• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.279-286
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• 2010

Livestock production in Vietnam is, as in most Asian countries, increasing rapidly and changing into specialized highly intensified operations. The volume of animal excreta generated exceeds the capacity of the operation land base and cannot be utilized efficiently. As a consequence, there is a loss of plant nutrients from livestock farms that causes environmental pollution. This study carried out a feed and excretion experiment measuring fecal characteristic, daily fecal production, daily nitrogen and phosphorous excretion from grower-finisher pigs fed prevalent rations in Vietnam. Furthermore, equations for assessing the excretion were tested, which can be used in farm models for optimal recycling of manure while focusing on reducing pollution. The results indicated that fecal production and nutrient excretion were affected by the different rations tested. This study showed that five selected equations for predicting excretion from grower-finisher pigs in Danish conditions can also be used with precision in Vietnamese pig farming systems. The equations have been proven valid and can, therefore, be used as a much needed tool for assessing fecal production and nitrogen in excreta on pig farms. The study also showed that about 12% of nitrogen excreted was emitted during housing. Waste water contains more than half of the nitrogen excreted, mainly in ammonium form which has a high potential for gaseous emission.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.54-62
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• 2018

Objective: Due to the threat of global warming, the livestock industry is increasingly interested in exploring how feed additives may reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, especially from ruminants. This study investigated the effect of Rhodophyta supplemented bovine diets on in vitro rumen fermentation and rumen microbial diversity. Methods: Cannulated Holstein cows were used as rumen fluid donors. Rumen fluid:buffer (1:2; 15 mL) solution was incubated for up to 72 h in six treatments: a control (timothy hay only), along with substrates containing 5% extracts from five Rhodophyta species (Grateloupia lanceolata [Okamura] Kawaguchi, Hypnea japonica Tanaka, Pterocladia capillacea [Gmelin] Bornet, Chondria crassicaulis Harvey, or Gelidium amansii [Lam.] Lamouroux). Results: Compared with control, Rhodophyta extracts increased cumulative gas production after 24 and 72 h (p = 0.0297 and p = 0.0047). The extracts reduced methane emission at 12 and 24 h (p<0.05). In particular, real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis indicated that at 24 h, ciliate-associated methanogens, Ruminococcus albus and Ruminococcus flavefaciens decreased at 24 h (p = 0.0002, p<0.0001, and p<0.0001), while Fibrobacter succinogenes (F. succinogenes) increased (p = 0.0004). Additionally, Rhodophyta extracts improved acetate concentration at 12 and 24 h (p = 0.0766 and p = 0.0132), as well as acetate/propionate (A/P) ratio at 6 and 12 h (p = 0.0106 and p = 0.0278). Conclusion: Rhodophyta extracts are a viable additive that can improve ruminant growth performance (higher total gas production, lower A/P ratio) and methane abatement (less ciliateassociated methanogens, Ruminococcus albus and Ruminococcus flavefaciens and more F. succinogenes.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제64권6호
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• pp.55-63
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• 2022

Odors emitted from pig houses have been a constant root of legal issues in pig farming. These gases are among the main causes of health and mental stresses to nearby communities, so policymakers and researchers continuously study to reduce the concentration of odorous gases from pig facilities. A continuous field experiment proved that the concentration of odor emissions inside the pig houses is highly dependent on ventilation rate, breeding details, and animal activities. However, the standard odor emission rate worldwide widely varies due to differences in pig house designs and ventilation requirements. Thus, this study aimed to measure the odor emission rates, considering the actual condition of selected Korean pig houses, through field measurement. The odor measurements were performed at three different pig production facilities without odor abatement technologies. The target experimental pig houses were buildings for weaning, growing, and fattening pigs. Results showed that the actual ventilation rate in target pig houses falls below the standard ventilation requirement of pigs, resulting in high odor concentrations inside the pig houses.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.377-381
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• 2011

본 연구는 논에서 돈분 액비 활용시 담수 시기에 따른 암모니아 휘산량을 평가하였다. 담수 상태에서 돈분 액비 시용은 142.0 mg/$m^2$ 의 암모니아 휘산량을 보인 반면, 돈분액비시용 1일 및 3일 후 담수시 암모니아 휘산량은 29.6, 25.4 mg/$m^2$ 였다. 그리고 담수 상태에서 돈분액비 시용이 돈분액비 시용 후 담수에 비해 높은 암모니아 휘산량을 보인 것은 암모니아가 토양교질에 흡착되지 않고 수중에 높은 농도로 존재하기 때문인 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 논에서 돈비 액비 활용시 암모니아 휘산량 저감에 의한 질소 이용도 향상을 위해서는 돈분액비 살포 최소 1일 후 담수하는 것이 좋을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.41-49
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• 2022

BACKGROUND: The main source of ammonia in soils, South Korea is agricultural emissions (e.g., fertilizer application and livestock manure), with the recent emission inventories reporting them to be approximately 80% of the total emissions. Ammonia as a pollutant is originated largely from agricultural activity and is an important contributor to air quality issues in South Korea. The importance of ammonia in agricultural land is also emerging. In this study, the characteristics of ammonia emission from Chinese cabbage cultivation fields with application rates of urea sere were evaluated. METHODS AND RESULTS: The ammonia emission characteristics were investigated at the different urea application rates (0, 160, 320, and 640 kg ha-1) and the ammonia emission factor in the Chinese cabbage cultivation field was calculated. As application rate of urea application increased, ammonia emissions increased proportionally. In 2020 and 2021, cumulative ammonia emissions with urea 320 kg ha^-1 treatment were 39.3 and 35.2 kg ha^-1, respectively for 2020 and 2021. When urea fertilizer was applied, the ammonia emission factors were 0.1217 and 0.1358 NH₄⁺-N kg N kg^-1 in 2020 and 2021, respectively. CONCLUSION(S): Ammonia emissions increased as application rate of urea increased, and the average ammonia emission factor of the Chinese cabbage cultivation field for two years was 0.129 NH₄⁺-N kg N kg^-1.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.376-387
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• 2020

Objectives: This study is aimed at offering basic data for making plans for offensive odor management after researching offensive odor occurrence and characteristics in Gangwon Province. Methods: The data used in the study is based on offensive odor data analyzed by the Gangwon Institute of Health and Environment from 2012 to 2019. The data were reclassified by year, month, facility, and region to identify characteristics of occurrence. Finally, a distribution map of offensive odors was created using ArcGIS. Results: The highest monthly frequency of offensive odor occurrence falls in June, August, and July, and the summer season and third quarter are the highest. According to the latest eight-year data for Gangwon Province, complaints about offensive odors in county areas are more frequent than those in city areas. There are many offensive odor complaints in Wonju, Cheorwon, and Heongsung. The main offensive odor emission facilities are livestock and waste treatment (recycling) facilities. Complaints about offensive odors are relatively lower the Yeongdong area than Yeongseo area, which is considered to be the result of characteristics of land-sea breezes and geographical factors. Offensive odors from livestock facilities count for an average of 53.9% of the total, and the inadequacy rate of livestock facilities averages 36.9%. Conclusions: To maintain a clean environment in Gangwon Province, it is strongly recommended that an offensive odor reduction plan for livestock facilities be established. Areas with a high density of offensive odor occurrence should be identified and systematically managed with short- and mid-term measures. If offensive odors is managed using GIS, it is possible to identify the characteristics of occurrence by time and space and also by facility. In addition, since systematic data management is possible, it is believed that a rapid response to offensive odors, prediction of their spread, and efficient management are possible.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.225-231
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• 2001

퇴비화시 생물학적 활성을 증대하고 악취발생을 최소화 할 수 있는 적절한 공기주입율을 구명하고자 밀폐형 bench-scale reartor 퇴비화 시스템을 이용하여 시험을 수행한 결과는 다음과 같았다. 1) 공기주입율이 증가할수록 생물학적 활성은 증대하여 0.6 L/min/kg dry-solids 처리가 가장 높았고, 퇴비화 35일째의 퇴적물 품질도 가장 양호하였다. 2) 암모니아 평균 배출농도는 0.6 < 0.1 < 0.4 < 0.2 L/min/kg dry-solids 처리 순으로 낮았으며, 0.6 L/min/kg dry-solids 처리시 암모니아 배출농도는 0.2 L/min/kg dry-solids 처리에 비해 약 40% 수준에 불과하였다. 3) 계분톱밥 퇴비화시 주요 악취원인 황화합물 가스는 공기주입율이 낮을수록 배출농도가 높고 배출기간도 길어지는 경향이었으나, 0.6 L/min/㎏ dry-solids 처리에서는 전혀 검출되지 않았다. 4) 계분톱밥 퇴적물의 초기 수분함량을 60%로 조절하고 0.6 L/min/kg dry-solids의 공기주입율로 퇴비화할 경우 생물학적 활성증대로 인한 양질의 퇴비생산과 황화합물 및 암모니아에 대한 악취발생을 최소화 할 수 있을 것으로 기대되었다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제65권2호
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• pp.459-472
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• 2023

Korea is currently developing country-specific emission factors to support the 2050 zero-carbon campaign. Dairy cattle represent one of the largest livestock industries in Korea, and the industry is estimated to continue increasing because of an increase in milk demand. However, country-specific emission factors for dairy cattle are currently only available for calculating methane (CH₄) emissions from enteric fermentation. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate CH₄ and nitrous oxide (N₂O) fluxes from sawdust-bedded barn in dairy cow and steer, as well as dairy cattle manure composting lots. The greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes were quantified using the open-chamber method and gas chromatography. CH₄ fluxes from steer, dairy cow, and manure compost were 27.88 ± 5.84, 36.12 ± 10.85, and 259.44 ± 61.78 ㎍/head/s, respectively. N₂O fluxes from steer, dairy cow, and manure compost were 14.04 ± 1.27, 4.11 ± 1.57, and 3.97 ± 1.08 ㎍/head/s, respectively. The result of this study can be used to construct country-specific data for GHG emissions from manure management. Thus, the application of mitigation strategies can be prioritized based on the GHG profile and targeted source.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.281-289
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• 2005

본 시험은 시중에 유통되고 있는 일반 건조잔반을 AO 배양물로서 육계에 급여하여, 육계의 생산성, $NH_3$ 발생 및 분내 미생물 성상에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 실시하였다. 시험축은 2주령 브로일러 Hubbard 종 총 300수를 공시하였다. 기초사료로 육계 전기사료를 급여하였고, 시험사료는 잔반사료(FW)와 AO 배양물 사료(AFW)의 대체 수준에 따라 처리구를 나누어 급여하였다. 시험 1에서는 기초사료를 대조구로 하고, 처리구는 FW와 AFW을 각각 20, 40, $60\%$씩을 대체하여 7처리구 4반복 반복당 3수씩 84수를 공시하였다. 시험 2, 3,4에서는 기초사료를 대조구로, 시험구는 각각 FW와AW의 비율이 1:0, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3, 0:1이 되도록 대조구 사료의 20, 40, $60\%$씩을 각각 대체하여 6처리구 4반복 반복당 3수로 72수씩을 각각 공시하였다. 시험 1에서 FW구와 AFW구는 대조구에 비해 급여 수준에 따라 증체량이 감소하는 경향이 있었으나, FW $60\%$ 구를 제외하면 유의적 차이는 없었고(p<0.05), 사료섭취 량과 사료 효율에서도 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 총 세균수는 대조구에 비해 FW구와의 차이는 없었으나, AW의 첨가 수준이 높아질수록 증가하였고, 대장균수는 감소하였다(p<0.05). 시험 2, 3, 4에서 FW와 AFW의 혼합 급이 비율에 따라, 시험 2에서는 전처리구에서 증체량, 사료섭취량 및 사료효율에 차이는 없었고, 시험 3에서는 증체량에서만 FW와 AFW의 비율이 1:0과 3:1 처리구에서 대조구 및 0:1 처리구에 비해 감소하였다(p<0.05). 시험 4에서는 전처리구에서 사료섭취량에는 차이가 없었으나, 증체량과 사료효율에서 1:0 처리구가 대조구에 비해 감소하였다. 시험 3에서 $NH_3$의 발생량은 처리구간 비교에서 FW와 AFW의 비율이 1:0처리구에서 가장 높았으며, 1:3 및 0:1 처리구에 비해 유의적으로 높았다(p<0.05). 결과적으로, 육계 전기에서 건조 잔반의 사료 급여 대체수준은 $20\%$에서 사용 가능하며, 건조 잔반의 AO 배양물로서 대체 급여는 건조 잔반의 사료가치 증진 및 축사환경 개선에도 효과가 있음을 시사한다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.52-60
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• 2000

축분퇴비의 시용시 보충하는 비종에 따른 하우스 내부의 가스 발생양상과 미생물의 다양성을 구명하여 가스피해 정감 및 토양건전성 유지를 위한 기초자료를 얻고자 식양질 하우스토양에 축분퇴비의 시용량을 고추의 기준시비량과 퇴비에 함유된 인산함량을 기준하여 정식 2주전에 시용하고 부족한 질소성분을 요소와 완효성U/F복비로 보충처리하여 4월부터 8일 까지 재배하였다. 암모니아 및 아민류 가스는 정식초기에는 다소 낮은 농도로 배출되다가 정식 후 27일경에 peak를 보인 후 급격히 감소하여 33일경 이후에는 검출되지 않았으며, 평균농도는 요소구에 비하여 완효성U/F복비구가 암모니아 42%, 아민류 85%감소되었다. 이산화탄소는 요소구 1,200~3,200, 완효성U/F복비구 $900{\sim}2,650mg\;{\ell}^-$의 범위로 배출되었고, 평균농도는 요소구 2,260, 완효성U/F복비구 $1,590mg\;{\ell}^-$이었다. 세균, 방선균, B/F비, A/F비, 암모니아 및 아질산산화세균, 질산환원균 등의 밀도는 재배기간이 경과됨에 따라 완효성U/F복비구에서 더 높았으나 사상균 수는 요소구에서 많았고 탈질균은 비슷한 경향을 보였다. 조사한 6종 미생물 밀도의 백분율을 이용한 다양성지수는 0.10~0.35 범위로 재배기간이 경과함에 따라 감소하는 경향이었으며, 처리간에는 완효성U/F복비구가 요소구에 비하여 더 높았다.