• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.237-242
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• 2007

The chemical formula of indapamide is 3-(aminosulfonyl)-4-chloro-N-(2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-1H-indol-l-yl)-benzamide, Indapamide is an oral antipertensive diuretic agent indicated for the treatment of hypertensive and edema. Indapamide inhibits carbonic anhydrase enzyme. Transdermal drug delivery systems, as compared to their corresponding classical oral or injectable dosage form counterparts, offer many advantages. The most important advantages are improved systemic bioavailability of the pharmaceutical active ingredients (PAI), because the first-pass metabolism by the liver and digestive system are avoided; and the controlled, constant drug delivery profile (that is, controlled zero-order absorption). Also of importance is the reduced dose frequency compared to the conventional oral dosage forms (that is, once-a-day, twice-a-week or once-a-week). Other benefits include longer duration of therapeutic action from a single application, and reversible action. For example, patches can be removed to reverse any adverse effects that may be caused by overdosing. In order to evaluate the effects of vehicles and penetration enhancers on skin permeation of Indapamide, the skin permeation rates of Indapamide from vehicles of different composition were determined using Franz cells fitted with excised hairless skins. Solubility of Indapamide in various solvents was investigated to select a vehicle suitable for the percutaneous absorption of Indapamide, The solvents used were Tween80, Tween20, Labrasol, Lauroglycol90 (LG90) and Peceol. Lauroglycol90 increase the permeability of indapamide approximately 3.75-fold compared with the control. Tween80, Tween20, Labrasol, Lauroglycol90 (LG90) and Peceol showed flux of $0.06ug/cm^2/hr,\;0.4ug/cm^2/hr,\;0.21ug/cm^2/hr,\;0.72ug/cm^2/hr,\;0.29ug/cm^2/hr$, respectively.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.53-58
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• 1998

벼멸구에 대해 살충성이 있는 2-carbomethoxy-4-chlorodiethyl phosphate를 신농약으로 개발할 목적으로 변이원성 시험, 즉 유전자복귀돌연변이, 염색체이상 및 소핵시험을 수행하였다. Salmonella typhimurium을 이용한 복귀돌연변이원성을 TA1535, TA1537, TA98과 TA100 균주를 이용하여 시험한 결과 대사활성화물질(S-9mix)의 첨가여부에 관계없이 유전자에 이상을 미치지 않았으며, CHL세포에 대한 세포독성은 EMEM 배지에서 $LC_{50}$이 $200{\mu}g/m{\ell}$이었으므로 $200{\mu}g/m{\ell}$을 최고농도로 공비2, 농도4로 염색체이상시험을 실시한 결과 200과 $100{\mu}g/m{\ell}$에서 이상세포가 나타났으나 양성으로 판정되지는 않았다. 2-Carbomethoxy-4-chlorodiethyl phosphate가 ICR 마우스의 골수세포에 미치는 영향을 탐색하기 위해 실시한 소핵시험에서도 음성대조, 양성대조 및 시험물질처리 군에서 PCE 및 MNPCE의 출현율이 모두 정상범위 내에 있어서 2-carbomethoxy-4-chlorodiethyl phosphate가 ICR 마우스의 골수세포에 소핵을 형성시키지 않는 것이 확인되었다. 이상의 결과를 종합할 때 2-carbomethoxy-4-chlorodiethyl phosphate는 미생물, 배양세포 그리고 생체 내에서 유전물질에 영향을 주지 않는 물질인 것으로 판단된다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제5권6호
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• pp.511-519
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• 2011

Dietary intake of whole grains reduces the incidence of chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. In an earlier study, we showed that Panicum miliaceum L. extract (PME) exhibited the highest anti-lipogenic activity in 3T3-L1 cells among extracts of nine different cereal grains tested. In this study, we hypothesized that PME in the diet would lead to weight loss and augmentation of hyperlipidemia by regulating fatty acid metabolism. PME was fed to ob/ob mice at 0%, 0.5%, or 1% (w/w) for 4 weeks. After the experimental period, body weight changes, blood serum and lipid profiles, hepatic fatty acid metabolism-related gene expression, and white adipose tissue (WAT) fatty acid composition were determined. We found that the 1% PME diet, but not the 0.5%, effectively decreased body weight, liver weight, and blood triglyceride and total cholesterol levels (P < 0.05) compared to obese ob/ob mice on a normal diet. Hepatic lipogenic-related gene ($PPAR{\alpha}$, L-FABP, FAS, and SCD1) expression decreased, whereas lipolysis-related gene (CPT1) expression increased in animals fed the 1% PME diet (P < 0.05). Long chain fatty acid content and the ratio of C18:1/C18:0 fatty acids decreased significantly in adipose tissue of animals fed the 1% PME diet (P < 0.05). Serum inflammatory mediators also decreased significantly in animals fed the 1% PME diet compared to those of the ob/ob control group (P < 0.05). These results suggest that PME is useful in the chemoprevention or treatment of obesity and obesity-related disorders.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제61권5호
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• pp.592-599
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• 2018

Objective : Metastatic brain tumors (MBTs) often present with intracerebral hemorrhage. Although Gamma Knife surgery (GKS) is a valid treatment option for hemorrhagic MBTs, its efficacy is unclear. To achieve oncologic control and reduce radiation toxicity, we used a radiosurgical targeting technique that confines the tumor core within the hematoma when performing GKS in patients with such tumors. We reviewed our experience in this endeavor, focusing on local tumor control and treatment-associated morbidities. Methods : From 2007 to 2014, 13 patients with hemorrhagic MBTs were treated via GKS using our targeting technique. The median marginal dose prescribed was 23 Gy (range, 20-25). GKS was performed approximately 2 weeks after tumor bleeding to allow the patient's condition to stabilize. Results : The primary sites of the MBTs included the liver (n=7), lung (n=2), kidney (n=1), and stomach (n=1); in two cases, the primary tumor was a melanoma. The mean tumor volume was $4.00cm^3$ (range, 0.74-11.0). The mean overall survival duration after GKS was 12.5 months (range, 3-29), and three patients are still alive at the time of the review. The local tumor control rate was 92% (tumor disappearance 23%, tumor regression 46%, and stable disease 23%). There was one (8%) instance of local recurrence, which occurred 11 months after GKS in the solid portion of the tumor. No GKS-related complications were observed. Conclusion : Our experience shows that GKS performed in conjunction with our targeting technique safely and effectively treats hemorrhagic MBTs. The success of this technique may reflect the presence of scattered metastatic tumor cells in the hematoma that do not proliferate owing to the inadequate microenvironment of the hematoma. We suggest that GKS can be a useful treatment option for patients with hemorrhagic MBTs that are not amenable to surgery.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.22-27
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• 2004

인진쑥의 방사선에 의한 산화적 손상에 대한 DNA 방어효과를 확인하기 위하여 마우스 림프구에서 단세포전기영동법과 CHO 세포에서 미소핵 형성 시험 그리고 마우스의 간과 흉선 조직의 DNA에서 8-OHdG의 형성정도를 관찰하였다. 그 결과 단세포전기영동법 및 미소핵 형성 시험에서는 50 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL의 농도에서 가장 높은 DNA 손상 억제 효과를 나타내었으며, 8-OHdG 형성 정도는 간과 흉선 모두 30 mg/kg 농도 투여군에서 높은 방어효과를 나타내었다. 이상의 결과에서 인진쑥 추출물은 DNA 상해를 효과적으로 방어하였고 특히, 기존에 알려진 방사선 방호물질에 비하여 독성이 적은 천연물이라는 관점에서 방사선 방어제로 적용이 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한의료기공학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.236-261
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• 2009

'Jeom-hyeol-gigong(點穴氣功)' gives a drill, Gi(氣) as a place to jam. This pathogen(邪氣) is removed. Given the low places and supplement it energy to flow up the well is the cure. This is an internal organ and muscular Gi allows a natural flow. Blood, one that moves and guides Gi is Gi I still feel that it makes any blood, making you feel good in life is flowing with vitality. Gi driving our whole body, while supplying vital energy and blood circulation, helping to defend the body is functioning. 'Jeom-hyeol-gigong' principle of Gi where the blockages to flow naturally energy is to let the flow. Aura of the voluntary and proactive action will be to have healthy bodies. Gi as a whole-body blood circulation leading to the cells in each tissue to supply energy and nutrients to every cell as the original principles of free activities that will maximize your life. Gi to prevent the three causes Internal causes: 5 greed and 7 emotions External causes: climate, food, pathogens, stress, etc. The internal nor the external causes: internal and external factors that cause the complex elements, incorrect position of the bone caused by an imbalance Heart disease will be police officers and raise their resistance to disease than the body, what jung-gi(正氣) have to develop. Beneficial to human body's resistance to raise the jung-gi people young-gi(營氣) and wi-gi(衛氣) should be enhanced. If the form is perfectly possible, Gi cycle itself should not have to breathe. Abdominal diagnosis 'bok-su-ap-an-beop(伏手壓按法)', 'sam-ji-tam-an-beop(三指探按法)' hands are like this, which outlined five viscera in order to understand the problem, the lower side of the clavicle (lung), the pit of stomach (Heart), both the lower ribs (liver), navel below (kidney) can be diagnosed at such areas. In each area of the skin, abdominal muscle tension, aching, or pressing a fuss about, beating the ruling of the state and the problem is a clue. And mo-hyeol(募穴) and certain Acupressure group, the chest, back, belly, so that scattered around each' book 'of the problem can be found. This is also the target of such a diagnosis, such as shape, color of skin, muscle Mostly the scope of the pitch in the cervical spine is broad across the hips. sugi(手氣) method that 'an method(按法) and 'ma method(摩法), bak method(拍法) is.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.7-13
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 산화적 스트레스에 의한 간 손상 개선 소재 개발을 위하여 꾸지뽕나무 각 부위별(잎, 줄기, 열매), 용매별(80% 에탄올, 10% 에탄올, 물) 추출물의 항산화 활성 및 간세포 보호효과를 측정하였다. 총 폴리페놀 함량과 플라보노이드 함량은 꾸지뽕 잎 80% 에탄올 추출물에서 가장 높게 나타났으며, 부위별로는 잎>줄기>열매 순이었고, 추출용매별로는 80% 에탄올>10% 에탄올>물 추출물 순으로 나타났다. DPPH 라디칼 소거능과 ABTS 라디칼 소거능 또한 잎80% 에탄올 추출물이 가장 높았으며, HepG2 세포에서 $H_2O_2$로 유도된 산화적 손상에 대해서는 꾸지뽕 잎 80% 에탄올 추출물만 유의적으로 높은 세포보호활성을 나타내었으며, HepG2/2E1 세포에서 알코올로 유도된 산화적 손상에 대한 각 부위별, 용매별 추출물의 간세포보호효과 또한 꾸지뽕잎 80% 에탄올 추출물이 가장 높게 나타났다. 부위별로는 잎>줄기>열매 순이었고, 추출 용매별로는 꾸지뽕 잎의 경우 80% 에탄올>10% 에탄올>물 순이었으며, 줄기와 열매의 경우는 용매별로 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 이상의 결과로부터 꾸지뽕나무 잎 추출물은 우수한 항산화활성을 가질 뿐만 아니라 $H_2O_2$와 알코올로 유도된 간 손상으로부터 간세포 보호활성을 보임을 확인하였다. 이에 꾸지뽕나무 잎 추출물은 산화적 스트레스에 의한 간 손상으로부터 간세포 보호효과를 갖는 기능성 소재로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제38권12호
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• pp.1718-1723
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• 2009

본 연구는 부위별 녹용 추출물이 PHZ 투여로 용혈성 빈혈을 유도한 흰쥐의 조혈작용에 대한 효과를 검증하고자 하였다. 4주령의 암컷 Sprague-Dawley 흰쥐에 PHZ 10 mg/kg을 4일간 미정맥 주사하여 용혈성 빈혈을 유발한 후 각 부위별 녹용 추출물 200 mg/kg을 일주일간 경구투여 하였다. 용혈성 빈혈 유발군인 PHZ군은 hemoglobin, hematocrit치, 적혈구수가 대조군에 비해 유의적으로 감소하였고, 망상적 혈구수는 유의적으로 증가하였다. 반면, 녹용 추출물 군에서 는 hemoglobin, hematocrit치, 적혈구수가 PHZ 투여군보다 증가하였다. 특히 분골, 상대, 중대 추출물 투여 시 유의성있게 증가하였다. 상대 추출물 투여군에서는 망상적혈구수 증가가 유의적으로 억제되었다. PHZ 투여로 증가된 혈청 EPO 함량은 녹용 추출물 투여군에서 모두 정상적으로 회복 되었다. Hemoglobin 합성에 관여하는 $\delta$-ALAD 활성은 녹용 추출물 투여군에서 활성이 증가되는 결과를 보여주었다. 따라서 녹용 추출물은 PHZ으로 유도한 용혈성 빈혈에 대한 바람직한 조혈효과가 있는 기능성 물질로 사료된다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제66권5호
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• pp.390-395
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• 2009

기관지폐쇄에 의한 폐농양 혹은 공동성 병변에 발생한 암성 농양은 임상 양상 및 방사선학적 소견이 흡인성 폐농양과 흡사하여 감별이 어려워서 폐암을 조기 진단할 수 있는 기회를 놓치기 쉽다. 따라서 항생제에 대한 반응이 뚜렷하지 않거나 선행 요인이 없고 비전형적인 위치에 발생한 폐농양의 경우 악성 병변의 동반 가능성을 염두에 두고 적극적인 검사가 필요하다. 저자들은 발열, 기침, 혈담, 호흡곤란을 주소로 내원하여 폐농양 의심하에 항생제 치료에도 불구하고 병변이 악화된 67세 남자 환자에서 간세침흡인생검을 통해 다발 전이성 농양을 일으킨 편평상피세포암성 농양으로 진단된 예가 있어 문헌 고찰과 함께 보고하는 바이다.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.107-131
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• 2006

Background and Aims: Dansamtongmek-tang (DSTMT) and Dansamsengmek-san (DSSMS) have been used for many years as therapeutic agents for the acute stage of cerebrovascular disease, hypertension and hyperlipidemia in Oriental medicine, but the effects of DSTMT and DSSMS on hyperlipidemia and safety for cell damage are not yet well-known. This study was done to investigate the effects of DSTMT and DSSMS on hyperlipidemia. Methods: In vivo test: after administering DSTMT and DSSMS to SHR and ICR occurred hyperlipidemia for 3 weeks, we analyzed body weight, cholesterol levels. TG, HDL-chol, LDL-chol, LDH in plasma, brain, liver and kidney tissue, and DNA by RT-PCR. In vitro test: after administering DSTMT and DSSMS to human hepatocellular carcinoma in hypoxia, we observed cell cohesion by light microscope, analyzed the inflow of Ca2+ by confocal laser scanning microscope and DNA by RT-PCR. Results: DSTMT significantly decreased the levels of triglyceride and increased the levels of HDL-cholesterol in SHR, and significantly decreased the levels of LDL-cholesterol and body weight and increased the levels of HDL-cholesterol in ICR. DSSMS significantly decreased body weight, total cholesterol levels, LDL-cholesterol, LDH and cardiac risk factor (CRE) in SHR and significantly decreased the levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol, LDH and CRF in ICR. DSTMT had an effect on protecting cells from damage by inhibiting production of p53 mRNA, and in DSSMS, by inhibiting production of p53 mRNA and p21 mRNA after hypoxia. DSTMT effectively blocked off Ca2+ at low density, but DSSMS effectively blocked off Ca2+ at high density. Both DSTMT and DSSMS had an effect on inhibiting lipid metabolism by blocking off production of apo B mRNA. Conclusions: These results suggest that DSTMT and DSSMS might be usefully applied for treatment of hyperlipidemia and suppression of brain damage.