• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국철도학회 2001년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.443-450
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• 2001

This paper shows the reduction effect of tile earthquake-induced liquefaction potential of soils that improved by Vibro-Replacement Stone Columns. The Vibro-Replacement Stone Columns method transforms soft cohesive soils into a composite mass of compacted granular or crushed stone columns by using vibrating equipment and water jets. This study investigated and analyzed the behavior of the stone columns and composite ground using the results of in situ test and measurement at the job-site. This paper shows the evaluation of the earthquake-induced liquefaction potential of soils using in situ test. There are different types of in situ test used in the evaluation the liquefaction potential. In the particular study the Standard penetration test, and Cone penetration test were used. The N value of Standard Penetration test has been used all over for a very long time. The evaluation of the liquefaction of soil was performed using the worldwide renewed Cone penetration test

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.57-64
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• 2000

본 연구에서는 항만 및 어항시설의 내진설？준서에서 채택하고 있는 수정 Seed와 Idriss 방법을 이용하여 액상화 평가를 수행하고 액상화 가능지수(liquefaction potential index, LPI)와 등가 액상화 안전율(FE)을 이용하여 액상화 가능성에 대한 구역도를 작성하였다. 이 두결과가 유사한 것으로 나타나 등가 액상화 안전율의 적합성을 확인하였다 국내 연안의 두지역에 대하여 Hachinohe 지진기록과 Ofunato 지진기록을 이용한 액상화 가능성 구역도를 FE를 이용하여 작성한 후 비교한 결과 Hachinohe 지진기록에 의한 액상화 가능성 구역도가 더 과소평가되는 경향을 보이는 것으로 나타났다 또한 FE는 안전율의 형태로 표현되었기 때문에 구역도 작성과 해석에 편의 성을 제공하였다.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.219-224
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• 2018

The The purpose of this study is to investigate the actual liquefaction occurrence site in Pohang area and to analyze the ground characteristics of Pohang area using the data of the National Geotechnical Information DB Center and to calculate the liquefaction potential index. Based on the results, the distribution of soil classification in Pohang area and the risk of liquefaction under various earthquake accelerations were prepared. As a result of the study, soils in Pohang has the soil characteristics that can cause the site amplification phenomenon. In the analysis through liquefaction hazard maps under earthquake scenarios, it is found that the liquefaction occurred in the area of Heunghae town is more likely to be liquefied than other areas in Pohang. From these results, it is expected that the study on the preparation of liquefaction hazard maps will contribute to the preparation of countermeasures against liquefaction by predicting the possibility in the future.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제26권5C호
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• pp.313-322
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• 2006

지반 액상화는 대표적인 지진 피해의 한 형태로 이 연구에서는 이러한 지반 액상화 가능성 평가를 위한 확률적 접근 방법을 제시하였다. 일정한 사용기간 동안의 지진에 의한 액상화 발생확률을 구하기 위하여 액상화 취약도와 지진재해도를 결합하여 액상화 위험도를 산정할 수 있도록 하였다. 현재 국내에서는 결정론적인 방법이 많이 이용되고 있으나, 이러한 방법은 지반 물성치에 포함되어 있는 많은 불확실성을 합리적으로 다루기 어려운 단점이 있다. 두 가지 형태의 확률적 접근 방법을 제시하였는데, 첫번째는 설계지진에 대한 확률적 신뢰도 해석 방법이고, 두번째는 주어진 지반조건에 대하여 일정한 사용기간 동안 액상화가 발생할 수 있는 가능성을 평가한 위험도 해석 방법이다. 기존의 결정론적 방법과 확률적 방법에 의하여 매립지반의 액상화를 평가하였으며, 위험도 해석에 의한 액상화 가능성 평가기법을 지속적으로 적용하고, 설계기준이 제시된다면 보다 합리적이고, 정량적인 지반 액상화 가능성 평가기법이 될 수 있음을 검증하였다.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.43-56
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• 1993

The laboratory tests are performed on how the liquefaction potential of the sea dike structures on the saturated sand or silty sand seabed could be affected due to earthquake before and after construction results are given as follows ; 1. Earthquake damages to sea dike structures consist of lateral deformation, settlement, minor abnormality of the structures and differential settlement of embankments, etc. It is known that severe disasters due to this type of damages are not much documented. Because of its high relative cost of the preventive measures against this type of damages, the designing engineer has much freedom for the play of judgement and ingenuity in the selection of the construction methods, that is, by comparing the cost of the preventive design cost at a design stage to reconstruction cost after minor failure. 2. The factors controlling the liquefaction potential of the hydraulic fill structure are magnitude of earthquake(max. surface velocity), N-value(relative density), gradation, consistency(plastic limit), classification of soil(G & vs), ground water level, compaction method, volumetric shear stress and strain, effective confining stress, and primary consolidation. 3. The probability of liquefaction can be evaluated by the simple method based on SPT and CPT test results or the precise method based on laboratory test results. For sandy or silty sand seabed of the concerned area of this study, it is said that evaluation of liquefaction potential can be done by the one-dimensional analysis using some geotechnical parameters of soil such as Ip, Υt' gradation, N-value, OCR and classification of soils. 4. Based on above mentioned analysis, safety factor of liquefaction potential on the sea bed at the given site is Fs =0.84 when M = 5.23 or amax= 0.12g. With sea dike structures H = 42.5m and 35.5m on the same site Fs= 3.M~2.08 and Fs = 1.74~1.31 are obtained, respectively. local liquefaction can be expected at the toe of the sea dike constructed with hydraulic fill because of lack of constrained effective stress of the area.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.243-254
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• 2020

Due to the permanent damage to structures during earthquakes, soil liquefaction is an important issue in geotechnical earthquake engineering that needs to be investigated. Typical examples of soil liquefaction have been observed in many earthquakes, particularly in Alaska, Niigata (1964), San Fernando (1971), Loma Prieta (1989), Kobe (1995) and Izmit (1999) earthquakes. In this study, liquefaction behavior of uniform sands of different grain sizes was investigated by using the energy-based method. For this purpose, a total of 36 deformation-controlled tests were conducted on water-saturated samples in undrained conditions by using the cyclic simple shear test method and considering the relative density, effective stress and mean grain size parameters that affect the cumulative liquefaction energy. The results showed that as the mean grain size decreases, the liquefaction potential of the sand increases. In addition, with increasing effective stress and relative density, the resistance of sand against liquefaction decreases. Multiple regression analysis was performed on the test results and separate correlations were proposed for the samples with mean grain size of 0.11-0.26 mm and for the ones with 0.45-0.85 mm. The recommended relationships were compared to the ones existing in the literature and compatible results were obtained.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.503-513
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• 2019

In the present, the liquefaction potential of fiber-reinforced sandy soils was investigated through the energy-based approach by conducting a series of strain-controlled cyclic simple shear tests. In the tests, the effects of the fiber properties, such as the fiber content, fiber length, relative density and effective stress, and the test parameters on sandy soil improvement were investigated. The results indicated that the fiber inclusion yields to higher cumulative liquefaction energy values compared to the unreinforced (plain) ground by increasing the number of cycles and shear strength needed for the liquefaction of the soil. This result reveals that the fiber inclusion increases the resistance of the soil to liquefaction. However, the increase in the fiber content was determined to be more effective on the test results compared to the fiber length. Furthermore, the increase in the relative density of the soil increases the efficiency of the fibers on soil strengthening.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2009

느슨한 포화 사질토 층에 위치한 구조물은 지진 시 액상화로 인해 막대한 인적 경제적 피해가 발생하기 때문에 액상화 발생 가능 지반으로 분류된 지역은 구조물의 설계 및 운영 시 액상화 발생 가능성에 주의를 기울어야 한다. 한반도의 경우 중진 지역에 해당되고 역사 문헌의 발생 기록을 제외한 어떤 액상화 피해도 보고되지 않음에 따라 오랫동안 액상화에 대해서는 안전지대로 여겨져 왔다. 하지만, 최근 해외 지진 사례에 의하면 국내 서해안 지역 지반과 유사한 비소성 실트질 흙에서의 액상화 발생과 이로 인한 피해 사례가 종종 보고되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 국내에서의 액상화 가능성 평가 기법 합리화의 일환으로 서해안 두 부지를 대상으로 피에조콘 관입시험(CPTu)과 표준관입시험(SPT) 결과를 이용하여 액상화가능지수(LPI)를 산정하였다. LPI는 심도 20m까지의 액상화 가능성을 통합 적분하여 액상화로 인한 지표면 피해 발생 정도를 지수로 제시한다. 먼저 대상 현장에 대해 시나리오별 액상화 발생 가능성을 평가한 후, CPTu와 SPT로부터 산정된 LPI 값을 비교하였다. 액상화 저항 강도를 의미하는 진동저항응력비(CRR) 값에 의하면, CPTu로부터 구한 보정 콘 선단저항력 (qc1N)CS가 40에서 120 사이인 경우 또는 CRR이 0.23 이하인 경우에 SPT로부터의 산정된 값보다 작게 평가되었다. 또한 CRR 차이는 세립질 함유량이 큰 흙에서 두 방법 간의 차이가 더 크게 나타났다.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.1831-1836
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• 2014

공학적 측면에서 확률론적 액상화 재해 작성법이 점차 요구됨에 따라, 본 연구에서는 실제 액상화 피해 현장의 액상화 가능 지수(Liquefaction Potential Index, LPI)를 이용한 로지스틱 회귀분석으로 액상화 피해 확률을 예측하였다. 또한 이 분석을 바탕으로 광역지역의 액상화 재해도 기법을 제시하였다. 사례 연구로서 미국 세인트루이스 지역 홍수평야의 표준관입시험(273 곳) 결과를 대상으로 LPI를 산정하였고 최대지반가속도를 코크리깅의 이차변수로 적용하여 보간하였다. 연구결과, 일부 구역에서 연약지반과 얕은 지하수위로 인해 LPI 값이 5이상으로 나타나, 액상화로 인한 지반 피해 확률이 0.5 이상으로 예측되었다.

• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제55권5호
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• pp.415-420
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• 2018

The development of sail gas has increased the production of ethane as well as natural gas. The decline in the market price for ethane has led to a change in the petroleum-based ethylene production process into an ethane-based ethylene production process and an increase in the ethane/ethylene trade volume. Large-scale ethane/ethylene carrier have been needed due to an increase in long-distance trade from the US, and cargo type change have leaded to consider a liquefaction process to re-liquefy Boil-Off gas generated during the voyage. In this paper, the liquefaction system of Liquefied Ethane Gas carrier was evaluated with Low-GWP (Low-Global Warming Potential) refrigerant and process parameters, Boil-Off Gas pressure and expansion valve outlet pressure, were optimized. Low-GWP refrigerants were propane (R290), propylene(R1270), carbon dioxide(R744) was considered at two type of liquefaction process such as Linde and cascade cycle. The results show that the optimal pressure point depends on the individual refrigerant and the highest liquefaction efficiency of carbon dioxide (R744) - propane (R290) refrigerant.