• Wind and Structures
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.153-161
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• 2023

Wind speed data from Nepal and adjoining countries have been analyzed to estimate an extreme wind speed climatology for the region. Previously wind speed information for Nepal was adopted from the Indian National Standard and applied to two orographically different regions: above and below 3000 m elevation respectively. Comparisons of the results of this analysis are made with relevant codes and standards. The study confirms that the assigned basic wind speed of 47 m/s for the plains and hills of Nepal (below 3000 m) is appropriate, however, data to substantiate a basic wind speed of 55 m/s above 3000 m is unavailable. Using a composite analysis of 15 geographically similar stations, the study also generated 435 years of annual maxima wind data and fitted them to Type I and Type III extreme value distributions. The results suggest that Type III distribution may better represent the data. The findings are also consistent with predictions made by Holmes and Weller (2002) and to a certain extent those of Sarkar et al. (2014), but lower than the analysis undertaken by Lakshmanan et al. (2009) for northern India. The study also highlights that the use of a load factor of 1.5 on wind load implies lower strength design MRI's of around 260 years compared to the 700 years of ASCE 7-22.

• 한국기계가공학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.94-100
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• 2022

A study was conducted to significantly increase the heat transfer area by simultaneously burying the excel pipe in the floor and wall of a container house, thereby greatly reducing the initial heating time. In addition, a small hot water boiler suitable for the heating load of a small container house with a maximum area of 6 m² was studied. A wall-mounted hot water boiler was developed as a result of the study. When a hot water boiler is installed outdoors for heating, heat radiation energy is lost in winter from the hot water boiler and hot water pipe due to the low temperature. We propose an approach through which the energy loss was greatly reduced and the temperature of hot water increased in proportion to the operating time. Moreover, as the mass flow rate of the hot water flowing inside the excel pipe increased, the temperature of the hot water decreased. The temperature of the wall and floor surfaces of the container house increased in proportion to the increase in the mass flow rate of hot water flowing inside the excel tube. Natural convection heat transfer was realized from the wall and floor surfaces of the container house, and the heat transfer area was increased by a factor of 3 with respect to heat transfer area limited to the floor by the existing hot water panel. As a result, the initial temperature increase rate was much higher because of the larger heat transfer area.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제56권4호
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• pp.438-448
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• 2023

The concentrations of trace metals and organic matters in marine sediments collected from southeast Korean coastal areas were investigated. The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate the contamination status, spatial distribution and potential ecological risks associated with the physiochemical composition in the studied areas. We found that the concentrations of trace metals in marine sediments were as follows: Fe > Mn > Zn > Cr > Pb > Cu > As > Cd > Hg. According to the sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) of Korea, concentrations of Zn, Cr, Cu and Cd at all sampling sites were below threshold effect levels (TEL). However, concentrations of As, Hg, and Pb (i.e., at the 94-98% of sampling sites), were below the TEL. In addition, concentration factors (CF) in the surveyed area were found to be associated with low ecological risks, whereas As, Hg, and Cu showed moderate to high risk levels in some inner parts of the studied bays. Finally, the pollution load index (PLI) and ecological risk index (ERI) of the elucidated metals were linked to moderate ecological risk, pointing to the possibility of being deleterious to some benthic organisms.

• 에너지공학
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.91-96
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• 2020

외부마감재인 석재벽체를 고정하는 앙카볼트와 브라켓에 대하여 초기 설계단계에서부터 기계 구조물에 요구되는 성능을 유지하고 높은 내구성을 확보가 필요하다. 이를 위해서는 하중조건을 고려한 설계 및 안전성 평가가 필요하므로 이를 검증하기 위한 방법으로 유한요소 해석기법을 적용한 구조해석을 진행하였다. 최적설계를 위해 다양한 형상에 대하여 구조해석을 실시한 결과, 볼트와 접촉되는 브라켓 후면 부위에서 발생되는 최대응력을 완화시키기 위하여 보강 구조물을 추가하였다. 또한, 브라켓에 보강판을 추가로 부착하여 L자 형상 브라켓의 응력집중을 완화하여 응력분포를 균일하게 함으로서 안전율이 기준조건에 만족하는 결과를 얻었다. 이와 함께, 반복하중에 의한 피로수명 해석까지 진행하여 피로안전계수를 분석한 결과 내구성을 검증할 수 있는 결과를 얻었다.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.249-255
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• 2005

In this paper, the friction characteristic of engine bearings has been analyzed in terms of a friction loss power, a minimum film thickness and an oil film pressure. This analysis has been focused on the fuel economy improvement with a low viscosity engine oil such as SAE 0W-40, which is used for a friction loss reduction and increased for a Diesel fuel economy. The friction loss power, the minimum oil film thickness and oil film pressure distribution for plain bearings of a Diesel engine are analyzed using an AVL's EXCITE program with a conventional engine oils of SAE 5W-40 and 10W-40, and a low viscosity engine oil of SAE 0W-40. The computed results indicate that a viscosity of engine oils is closely related to the friction loss power and the decreased minimum film thickness in which is a key parameter of a load carrying capacity of an oil film pressure distribution. When the low viscosity engine oil is supplied to engine bearings, it does not affect to the formation of a minimum oil film thickness. But the friction loss power has been significantly affected by low viscosity engine oil at a low operating temperature of 0. Based on the FEM computed results, the low viscosity engine oil at a low temperature range will be an important factor for an improvement of the fuel economy improvement.

• 대한전기학회논문지:전력기술부문A
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• 제52권2호
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• pp.121-133
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• 2003

This paper presents a fault location algorithm for a single phase-to-ground fault on 3-terminal transmission systems. The method uses only the local end voltage and current signals. Other currents used for the algorithm are estimated by current distribution factors and the local end current. Negative sequence current is used to remove the effect of load current. Five distance equations based on Kirchhoff's voltage law are established for the location algorithm which can be applied to a parallel transmission line having a teed circuit. Separating the real and imaginary parts of each distance equation, final nonlinear equations that are functions of the fault location can be obtained. The Newton-Raphson method is then applied to calculate the estimated fault location. Among the solutions, a correct fault distance is selected by the conditions of the existence of solution. With the results of extensive S/W and H/W simulation tests, it was verified that the proposed algorithm can estimate an accurate fault distance in a 154kV model system.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제66권1호
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• pp.37-43
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• 2018

In orthopedic surgery and in particular in total hip arthroplasty, the implant fixation is carried out using a surgical cement called polymethylmethacrylat (PMMA). This cement has to insure a good adhesion between implant and bone and a good load distribution to the bone. By its fragile nature, the cement can easily break when it is subjected to a high stress gradient by presenting a craze zone in the vicinity of inclusion. The focus of this study is to analyze the effect of inclusion in some zone of cement in which the loading condition can lead to the crack opening leading to their propagation and consequently the aseptic loosening of the THR. In this study, the fracture behavior of the bone cement including a strange body (bone remain) from which the onset of a crack is supposed. The effect of loading condition, the geometry, the presence of both crack and inclusion on the stress distribution and the fracture behavior of the cement. Results show that the highest stresses are located around the sharp tip of bony inclusion. Most critical cracks are located in the middle of the cement mantle when they are subjected to one leg standing state loading during walking.

• 대한전기학회논문지:전기기기및에너지변환시스템부문B
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• 제52권9호
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• pp.434-441
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• 2003

This paper deals with the temperature characteristics according to the cooling medium and the duct size in model transformers. For the analysis and the temperature-rise tests, two 400kVA model transformers have been manufactured. One has been filled with the alpha oil as the cooling medium and constructed the duct sizes of $3\textrm{mm}$ and $5\textrm{mm}$ in the low-voltage and high-voltage windings respectively. The other has been filled the beta oil and the duct sizes were $4\textrm{mm}$ and $6\textrm{mm}$. The temperature-rise tests have been performed by the back-to-back method and the load factor has been controlled the range of 90%∼130%. The temperature values have been measured by the thermocouple and from the sixteen points in each transformer. A commercial CFD program "FLUENT" has been used for the analysis of temperature distribution. The geometry of transformer has been modeled to 3-dimensional by using the hybrid calculation mesh including the radiator. And also, the natural convection velocity has been measured at the oil top position, and compared with the calculated results.

• 한국기계가공학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.14-21
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• 2019

In recent years, the use of composite structures has become commonplace in various fields such as aerospace, architecture, and civil engineering. In this study, A method is proposed to find optimal position of bolt hole for fastening of composite structure. In the case of composites, stress distribution is very complicated, and design optimization based on this phenomenon increases difficulty. In selecting the optimum position of the bolt hole, the response surface method(rsm), which is a method of optimization, was applied. A response surface was created based on design points by multiple finite element analyzes. The position of the bolt hole that minimizes the stress when bolting on the response surface was found. The distribution of the stress at the position of the optimal hole was much lower than that of the initial design. Based on the results of this study, it is possible to increase the design safety factor of the structure by appropriately selecting the position of the bolt hole according to various load types when designing the structure and civil structure.

• 전산구조공학
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.109-115
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• 1990

국내 풍하중의 합리적인 확률모형을 개발하기 위하여 전국 25개 지역에서 수집된 풍속자료를 일관성을 가지도록 측정높이, 노풍도, 측정시간등에 대한 보정을 실시하여 이용하였다. 풍하중의 활률특성에 영향을 미치는 요소로는 풍속, 풍력계수, 속도압계수, 가스트계수 등의 확률특성이 고려되었다. 풍하중을 결정하는 각종 계수들의 확률특성으로부터 풍하중의 확률특성을 분석하기 위해서 널리 이용되는 Monte Carlo Simulation기법을 이용하였다. 풍하중의 확률분포로는 풍속과 같이 Gumbel의 Type-I 극한값 분포를 적용하였으며 simulation결과에서 상부 10%만을 이용하였다. 또한 어떤 특정 구조물에 최대풍속이 가장 불리한 방향에서 발생할 확률이 낮은 것을 고려하여 감소계수 0.85를 적용하여 모형화하였다.