• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.373-379
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• 1988

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of long-term applications of rice straw and compost on the physical and mechanical properties of paddy fields and the yearly variation of rice yield in Fluvio-Marine plain of Jeonbug series. Amounts of rice straw and compost applied in this experiment were 500kg/10a, 1,000kg/10a respectively, and the nitrogen levels were 0, 15 and 20kg/10a. This experiment were continued for 9 years from 1979 to 1987. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Clay and silt ratios were decreased but versa in sand ratio, by the long-term application of rice straw and compost. 2. Bulk density in the long-term application of organic matter was lower in surface soil of non-application than nitrogen application (15kg/10a) and in rice straw than compost. 3. Solid ratio went down, but liquid and gaseous ratio went up especially, by organic matter application liquid ratio were increased by compost and gaseous ratio were increased by in rice straw. 4. Aggregates of bigger than 2mm were increased by long-term application of organic matter, and the effects was better in rice straw than compost. Accumulative aggregate of 2mm was 66.5% in nitrogen of 15kg/ 10a with rice straw, which showed the increase of 9.1% in comparison with the non-application of nitrogen and organic matter. 5. Liquid limit, plastic limit and plastic index were high in order of rice straw, compost and control, and liquid index was lower in compost than in rice straw. 6. Cole value was higher in vertical than horizontal and highest in the application of rice straw with nitrogen of 15kg/10a. Cone and shearing resistance were lowest in the application of rice straw with nitrogen. In total vertical pressure friction was higher in the long-term application of organic matter than control. 7. The change of yield index was higher in the long-term application of compost than rice straw in non-nitrogen and it showed the yearly competitive variation between the long-term application of compost and rice straw in nitrogen of 10kg/10a. In nitrogen application of 20kg/10a, it was increased from 6th year by rice straw application.

• Clean Technology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.153-163
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• 2015

The effects of H₂O and residue SO₂ in flue gases on the activity of the Fe/zeolite catalysts for low-temperature NH₃-SCR of NO were investigated. And the addition effect of Mn, Zr and Ce to Fe/zeolite for low-temperature NH₃-SCR of NO in the presence of H₂O and SO₂ was investigated. Fe/zeolite catalysts were prepared by liquid ion exchange and promoted Fe/zeolite catatysts were prepared by liquid ion exchange and doping of Mn, Zr and Ce by incipient wetness impregnation. Zeolite NH₄-BEA and NH₄-ZSM-5 were used to adapt the SCR technology for mobile diesel engines. The catalysts were characterized by BET, X-ray diffraction (XRD), SEM/EDS, TEM/EDS. The NO conversion at 200 ℃ over Fe/BEA decreased from 77% to 47% owing to the presence of 5% H₂O and 100 ppm SO₂ in the flue gas. The Mn promoted MnFe/BEA catalyst exhibited NO conversion higher than 53% at 200 ℃ and superior to that of Fe/BEA in the presence of H₂O and SO₂. The addition of Mn increased the Fe dispersion and prevented Fe aggregation. The promoting effect of Mn was higher than Zr and Ce. Fe/BEA catalyst exhibited good activity in comparison with Fe/ZSM-5 catalyst at low temperature below 250 ℃.

• Journal of Science of Art and Design
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• v.6
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• pp.140-202
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• 2004

Body means 1)the whole structure and substance of a man, animal, or plant 2) the trunk or torso of a man or animal 3) part of garment that covers the trunk 4) the fresh or material substance, as opposed to the spirit. Human body could be distinguished as fresh and spirit. Body has the meaning of physicality. Physical means the bodily and constitution, but in the meaning of constitution there is the content of spirituality. Physicality means the appearing or arising of trace or image or nuance of body. The paintings which are using bodies are 1) directly draw bodies 2) twisting or transformation or nuance of the body and highly upgrade the physical emotion or fantastic bodily nuance 3) directly rubbing artist's body on the surface of painting with pigments to elect tactile specification. These physical art have appeared broadly by various artists, mainly with the social aspects of sex, drug, psycho sexual issues. In case of Joel peter Whitkin, the reason of strong physicality in the art is from the mind of the rejection and resistance of real world which is targeting top, perfect and beauty. Further explanation, being the world which is separated top and under, men and women, beauty and ugly; further in the situation, the hierarchy, terror and pressure began and many difficult problems has derived. The contents of attacking feminists's art works are very obscene to reveal female and male's phallus strongly. Sometime, it is strongly related in the political issues. The physical paintings have strong meanings in the action by hands and feet. It supports that it could reveal the humanity with smell, breath, and traces of bodies. In the bodies, the origin of life begins which gives human life by blood lines and water. Sometime, the physical paintings are made by the blood and urine to stick the physicality for special nuance. The physical paintings are made by the image of penis and clitoris which are related in the image of urinating, ejaculation and sometime is symbolized as pens and candles to drop liquid. The selected painters who are related in physical painting are Jackson Pollock, Andrea Serano, Eve Klein, Francis Bacon, Francesco Clemente, Lichard Long, Jakes & Dinos Chapman, Anselm Kiefer, Kiki Smith and Park, Ki Woong. Francis Bacon's style is destructive in representing human shapes which give us special message about the unbearable activity of men politician, high brain, wealthy and religious people. Francesco Clemente's method is to use throat, ear hole, mouse, clitoris, belly nostrils and every holes of body to transmute human physical body. Lichard Long uses directly his body in drawing the surface of painting by using liquid of mud Jakes & Dinos Chapman destroys or transforms the bodies of human. It sometime appears wrong location of the bodies that the penis and vulva is in between human faces or nose of women, Anselm Kiefer uses human hair for representing the human decaying martyrs, and indirectly using straw, he gives special ritual action to repent the Nazi's fault. From 2002 to 2003, Park KI Woong used women womb images to intermingle the smoke shape of <9.11 terror, 2001> in New York to reveal the painful situation of the time(*).

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.113-120
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• 2007

In this study, researches for the development of antibiotics and antimicrobial concrete were conducted to reduce biochemical corrosion of sewage concrete. First of all, desired performance, such as watertightness, antibiosis, homogeneity, workability and harmlessness, was proposed and performance of antibiotics and antimicrobial concrete were evaluated by them. As results of this study, dispersibility and antibiosis of liquid antibiotics superior to powdery antibiotics. Antibiosis of antimicrobial concrete was verified, and amount of elution of harmful and effective ingredients was little. In workability, setting time of antimicrobial concrete was delayed. Compressive strength and resistance to carbonation of antimicrobial concrete were more increased than ordinary concrete. Also, as little pore volume and closed structure of antimicrobial concrete were observed, watertightness of it was verified. Finally artificial accelerating test for biochemical corrosion was proposed, and its suitability was experimentally proved.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.456-463
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• 2004

To enhance the performance of anode-supported SOFC, single cell fabrication procedure was changed for better and resulting power generating characteristics of single cell were investigated. Liquid condensation process was employed for the granulation of NiO/YSZ powder mixture and the produced powder granules were compacted into anode green substrate by uni-axial pressing. YSZ electrolyte was printed on green substrate via screen-printing method and co-fired at 1400$^{\circ}C$ for 3 h. LSM/YSZ composite cathode of which the composition and heat treatment condition was adjusted to minimize the polarization#resistance with AC-impedance spectroscopy, was screen printed. The final single cell size from this multi-step procedure was 5${\times}$5 $\textrm{cm}^2$ and 10${\times}$10 $\textrm{cm}^2$. The maximum power densities of 5${\times}$5 and 10${\times}$10 single cells were about 0.45 W/$\textrm{cm}^2$ and 0.22 W/$\textrm{cm}^2$ at 800$^{\circ}C$, which are two times superior than those from single cells fabricated by the conventional process in previous our work.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.187-191
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• 1970

This experiment was carried out to isolate osmophilic yeasts for higher concentration of NaCl than 20 per cent may affect greatly the fermentation of soy sauce. 6 strains of yeasts were selected from the soy sauce mashes at the fermentating periods and identified observing their morphological characteristics. Their salt-resistance and effects upon the flavor of soy sauce were examined. The results obtained were as follows: (1) The strain $T_3,T_5,$ and $T_{11},\;T_8,\;T_9,\;and\; T_{10},$ selected were identified Saccharomyces cerevisiae group II, Debaryomyces nicotianae, Saccharomyces chevalieri, Saccharomyces rouxii and Saccharomyces rosei, respectively. (2) They were more salt-resistant on the liquid media than on the solid media in the case of cultures on the media containing more than 26 per cent of NaCl. (3) They were grown on the media containing 5-23 per cent of NaCl better than containing none of NaCl. (4) The strain $T_3,\;T_8,\;T_9,\;and\; T_{10}$ were grown on the media containing up to 28 per cent of NaCl, and $T_5\;and\;T_{11}$ up to 32 per cent of NaCl is the case of liquid cultures. (5) Among them, the strain $T_9$ showed the best alcohol fermentation ability and the best fermentative flavor, and $T_5\;and\;T_{11}$ formed moldy smell and pellicle.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.26 no.4 s.87
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• pp.450-457
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• 1998

The cryparin of Cryphonectria parasitica belongs to a cell wall associated fungal hydrophobin. The cryparin, though it is encoded by a single copy gene, is known for the high expression during the liquid culture of C. parasitica, and it turns out that 22% of total mRNA was transcribed for cryparin at 48hr after the liquid culture. In addition, it is also known as one of down-regulated fungal proteins by the presence of double stranded RNA virus, Cryphonectria hypovirus 1. In previous studies (Kim et al., 1999), we have constructed a cryparin-null mutant by replacing the cryparin gene with hygromycin B resistance gene due to site directed homologous recombination. In order for the promoter analysis of cryparin which seems to be very strong as well as mycoviral specific, it is preferable to have a strain with only a target promoter replaced and a discernable target site for incoming vectors. However, the cryparin-null mutant revealed the presence of an additional copy of transforming vector except the one which replaced the cryparin gene. In addition, the cryparin-null mutant did not contain any markers for targeted integration of incoming vectors. This prompts us to design an experiment to obtain a strain for promoter analysis of cryparin gene. A different mating type strain EP6(Mata, $met^-$) was mated with the cryparin-null mutant ${\triangle}$Crp194-7(MatA, Crp${\triangle}$::hph) to make the progenies with only a single replacement vector and $met^-$ characteristic remained. Nutritional assay as well as Southern blot analysis revealed that the progeny, ${\triangle}$Crp194-a6, was the methionine auxotroph with a single replacing vector in genome. Northern blot analysis and PAGE showed that there was no cryparin produced in this bred strain either.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.106-112
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• 2006

Fifty four acid-resistant and bile-resistant isolates of lactic acid bacteria were initially isolated from the faces of Korea native cattle and Holstein using MRS agar and LAPT agar, and ten strains with superior activity against bile salt were finally selected LS1, LS15, and LL6 isolates showed survival of 66.5%, 82.6% and 80.7% against the simulated stomach liquid(pH 2.5), respectively. LL6 and LL7 isolates had the highest inhibitory activities against the pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, and Clostridium perfringens. By using API 50 CHL kit LS1, LS2 and LM1 isolates were identified as a L. fermentum. LL6 and LL7 isolates as a L. acidophilus, and LS3 isolate as a L. plantarum. The other four isolates belong to genus Lactobacillus. All the isolates tested were sensitive to some antibiotics such as ampicillin, amoxicillin and erythromycin, but resistant to colistin and ciprofloxacin. LB1, LL6 and LL7 isolates were resistant to gentamicin and neomycin. Especially, the LL6 isolate showed the highest resistance to both of the simulated stomach liquid and bile salt, in addition to the highest inhibitory activities against Sal. typhimurium, Staph. aureus and Cl. perfringens.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.39-46
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• 2018

Many studies on the electrochemical performance of Li secondary batteries have been obtained using coin-type cells due to the ease of assembly, low cost and ensuring reproducibility. The coin-type cell consists of a case, a gasket, a spacer disk, and a wave spring. These structural features require a greater amount of liquid electrolyte to assemble than other types of cells such as laminated cells and cylindrical cells. Nevertheless, little research has been conducted on the effect of excess liquid electrolytes on the electrochemical performances of Li secondary batteries. In this study, we investigate the effect of different amounts of electrolyte on the coin-type cells. The amount of electrolytes is adjusted to 30 and $100mg\;mAh^{-1}$. Cycle performances at room temperature ($25^{\circ}C$) and high temperature ($60^{\circ}C$) and high voltage are performed to investigate the electrochemical properties of the different amount of electrolytes. In the case of the unit cell including the electrolyte of $30mg\;mAh^{-1}$, the discharging capacity retention characteristic is excellent in comparison with the case of $100mg\;mAh^{-1}$ under the high temperature and high voltage condition. The former shows a larger increase in internal resistance than the latter, confirming that the amount of electrolyte significantly influences the discharge capacity retention characteristics of the battery.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.1249-1256
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• 2017

In our search for new sources of bioactive secondary metabolites from Streptomyces sp., the ethyl acetate extracts from endophytic Streptomyces SUK 25 afforded five active diketopiperazine (DKP) compounds. The aim of this study was to characterize the bioactive compounds isolated from endophytic Streptomyces SUK 25 and evaluate their bioactivity against multiple drug resistance (MDR) bacteria such as Enterococcus raffinosus, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumanii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp., and their cytotoxic activities against the human hepatoma (HepaRG) cell line. The production of secondary metabolites by this strain was optimized through Thornton's medium. Isolation, purification, and identification of the bioactive compounds were carried out using high-performance liquid chromatography, high-resolution mass liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance, and cryopreserved HepaRG cells were selected to test the cytotoxicity. The results showed that endophytic Streptomyces SUK 25 produces four active DKP compounds and an acetamide derivative, which were elucidated as $cyclo-({\text\tiny{L}}-Val-{\text\tiny{L}}-Pro)$, $cyclo-({\text\tiny{L}}-Leu-{\text\tiny{L}}-Pro)$, $cyclo-({\text\tiny{L}}-Phe-{\text\tiny{L}}-Pro)$, $cyclo-({\text\tiny{L}}-Val-{\text\tiny{L}}-Phe)$, and N-(7-hydroxy-6-methyl-octyl)-acetamide. These active compounds exhibited activity against methicillin-resistant S. aureus ATCC 43300 and Enterococcus raffinosus, with low toxicity against human hepatoma HepaRG cells. Endophytic Streptomyces SUK 25 has the ability to produce DKP derivatives biologically active against some MDR bacteria with relatively low toxicity against HepaRG cells line.