuity and visual function could be improved by the use of tinted ophthalmic lenses however, its change of visual acuity and visual function was not completely correlated with the subjective satisfaction. Therefore, the appropriate color of ophthalmic lenses should be selected in accordance with the individual visual perception and the main vision lifestyle in the elderly generation. From the present study, the use of non- or brown-tinted lens and brown- or gray-tinted lens can be recommended for distance work and near work, respectively, in the elderly generation under the illumination of about 1,000 lux.

• Journal of The Korean Ophthalmological Society
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• v.59 no.12
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• pp.1142-1151
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• 2018

Purpose: We assessed the visual and anatomical outcomes, and the safety profile of long-term intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections (aflibercept, ranibizumab, and bevacizumab) given to treat neovascular age-related macular degeneration (NAMD). Methods: We analyzed medical records collected over 7 years of treatment-naive NAMD patients who received outpatient clinic-based intravitreal anti-VEGF injections. All were treated employing either "treat-and-extend" or "as needed" protocols at the discretion of the retinal specialist. The number of injections, adverse events associated with injection, and measures of visual acuity (VA), central foveal thickness (CFT), and intraocular pressure (IOP) were recorded. Results: Overall, we assessed 196 eyes of 196 patients (average age $68.6{\pm}9.6years$; 77 females). Patients received an average of $17.3{\pm}13.5$ injections over $78.0{\pm}16.5months$ of clinical follow-up. The initial mean VA (logMAR) was $0.75{\pm}0.58$ and the CFT was $349.7{\pm}152.6{\mu}m$. Both parameters exhibited maximal improvements at the 6-month visit (p < 0.05). However, the clinical outcomes worsened over the 7-year clinical course; the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was $0.91{\pm}0.78$ and the CFT was $284.5{\pm}105.8{\mu}m$ at 7 years. The BCVA at 7 years was significantly correlated with the initial BCVA. IOP-related events increased 11-fold and anterior chamber reactions increased 3-fold over the years, but no significant complications such as endophthalmitis were recorded. Conclusions: The use of intravitreal anti-VEGF agents was associated with initial visual improvements over 6 months but did not prevent the worsening of NAMD over 5 years. The BCVA at the initial visit was a strong predictor of the final BCVA. A more intensive injection schedule might improve long-term outcomes.

• Journal of The Korean Ophthalmological Society
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• v.59 no.11
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• pp.1030-1038
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• 2018

Purpose: To evaluate whether early visual acuity response at 4 weeks after the first intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injection or 4 weeks after the third injection in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) is associated with 12-month follow-up outcome. Methods: Thirty treatment-naive patients (30 eyes) with nAMD, treated with intravitreal anti-VEGF, were retrospectively included. Initially, all patients were injected at least three times for three consecutive months and followed up with a pro re nata regimen for at least 12 months. The relationship between 4 weeks after the first and third anti-VEGF injections in visual acuity response was explored, including the mean change from baseline in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA). The mean change in BCVA was classified into three groups according to visual improvement: <1, 1-<3, or ${\geq}3$ logMAR line(s) in BCVA. The associations among baseline characteristics (gender, age, duration of symptoms, initial BCVA, central macular thickness, and intraocular pressure) and visual acuity responses 4 weeks after the first and third anti-VEGF injections were also assessed. Results: The proportions of eyes with <1, 1-<3, and ${\geq}3-line(s)$ improvement at 4 weeks after the first injection were 6 eyes (20%), 7 eyes (23.3%), and 17 eyes (56.6%), respectively. The proportions of eyes with <1, 1-<3, and ${\geq}3-line(s)$ improvement at 4 weeks after the third injection were 9 eyes (30%), 9 eyes (30%), and 12 eyes (40%), respectively. A BCVA response ${\geq}3-lines$ improvement at 4 weeks after the third injection showed significant associations with ${\geq}3-line(s)$ improvement and BCVA response at 12 months in multiple logistic and linear regression analyses (p = 0.04). Conclusions: In this study, BCVA response ${\geq}3-lines$ improvement at 4 weeks after the third injection showed a significant association with ${\geq}3-line(s)$ improvement and BCVA response at 12 months.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.10 no.11
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• pp.3412-3417
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to compare the quality of life in low vision to the one in normals. 20 multifactorial patients in low vision and 20 age-matched healthy normals took part in the survey and were orally estimated using NEI VFQ-25. The age of participants ranged 25 to 78. The mean score in low vision subjects was 55.88$\pm$14.76, whereas the one in normal subjects was 94.47$\pm$3.78. The age of low vision subject was highly correlated with the item Near Activities(r=-0.584), their LogMAR was fairly good correlated with the item Peripheral Vision(r=0.527). The quality of life in low vision is considerably depressed comparing to normals. Is there the nystagmus in low vision patient, it is inferred that the quality of life considerably leads to the problem.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.69-80
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• 2009

Purpose: We investigated validity of a monitor-based computer eye test program, Test Chart 2000 Pro (developed by Thomson Software Solutions, UK). Methods: We chose ten common eye tests of the Test Chart 2000 Pro and Korean Standard Eye Test, applying them to same subject groups each by each, followed by comparison and analyses of agreement degree of the results. Results: Among the ten eye tests, Snellen Chart, Cross-cyl target, Duochrome test, Fan and Block test, and Random dot stereograms showed statistically significant agreement between both the Korean standard eye test method and Test Chart 2000 Pro. On the other hand, some disagreements were found between the two eye test methods in LogMAR Chart, Single Letter Chart, Phoria Test, Fixation Disparity Test, and Worth 4 Dot Test. Conclusions: Comparing to the Korean Standard Eye Test that consists of Han eye chart and Phoroptor, validity of the Test Chart 2000 Pro is not so high. Further improvements of the Test Chart 2000 Pro in accuracy are required.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.59-65
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the distribution and correlation of accommodative lag with refractive error. Method: We had tested the clinical refraction and the accommodative lag in clinically normal 49 young adults (total 98 eyes) aged 18 to 25 years without abnormal binocular function. Monocular and binocular accommodative lag were tested with 0.50 D cross-cylinder lens and near vision test chart which had cross-hairs after full correction of LogMAR visual acuity over 0.05. Results: There was no statistical differences in monocular accommodative lag between right ($0.64{\pm}0.64$ D) and left eye ($0.63{\pm}0.64$)(p=0.858). The accommodative lag of male was higher than female and the range of the value was broader than female in binocular accommodative lag (p=0.015). The wider the inter-pupillary distance was, the higher the accommodative lag was (p=0.003). However, there were no differences with age (p=0.800) and dominant eye (p=0.402). The ranges of accommodative lag of low, middle, and high myopia were 0.75 ~ -0.25 D, 1.25 ~ -0.50 D, and 1.50 ~ -0.75 D, respectively, and the regression was 'y = -0.03953x+0.09205'. Conclusions: These data suggest that clinically normal young adults with high amounts of refractive error have more variable accommodative lag and increased spherical equivalent refraction.

• The Korean Journal of Vision Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.579-588
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• 2018

Purpose : To analyze the eyeglasses supply system for ametropic soldiers in ROK military. Methods : We investigated and analyzed the supply system of eyeglasses for the ametropic soldiers provided by the Korean military. The refractive powers and corrected visual acuity were measured for 37 ametropic soldiers who wear insert glasses for ballistic protective and gas-masks supplied by the military based on their habitual prescriptions. Full correction of refractive error was prescribed for subjects having less than 1.0 of distance visual acuity, and comparison was held for inspecting the changes in corrected visual acuity. Suggestions were provided for solving the issues regarding current supplying system, and this study investigated the applicabilities for utilizing professional optometric manpower. Results : The new glasses supplied by army for ametropic soldiers were duplicated from the glasses they worn when entering the army. The spherical equivalent refractive powers of the conventional, ballistic protective and gas-mask insert glasses supplied for 37 ametropic soldiers were $-3.47{\pm}1.69D$, $-3.52{\pm}1.66D$ and $-3.55{\pm}1.63D$, respectively, and the spherical equivalent refractive power of full corrected glasses was $-3.79{\pm}1.66D$, which showed a significant difference(p<0.05). The distant corrected visual acuity measured at high and low contrast(logMAR) of conventional, ballistic protective and gas-mask insert glasses were $0.06{\pm}0.80$, $0.21{\pm}0.82$, $0.15{\pm}0.74$, $0.34{\pm}0.89$, $0.10{\pm}0.70$ and $0.22{\pm}0.27$, respectively, while the corrected visual acuity by full corrected glasses were increased to $0.02{\pm}1.05$, $0.10{\pm}0.07$, $0.09{\pm}0.92$, $0.26{\pm}0.10$, $0.04{\pm}1.00$ and $0.19{\pm}1.00$, respectively. There was a significant difference(p<0.05) except for the case of the low contrast corrected visual acuity of the conventional and gas-mask insert glasses. The procedure for ordering, dispensing, and supplying military glasses consists of 5 steps, and it was found that approximately two weeks or more are required to supply from the initial examination. Conclusion : The procedure of supplying the military glasses showed three issues: 1) a lack of refraction for prescription system, 2) relatively long length of time required for supplying the glasses, 3) an inaccurate power of supplied glasses. In order to solve those issues, in the short term, education is necessarily required for soldiers on the measurement of the refractive powers, and in the near future, further standard procedures for prescription of glasses as well as the securement of optometric manpower are expected.