• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.1-17
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• 1990

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is malignant tumor frequently occurring in Koreans. There have been few reports regarding the cytologic findings of fine needle aspiration (FNA) of HCC. Most have suggested a diagnostic problem in the cytology distinguishing HCC from some benign hepatic lesions-for example, a regeneration nodule in cirrhosis and liver cell adenoma. In spite of its high frequency in Korea, no cytologic study has been reported, concerning the FNA of HCC. In an attempt to achieve cytologic criteria for the diagnosis of HCC, the authors studied retrospectively cytopathologic findings of 247 cases of HCC. These cases were confirmed either by histoiogic examination including lobectomy, biopsy, or ceil block material, or, when tissue diagnosis was unavailable, by a high serum alpha-fetoprotein level (over 400 I. U.). All aspiration smears were stained by the Papanicolaou method. In each case, the smears were analyzed for cell patterns and various cytomorphology of the tumor cells. The smear background was assessed for the presence of tumor cell necrosis and inflammatory components and compared to that of metastatic carcinomas. The cell patterns were classified as trabecular, acinar, dispersed, and irregular. The cytologic parameters analyzed included the degree of nuclear atypia and the presence of mitoses, intranuclear cytoplasmic inclusions, nucleolar prominency, endothelial lining, multinucleated giant cells, eosinophiic globules, bile, and Mallory body. Most of the FNA of HCC showed markedly cellular smears. The tumor cells were most frequently arranged in a trabecular pattern (80.3%). The irregular (12.6%), the acinar (5.5%), and the dispersed patterns (1.7%) followed in decreasing frequency. Individual hepatoma cells were larger than normal liver cells. However, they had morphologic features characteristic of the hepatic cells the cells were round or polygonal, their cytoplasm was abundant and granular with eosinophilic or amphophilic stainability, and their nuclei were round to oval, located centrally, and tended to have prominent nucleoli. Anaplasia and pleomorphism of tumor cells were generally mild to moderate. These findings existed even in very well differentiated cases. Mitotic figures were present in about 85% of the cases. Prominent nucleoli were observed only in about half the cases. The frequency of other cytologic features was as follows intranuclear cytoplasmic inclusion in 86.8% : endothelial lining in 56.1% : bile in 19.8% : and giant cells in 60.1%. Clear cells were often present in 11.7%, Most aspiration smears of HCC displayed clean background without necrosis or inflammatory material in contrast to the dirty, necrotic background of metastatic cancers and cholangiocarcinomas. Based on the above mentioned features, it is suqqested that the cytologic critieria most important for the diagnosis of HCC include a markedly cellular smear, trabecular pattern, hepatocytoid appearance of tumor cells, endothelial lining, the presence of bile, giant cells, intranuclear cytoplasmic inclusions, and prominent nucleoli, Among these, trabecular pattern, endothelial lining, giant cells and clean smear background are points to be considered in differentiating HCC from metastatic and cholangiocellular carcinoma.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.224-238
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• 1992

Hepatic fibrosis was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats to evaluate the ultrastructural changes of fat-storing cells(Ito cells). For experimental induction of liver fibrosis, the rats were administered intraperitoneally with 0.5ml of 50% $Ccl_4$ solution per Kg body weight, twice weekly for 12 weeks. The rats were sacrified every week. The liver tissues were examined under light and eletron microscopes. And the immunohistochemical study of desmin was also performed. The results were summarized as follows : Light microscopic findings : The cellular infiltrations with inflammatory cells and Kupffer cells developed from 1 week after $Ccl_4$ injection, and were the most severe in 4 weeks. The strong immunoreactivity for desmin was also evident in 4 weeks. The centrilobular necrosis and fibrosis developed from 2 weeks after injection, and the necrosis persisted until 8 weeks. The progress of fibrosis was accompanied by decreases in cellular infiltration and reactivity for desmin, and increased gradual nodular formation was also observed. The cirrhosis was developed after 10 weeks. Electron microscopic findings : An increase in number of fat-storing cells was observed from 1 week after injection. Transitional cells characterized by a depletion of lipid droplets and a hypertrophy of the rER appeared after 2 weeks. The number of transitional cells with abundant collagen fibers in the extracellular spaces increased in 4 weeks. With progression of fibrosis the number of fat-storing cells decreased and proliferating fibroblasts with dilated rER were observed. According to these results it was revealed that there was an apparent transition from fat-storing cells to transitional cells and to fibroblasts. These cells had a few similar characteristics and may belong to the same cell population. Thus it was suggested that fat-storing cells might play an important role in hepatic fibrosis.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.43-50
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• 1998

The effect of oxygen tension on embryonic development in co-culture was evaluated from the standpoint of the reduction of dissolved oxygen concentration by the oxygen consumption of feeder cells. Three co-culture systems using bovine oviductal epitherial cells (BOEC), African green monkey kidney cells (Vero cells) or buffalo rat liver cells (BRLC) have been compared in terms of development of bovine embryos derived from oocytes matured and fertilized in vitro. Among the co-cultured embryo, Vero cells su, pp.rted the highest developmental rate (29%) and the other two showed the similar rates. When the co-cultures were incubated in three different oxygen tension such as 5, 10, 20% oxygen atmosphere, embryos co-cultured with Vero cells at 10%-O2 resulted in the highest percentage of development. From the measurement of oxygen consumption of feeder cells, BRLC consumed 1.38　10-10 mg-O2/min/cell which was higher than 0.94　10-10 and 0.26　10-10mg-O2/min/cell for Vero cells and BOEC, respectively. Based on the oxygen consumption data, the phenomena of optimum oxygen tension required in embryo development in vitro has been analyzed, and we suggested that gas phase oxygen concentration, oxygen consumption rate of feeder cells and the number of feeder cells should be considered for the design of optimal co-culture system for effective fertilization of embryos in vitro.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.365-371
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• 2014

Recent findings, notably on adipokines and adipose tissue inflammation, have revised the concept of adipose tissues being a mere storage depot for body energy. Instead, adipose tissues are emerging as endocrine and immunologically active organs with multiple effects on the regulation of systemic energy homeostasis. Notably, compared with other metabolic organs such as liver and muscle, various inflammatory responses are dynamically regulated in adipose tissues and most of the immune cells in adipose tissues are involved in obesity-mediated metabolic complications, including insulin resistance. Here, we summarize recent findings on the key roles of innate (neutrophils, macrophages, mast cells, eosinophils) and adaptive (regulatory T cells, type 1 helper T cells, CD8 T cells, B cells) immune cells in adipose tissue inflammation and metabolic dysregulation in obesity. In particular, the roles of natural killer T cells, one type of innate lymphocyte, in adipose tissue inflammation will be discussed. Finally, a new role of adipocytes as antigen presenting cells to modulate T cell activity and subsequent adipose tissue inflammation will be proposed.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.83-103
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• 1995

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of telluric acid on the histological and fine structural changes in the rat liver. Fischer 344 rats($150{\sim}200gm$) were used in this study as control and experimental groups. Telluric acid(5 mg/100 gm of body weight) suspensed in olive oil was given intraperitoneally to the animals of the experimental group and only olive oil to those of the control group. At the intervals of 3, 6 and 12 hours, 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30 and 60 days after administration, the animals were sacrificed, and livers were obtained from the rats. For light microscopic examination of the liver, sections($5{\mu}m$) were stained with hematoxylineosin(H-E). For electron microscopic examination of the liver, sections were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, finally examined with Zeiss EM 109 electron microscopes. The results obtained were as follows. 1. In the control group, round nucleus. well developed mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, rough endoplasmic reticulum(RER) and numerous glycogen particles were observed in the cytoplasm of the hepatocyte. In the cytoplasmic membranes of the hepatocyte, sinusoidal surface had numerous microvilli and cellular surface is combinated adjacent hepatocyte with desmosomes. The RER cisterns were dilated and zymogen granules were fewer than those of the dark cells. Kupffer cells with irregular nuclear membrane were observed. Fat storing cell and collagenous fiber bundle were observed in the Disse space. 2. Kupffer cell, inflammatory cells in the connective tissue of hepatic triad and lysosome were increased in the 3, 6, and 12 hour experimental group comparing with that of the control group. 3. In the 1 day experimental group, infiltration of inflammatory cells in interlobular connective tissue, dilatation of sinusoidal capillary and increasing of Kupffer cell were observed. Atropic change of hepatocyte and aggregation of glycogen particles in the cytoplasm of hepatocyte were observed. In this group, desmosome near bile canaliculi and collagenous fiber bundle in the Disse space were increased comparing with that of the 12 hours experimental group. In the 2 days experimental group, desmosome, lysosome, peroxisome and collagenous fiber bundle were increased comparing with that of the 1 day experimental group. Furthermore, lamellated bodies were also seen in the cytoplasm of the hepatocyte. 4. In 3 and 5 days experimental groups, transformations of hepatic cell cord and degeneration of the hepatocyte were markedly inclosed comparing with the all experimental groups. And damaged RER and mitochondria. collagenous fiber bundle were also inclosed comparing with that of the 2 days experimental group. Autophagosome and fat storing cells with large lipid droplets were also observed comparing with that of the 2 days experimental group. Tight junction and desmosome between the hepatocytes were separated. These degenerating changes were severe through the all experimental groups. 5. In the 10 and 20 days experimental groups, arrangement of hepatic cell cords and cell organelles of hepatocytes were similar to those of the control group. However, aggregation of glycogen particles, dilatation of sinusoidal capillary and infiltration of inflammatory cells remained. 6. In the 30 days experimental group, the tissue findings were similar to those of the control grout. But lamellated bodies in some hepatocytes and lysosome were remained in the cytoplasms of the Kupffer cells. In the 60 days experimental group, these all changes were recovered as the control group. In conclusion, telluric acid would directly induce the degenerative and necrotic changes on the hepatic tissue. However, these changes were perfectly recoverd in the 60 days experimental group as the control group.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.79-87
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• 2006

Objectives : Effects of Rhodiola rosea root on cancers on stomach, breast, lung, and liver were examined. Methods : Water extracts and methanol extracts of Rhodiola rosea root were treated on cancer cells, and its effects on cancers were examined. Results : 1. Water extracts and methanol extracts of Rhodiola rosea root was less harmful in its lowest density 0.25 mg/mL (9.l%와 10.5%), but became more harmful as its density increased. 2. As for human stomach adenocarcinoma cells AGS, breast adenocarcinoma cells MCF-7, and lung carcinoma cells A549, methanol extracts showed 70-77% inhibition of cancer cells in high density(1 mg/mL), and water extracts showed 60-70% inhibition rate and its selective death rate was less than 2.5. Conclusion : Rhodiola rosea root can be used to treat cancers and to increase immunity.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.200-209
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• 2019

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have been used as promising tools for regenerative medicine, disease modeling, and drug screening. Traditional and common strategies for pluripotent stem cell (PSC) differentiation toward disease-relevant cell types depend on sequential treatment of signaling molecules identified based on knowledge of developmental biology. However, these strategies suffer from low purity, inefficiency, and time-consuming culture conditions. A growing body of recent research has shown efficient cell fate reprogramming by forced expression of single or multiple transcription factors. Here, we review transcription factor-directed differentiation methods of PSCs toward neural, muscle, liver, and pancreatic endocrine cells. Potential applications and limitations are also discussed in order to establish future directions of this technique for therapeutic purposes.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.200-206
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• 1990

The effects of ginseng saponins, SRbl and G-Rc on the rat liver LDH A-gene transcriptional activity was investigated during prereplicative phase of rat liver after partial hepatectomy. Changes in LDH A-mRNA levels in regenerating rat liver after intraperitoneal administrations of G-Rbl or 'G-Rc were tested by slot blot hybridization methods. The results showed that G-Rbl (1 mg/100g B.W) and G-Rc (1 mg/100g B.W) caused marked increases of LDH A-mRNA contents by respectively 1.9- and 1.5-fold in rat liver at 5-hours after partial hepatectomy Dose dependent elect of G-Rbl and G-Rc (1-25 mg/ 100g B.W) on the LDH A-mRNA levels on regenerating rat liver were also analyzed. The maximal increases of liver LDH A-mRNA levels were observed with the doses of 1 mg for G-Rbl and 5 mg for G-Rc. However, when the administration doses of G-Rbl and G-Rc were increased to 20 mg, G-Rbl caused a marked decrease of LDH A-mRNA level to 61% of those in sham-operated rat liver. In contrast, G-Rc slightly decreased the liver LDH A-mRNA contents by 30% as compared to those of the maximum value but still maintained 22% higher LDH A-mRNA levels then those of sham-operated rate liver. On the basis of these experimental results, we conclude that ginseng saponin, G-Rbl and G-Rc have stimulatory effect at the lower concentration (1 mg/ 100g B.W) and inhibitory effect at the higher concentration (20 mg/ 100g B.W) on the LDH A-gene transcription during regeneration of rat liver. Additionally we also investigated the stimulatory effects of ginsenosides on the protein and DNA sinthetic activities in hepatocyte primary cell cultures isolated from regenerating rat liver. Both of G-Rc and -Re increased the synthetic rates of hepatocytes proteins and DNA at the administration doses of 50 us and 100 $\mu\textrm{g}$/3 ml/dish respectively representing 1.3-1.6 fold increases. From these results we postulate that G-Rc and -Re may have a mitogen ehincer activity for the hepatocyte proliferation during rat liver regeneration period.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.389-396
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• 2015

The liver fibrosis is a disease we often see in clinical medicine, and the persistence and repeatition of inflammation and necrosis of liver cells continue for several years, and it is proceeded to cirrhosis. So decrease of death rate and prevalence rate by complications of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma is main task of clinical medicine by protection of chronic liver ailment patients from proceeding to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. So this study tried to represent the ultrasonic image, blood test, the relationship with liver stiffness of diffuse liver ailment patients as numbers. This study was performed with patients from whom the image was taken by ultrasonic and 141 people who were treated by fibroscan, the basic data for blood test was obtained from the test results at the time when ultrasonic image and liver fibroscan was performed. The statistical analysis was performed by One-way analysis of variance(ANOVA) to verify difference between groups. The value of liver stiffness was increased in the order of normal, chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. As a results, ALT and Albumin have no statistical difference between object groups, and there are statistical differences in the results of ultrasonic decoding at age, AST, ALP, Bilirubin, PLT, PT, and kPa, and they are statistically meaningful(p<0.005). And the value of liver stiffness of chronic liver ailment was presented only as over 12.5kPa in other study, but it was represented as numbers for quantitative diagnosis by presenting average kPa threshold value according to disease in this study. And by presenting relationship of diagnosed results, it is considered that it could be used as first tool to diagnose chronic liver ailment patients according to their disease.

• 대한생식의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.67-68
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• 2004