• 동력기계공학회지
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.35-40
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• 2010

This article deals with the numerical analysis results of stiffness of diaphragm spring used in the clutch of a manual transmission. In order to investigate the relationship of the force and displacement in a diaphragm spring, we have established a numerical model of diaphragm spring using a well-known analytic model of Belleville spring and a cantilever beam model for the finger part of diaphragm spring. Using the stress and strain relations of Belleville spring and cantilever beam, we propose the analytic equation of motion of diaphragm spring for the use of a clutch automated actuator in an automated manual transmission. The proposed analytic model represents the typical dynamic characteristics of diaphragm spring along with the release bearing travel. And it is characterized in a closed-form equation, therefore it can be used for the further study of development of actuator and control law of clutch automating mechanism.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2022년도 봄 학술논문 발표대회
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• pp.237-238
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• 2022

The seismic performance of existing reinforced concrete (RC) elements to which seismic design was not applied is questionable. To evaluate the behavior of existing RC columns, column specimens with widely spaced transverse reinforcement and 90-degree hoop anchor hooks as variables were designed. Experimental tests were performed by applying a fixed low axial load and increasing lateral cyclic loads to the specimens. As a result, the hoop spacing and anchor hook angle did not significantly affect the load-displacement relationship and the dissipated energy before failure.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제73권5호
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• pp.529-542
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• 2020

As limited well-documented experimental data are available for assessing the attributes of different deformation components of flanged walls, few appropriate models have been established for predicting the inelastic responses of flanged walls, especially those of asymmetrical flanged walls. This study presents the experimental results for three large-scale T-shaped reinforced concrete walls and examines the variations in the flexural, shear, and sliding components of deformation with the total deformation over the entire loading process. Based on the observed deformation behavior, a simple model based on moment-curvature analysis is established to estimate flexural deformations, in which the changes in plastic hinge length are considered and the deformations due to strain penetration are modeled individually. Based on the similar gross shapes of the curvature and shear strain distributions over the wall height, a proportional relationship is established between shear displacement and flexural rotation. By integrating the deformations due to flexure, shear, and strain penetration, a new load-deformation analytical model is proposed for flexure-dominant flanged walls. The proposed model provides engineers with a simple, accurate modeling tool appropriate for routine design work that can be applied to flexural walls with arbitrary sections and is capable of determining displacements at any position over the wall height. By further simplifying the analytical model, a simple procedure for estimating the ultimate displacement capacity of flanged walls is proposed, which will be valuable for performance-based seismic designs and seismic capacity evaluations.

• 콘크리트학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.221-230
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• 1999

본 연구는 Belite를 사용한 고강도 철근콘크리트 보의 휨 거동에 관한 연구이다. 이를 위하여 Belite 시험체의 (1) 하중-처짐 관계와 시험체 중앙단면의 변형률 분호, (2) 하중-중립축관계와 모멘트-곡률 관계, (3) 연성평가, (4) 기존규준식과 실험값에 의한 휨강도 비교 등을 통하여 1종 보통 포트랜드 시멘트를 사용한 기준시험체(OPC)의 실험결과와 비교분석 하였다. 주요 실험변수는 콘크리트의 강도(350, 600kgf/$cm^2$)와 철근비(2D-13, 2D-16, 2D-19, 2D-22 and 2D-25)로 하였으며, 3점 재하를 실시하였다. 실험결과, 고강도${\cdot}$고유동 Belite 콘크리트를 사용한 본 실험의 경우, 전반적으로 1종 콘크리트의 휨거동 특성과 비슷한 경향을 보였다.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.117-136
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• 2020

Curved steel-concrete composite box girder has been widely adopted in urban overpasses and ramp bridges. In order to investigate its mechanical behavior under complicated and combined bending, shear and torsion load, two large-curvature composite box girders with interior angles of 25° and 45° were tested under static hogging moment. Based on the strain and deflection measurement on critical cross-sections during the static loading test, the failure mode, cracking behavior, load-displacement relationship, and strain distribution in the steel plate and rebar were investigated in detail. The test result showed the large-curvature composite box girders exhibited notable shear lag in the concrete slab and steel girder. Also, the constraint torsion and distortion effect caused the stress measured at the inner side of the composite beam to be notably higher than that of the outer side. The strain distribution in the steel web was approximately linear; therefore, the assumption that the plane section remains plane was approximately validated based on strain measurement at steel web. Furthermore, the full-process non-linear elaborate finite element (FE) models of the two specimens were developed based on commercial FE software MSC.MARC. The modeling scheme and constitutive model were illustrated in detail. Based on the comparison between the FE model and test results, the FE model effectively simulated the failure mode, the load-displacement curve, and the strain development of longitudinal rebar and steel girder with sufficient accuracy. The comparison between the FE model and the test result validated the accuracy of the developed FE model.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.120-129
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• 1998

The tension stiffening in reinforced concrete member means increase of stiffness caused by the effective tensile stress between cracks and the tension softening behavior of concrete. This paper presents on the tensile behavior and tension stiffening of RC tension members. Direct tension tests were performed with a main experimental variables such as concrete strength, rebar diameter and strength. The tension stiffening was analyzed from the load-displacement relationship and was compared with ACI code, CEB model and the proposed by Collins ＆ Mitchell. The results are as follows : The tension behaviors of RC members were quite different from those of bare bar and were characterized by loading and concrete cracking steps. The effect of tension stiffening decreased rapidly as the rebar diameter and strength increased, and the concrete strength increased. The proposed by Collins ＆ Mitchell described well the experimental results, regardless of rebar types and concrete. But, ACI code and CEB model described a little differently, depending on the types. The effect of tension stiffening in RC member was the biggest near at concrete cracking step and decreased gradually to the bare bar's behavior as loading closed to the breaking point. Thus, tension stiffening in RC members should be taken into account when the load-deflection characteristics of a member are required or a precise analysis near the load of concrete clacking is needed.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.87-94
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• 2005

This paper investigates the constant-level luffing and time optimal control of jib cranes. The constant-level luffing, which is the sustainment of the load at a constant height during luffing, is achieved by analyzing the kinematic relationship between the angular displacement of a boom and that of the main hoist motor of a jib crane. Under the assumption that the main body of the crane does not rotate, the equations of motion of the boom are derived using Newton's Second Law. The dynamic equations for the crane system are highly nonlinear; therefore, they are linearized under the small angular motion of the load to apply linear control theory. This paper investigates the time optimal control from the perspective of no-sway at a target point. A stepped velocity pattern is used to design the moving path of the jib crane. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the time optimal control, in terms of anti-sway motion of the load, while luffing the crane.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.129-137
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• 1999

Reinforced concrete structures using early age concrete were result in the degradation of structural performance due to crack, overload, unexpected vibration and impact load. It demands urgently that reinforced concrete structure using early age concrete should be improved the serviceability and structural performance with the application of new fiber materials. Therefore specimens, designed by the test varibles, such as with or without stirrup and percent of steel fiber incorporated, were constructed and tested to evaluate and develop the structural performance of reinforced steel fiber concrete beam. Based on the test results reported in this study, the following conclusions are made. Specimens, designed by the over 0.75% of steel fiber incorporated, were showed the ductile behavior and failed slowly with flexure and flexure-shear. Comparing with the load-displacement relationship of specimen BSS, designed by the recommendations of the Ministry of Construction and Transportation, reinforced steel fiber concrete beam using early age concrete, over 0.75% of steel fiber incorporated, gets enough load carrying capacity and ductility. Increasing the percent of steel fiber incorporated(0.25~2.0%), the ultimate shear stress of each specimen were increased 12~40% than that of control specimen SSS.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.705-716
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• 2017

The objective of this study is to investigate the actual behavior of studs in structures under earthquake load through laboratory tests and numerical simulation. A test program including eighteen specimens was devised with consideration of different concrete strengths and stud diameters. Six of specimens were subjected to monotonically increasing loading while the others were subjected to cyclic loading. Mechanical behavior including the failure mechanism, load-slip relationship, stiffness degradation, energy dissipation and the damage accumulation was obtained from the test results. An accurate numerical model based on the ABAQUS software was developed and validated against the test results. The results obtained from the finite element (FE) model matched well with the experimental results. Furthermore, based on the experimental and numerical data, the design formulas for expressing the skeleton curve were proposed and the simplified hysteretic model of load versus displacement was then established. It is demonstrated that the proposed formulas and simplified hysteretic model have a good match with the test results.

• 한국지반공학회지:지반
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.39-52
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• 1998

본 논문은 정규압밀된 점성토 지반에서 강관 매입 말뚝의 수평 거동에 영향을 미치는 여러인자들 중에서 말뚝의 근입길이, 지반조건(건조단위 중량 $\gamma_4$), 말뚝 두부의 구속조건의 영향에 관하여 모형실험을 수행하였으며, 이러한 영향을 정량화 할 수 있는 경첩식을 그 결과들로부터 얻었다. 모형실험에 사용한 지반은 3종류의 정규압밀 점토이다. 2종류의 말뚝 근입길이와 말뚝 두부의 고정 자유조건의 모형실험결과들에 의하여 수평하중-변위 관계는 $\gamma_d/\gamma_{dmax}$=0.84 이하에서 완전 탄소성체의 거동형상을 보일 것으로 나타났으며, 각 실험에서 최대 수평하중(Q--) 이후의 수평하중 감소는 상당한 시간 의존성을 보였다. 본 연구에서는 수평 하중-변위관계(logo-logy/D)와 최대 휨 모멘트-변위관계($loaM_{max}$.-.-logy/D)에서 각각 구한 항복 수평하중(Qy)과 항복 최대 휭 모멘트(My)가 직선적인 관계로 밝혀졌다. Relaxation에 의한 수평하 중은 모형실험 결과들로부터 시간을 변수로 한 지수 함수식으로 회귀분석 하였다. 수평 극한하중과 항복하중에 대한 지반조건의 영향은 $\gamma_4$$/\gamma_{dmax}$의 변수로 한 지수함수식으로 모델화 하였으며, Broms와 Budhu et at.에 의한 결과와의 비교에서 예측결과가 26-78%정도 과대평가 되었다. 수평하중-변위 관계에 대한 말뚝 두부의 고정조건 영향에서 $Q_{mxed}/Q_{free}$-y/D의 관계는 상당히 비선형적으로 나타났으며, yiD를 변수로 한 지수함수식으로 모델화하였다.