• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.326-333
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• 2013

On $H^1$ MRS (magnetic resonance spectroscopy), malignant tumors show higher concentration of metabolite than benign lesions. Lactate double peak was detected in malignant tumor and endometriosis, and more prominent high concentration was demonstrated in endometriosis. Tuboovarian abscesses and salpingitis do not show prominent peak. Dermoid cysts show high levels of lipid peak. Paratubal cyst and follicular cyst can be showed the lipid peak, however, the concentration of lipid is lower than that of dermoid cyst. $H^1$ MRS of ovarian cystic lesions can give valuable information about the presence of metabolites of ovarian cystic lesions.

• The Journal of Traditional Korean Medicine
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.97-105
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• 2006

To study on antioxidant effects in the liver of 40-week-old mouse, the sample were orally pretreated 5mg/kg/day for 5 days with red ginseng saponin components(total saponin, protopanaxadiol saponin, protopanaxatriol saponin, ginsenoside-Rd, ginsenoside-Re, compound-K) for 5 days. The ability of saponin to protect the mouse liver from oxidative damage was examined by determining the activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD), glutathione peroxidase(GPx) and the contents of glutathione, the level of malondialdehyde, The only protopanaxadiol among the ginseng saponin fractions was significantly increased the hepatic SOD activity(p<0.01). The red ginseng saponin induced a slight increase of GPx activity, especially ginsenoside Rd, compound K and protopanaxatriol treatments significantly increased its activity. The content of glutathione was significantly increased by total saponin, protopanaxadiol and ginsenoside Rd(p<0.01), but the oxidized glutathione level was lowered in all the red ginseng saponin. Finally, the level of malondialdehyde was significantly decreased by ginsenoside Rd and protopanaxadiol. In conclusion, protopanaxadiol and ginsenoside Rd among the saponin fraction were especially increased in the activity of hepatic antioxidative enzyme and decreased the lipid peroxidation that was expressed in term of MDA formation. This comprehensive antioxidant effects of red ginseng saponin seems to be by a certain action of saponin other than a direct antioxidant action.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2016.02a
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• pp.378.1-378.1
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• 2016

나노바이오연구분야에서 ToF-SIMS를 이용하여 lipid와 metabolite같은 저 분자의 생체물질을 측정하는데 널리 이용되어 왔다. 최근에는 고 분자량의 생체물질을 측정하기 위해서 C60, water cluster, argon cluster등의 다양한 종류의 클러스터 이온빔들이 개발되어 왔다. [1,2] 하지만 tissue샘플을 클러스터 이온빔을 이용하여 분석한 결과에서도 m/z 1500이상의 고분자를 측정한 결과는 거의 없다. 바이오샘플의 charging을 상쇄하기위해 low energy electron beam (~20 eV)을 사용하는데, low energy electron beam이 샘플에 damage를 주기 때문이다. [3] 본 연구에서는 electron fluence (electrons/cm2)가 증가함에 따라 PC(16:0/18:1(9Z)와 Ganglioside GM1의 intensity가 감소함을 알았고, low energy electron beam에 의해 생체 물질이 damage를 받을 수 있음을 확인하였다. 따라서 tissue 샘플을 SUS기판에 샘플링하고 Ar-GCIB를 이용하면 charging없이 tissue imaging을 성공적으로 수행할 수 있고, m/z 2000이상의 고 분자량의 생체물질을 측정할 수 있음을 확인하였다.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.71-80
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• 2002

To evaluate the skin toxicity of topical cyclohexane application (25mg/$\textrm{cm}^2$) was sequentially applied to the rat skin for four days. On the histopathological findings in the light micrographs, neutrophils and engulfed neutrophils are seen, and many cytoplasmic processes were appeared in proliferated layer whereas in the dermis area, increased numbers of fibroblast, accumulation of neutrophil and lipid droplets are demonstrated. On the other hand, applying the cyclohexane to the rat skin led to the remarkable rise of cutaneous xanthine oxidase activity and similar activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase and glutathione content and declined activity of glutathione S-transferase compared with control group. Especially the remarkably decreased activity of aniline hydroxylase (AH) was appeared in skin as little as scarcely determined. Furthermore, the applying the cyclohexane to skin led to the significantly increased activity of hepatic AH and alcohol dehydrogenase. These results indicate that oxygen free radical and intermediate metabolite of cyclohexane may be responsible for structural changes in skin by cyclohexane application to rat skin.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.367-371
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• 2012

To investigate the relationship between metabolic changes in $^1H$-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra and fish vaccination, serum was collected from olive flounders treated with a formalin-killed Edwardsiella tarda vaccine and used for $^1H$-NMR metabolite profiling. Principal component analysis and partial least squares were applied to the $^1H$-NMR profile to reduce its complexity and establish class-related clusters. Relative lipid regions were distinguished in vaccinated and non-vaccinated serum. Then, the lipids were extracted from the serum and analyzed. Triolein was identified.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.53-58
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• 2006

In this study, transverse relaxation time (T2) measurement and the evaluation of the characteristics of the spectral peak related to stomach tissue metabolites were performed using ex vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) at 1.5-T MRI/S instruments. Thirty-two gastric tissues resected from 12 patients during gastric cancer surgery, of which 19 were normal tissue and 13 were cancerous tissue, were used to measure the $T_2$ of the magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) peaks. The volume of interest data results from the MRSI measurements were extracted from the proper muscle (MUS) layer and the composite mucosa/submucosa (MC/SMC) layer and were statistically analyzed. MR spectra were acquired using the chemical shift imaging (CSI) point resolved spectroscopy (CSI-PRESS) technique with the parameters of pulse repetition time (TR) and echo times (TE) TR/(TE1,TE2)=1500 msec/(35 msec, 144 msec), matrix $size=24{\times}24$, NA=1, and voxel $size=2.2{\times}2.2{\times}4mm^3$. In conclusion, the measured $T_2$ of the metabolite peaks, such as choline (3.21ppm) and lipid (1.33ppm), were significantly decreased (p<0.01 and p<0.05, respectively) in the cancerous stomach tissue.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.223-230
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• 2021

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is a principal regulator of inflammation and immunity. The proinflammatory properties of TNF-α can be attributed to its ability to activate the enzyme cytosolic phospholipase A₂ (cPLA₂), which generates potent inflammatory lipid mediators, eicosanoids. L-glutamine (Gln) plays physiologically important roles in various metabolic processes. We have reported that Gln has a potent anti-inflammatory activity via rapid upregulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) phosphatase (MKP)-1, which preferentially dephosphorylates the key proinflammatory enzymes, p38 MAPK and cytosolic phospholipase A₂ (cPLA₂). In this study, we have investigated whether Gln could inhibit TNF-α-induced cPLA₂ activation. Gln inhibited TNF-α-induced increases in cPLA₂ phosphorylation in the lungs and blood levels of the cPLA₂ metabolites, leukotrine B4 (LTB4) (lipoxygenase metabolite) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) (cyclooxygenase metabolite). TNF-α increased p38 and cPLA₂ phosphorylation and blood levels of LTB4 and PGE2, which were blocked by the p38 inhibitor SB202190. Gln inhibited TNF-α-induced p38 and cPLA₂ phosphorylation and production of the cPLA₂ metabolites. Such inhibitory activity of Gln was no longer observed in MKP-1 small interfering RNA-pretreated animals. Our data indicate that Gln inhibited TNF-α-induced cPLA₂ phosphorylation through MKP-1 induction/p38 inhibition, and suggest that the utility of Gln in inflammatory diseases in which TNF-α plays a major role in their pathogenesis.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.99-115
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• 2023

Purpose: Exclusive breastfeeding promotes gut microbial compositions associated with lower rates of metabolic and autoimmune diseases. Its cessation is implicated in increased microbiome-metabolome discordance, suggesting a vulnerability to dietary changes. Formula supplementation is common within our low-income, ethnic-minority community. We studied exclusively breastfed (EBF) neonates' early microbiome-metabolome coupling in efforts to build foundational knowledge needed to target this inequality. Methods: Maternal surveys and stool samples from seven EBF neonates at first transitional stool (0-24 hours), discharge (30-48 hours), and at first appointment (days 3-5) were collected. Survey included demographics, feeding method, medications, medical history and tobacco and alcohol use. Stool samples were processed for 16S rRNA gene sequencing and lipid analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Alpha and beta diversity analyses and Procrustes randomization for associations were carried out. Results: Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria were the most abundant taxa. Variation in microbiome composition was greater between individuals than within (p=0.001). Palmitic, oleic, stearic, and linoleic acids were the most abundant lipids. Variation in lipid composition was greater between individuals than within (p=0.040). Multivariate composition of the metabolome, but not microbiome, correlated with time (p=0.030). Total lipids, saturated lipids, and unsaturated lipids concentrations increased over time (p=0.012, p=0.008, p=0.023). Alpha diversity did not correlate with time (p=0.403). Microbiome composition was not associated with each samples' metabolome (p=0.450). Conclusion: Neonate gut microbiomes were unique to each neonate; respective metabolome profiles demonstrated generalizable temporal developments. The overall variability suggests potential interplay between influences including maternal breastmilk composition, amount consumed and living environment.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.694-700
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• 2018

To investigate the effect of heavy metals (Cu, Cd, Hg, Pb, Zn) on mosquito Culex pipiens, 50% lethal concentration ($LC_{50}$) concentration, total lipid content, lipid content composition, and total protein content were measured. The results showed that the Hg $LC_{50}$ was $0.45mg\;kg^{-1}$ and the Hg toxicity was higher than the other metals. The results also showed that cadmium (Cd) significantly retarded the growth of mosquito larvae among the tested heavy metals. Six types of lipid bands were isolated from mosquito samples exposed to heavy metals, and five of them were identified (phospholipid, cholesterol, fatty acid, triglyceride, and cholesterol ester). The total lipid content of all treatments decreased compared to the control. In addition, the protein content of the control group ($0.51mg\;ind.^{-1}$) was higher than that of the treated group, and the protein content of the larvae treated with Hg and Cd was very low. In conclusion, heavy metals not only lower the survival rate of mosquitoes, but also affect the protein content and lipids in the mosquito's body, thereby causing growth inhibition. These results indicate that heavy metal contamination will affect the size of mosquito population by inhibiting the survival and growth of mosquitoes, and it is expected that it can be used to measure the degree of contamination using mosquito through subsequent studies.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.132-137
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• 2013

Geniposide is an active product extracted from the gardenia fruit, and is one of the most widely used herbal preparations for liver disorders. This study examined the cytoprotective properties of geniposide and its metabolite, genipin, against hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. C57BL/6 mice were subjected to 60 min of ischemia followed by 6 h of reperfusion. Geniposide (100 mg/kg) and genipin (50 mg/kg) were administered orally 30 min before ischemia. In the I/R mice, the levels of serum alanine aminotransferase and hepatic lipid peroxidation were elevated, whereas hepatic glutathione/glutathione disulfide ratio was decreased. These changes were attenuated by geniposide and genipin administration. On the other hand, increased hepatic heme oxygenase-1 protein expression was potentiated by geniposide and genipin administration. The increased levels of tBid, cytochrome c protein expression and caspase-3 activity were attenuated by geniposide and genipin. Increased apoptotic cells in the I/R mice were also significantly reduced by geniposide and genipin treatment. Our results suggest that geniposide and genipin offer significant hepatoprotection against I/R injury by reducing oxidative stress and apoptosis.