• Applied Microscopy
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.105-124
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• 1999

Histological and ultrastructural differentiations of the neuroepithelial cells in the mouse embryo during neurulation were observed. The neural plates and grooves consisted of pseudostratified columnar epithelium in the embryonic day (ED) 8 embryo were developed. In the ED 9 embryo, the neural tube was developed in all body length of embryo except both the cephalic and caudal ends. Secondary neurulation was shown at the tail bud of the ED 10 embryo. In the ED 8 embryo, the primitive streak was shown in the posterior end of the embryonic disc. The neuroepithelium, notochord and mesenchyme were well differentiated in the cephalic and cervical portions. In the ED 9 and 10 embryos, the roof plates of neural tubes were constituted of the closing of the surface ectodermal cells in the hindbrain and the neuroepithelial cells in the spinal cord. The floor plate of neural tube were consisted of the low pseudostratified columnar epithelium. The spinal motor nerve fibers were initially differentiated in the ED 10 embryo. According to the electron density of the cell and the differentiation of tell organelles, the neuroepithelial cells in the ED 9 and 10 embryos were classified into three types: dark, intermediate and light types. All types in the ED 9 embryo were observed but the dark cell in the ED 10 embryo was not done. The free ribosomes and polysomes in all neuroepithelial cells were developed. The RER and lipid droplets in the dark cell and the Golgi complex in the intermediate and light cells were observed. Many microfilaments in the cytoplasmic processes of intermediate cell and the microfilaments and microtubules in the light cell processes were observed to be well differentiated.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.7-14
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• 1998

In order to understand the action mechanism of polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) to the cyst of Accnthcnloebc on the morphological basis, the cysts of four corneal isolates of Acanthanoebc were treated with minimal cysticidal concentration (MCC) of PHMB and their ultrastructural changes were examined by transmission electron microscopy. The most striking change of cysts treated with PHMB compared with normal cysts was the shrinkage of intracystic amoebae, which resulted in the separation of the plasma membrane of intracystic amoeba from endocystic wall. Subplasmalemmal lipid droplets became irregularly shaped . In severely damaged cysts, cytoplasm was aggregated and organelles were severely deformed. Cytoplasmic materials were leaked out through the damaged plasma membrane. Most cysts showed aggregation of nuclear chromatin material. Number of mitochondrial cristae was also reduced. Ecto- and endo-cystic walls were relatively well tolerated. Findings in the present study revealed that PHMB affected mainly on plasma membrane, but lesser on organellar membrane of intracystic amoeba. It seemed likely that PHMB might kill cystic forms of Accnthamoebc by similar mechanism in which this environmental biocide can damage the cell wall of Escherichia coli by binding with acidic phospholipids.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.90-96
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• 2013

The anti-obesity effect of ethanol xtract and their fractions from Rumex Crispus L. on the differentiation of 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes to adipocytes was investigated by suppressing adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation with Oil red O assay, western blot and real-time PCR analysis. Ethyl acetate fraction of Rumex crispus L. significantly inhibited adipocyte differentiation when treated during the adipocyte differentiation process, as assessed by measuring fat accumulation using Oil red O staining. In inducing differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes in the presence of an adipogenic cocktail, isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX), dexamethasone- and insulin-along with ethyl acetate fraction residue processing treatment significantly decreased protein expression of obesity-related proteins, such as peroxisome-proliferators-activated-receptor-${\gamma}$ ($PPAR{\gamma}$) and CCAAT enhancer-binding-proteins ${\alpha}$ ($C/EBP{\alpha}$). These results indicate that ethyl acetate fraction of Rumex crispus L. is the most effective candidate for preventing obesity. However further studies will be needed to identify the active compounds that confer the anti-obesity activity of ethyl acetate fraction from Rumex crispus L.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.415-422
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• 2019

Rhodosporidium toruloides has been known as an in vitro model of fat metabolism. The purpose of this study is to identify the triglyceride inhibitory effects of hot water extracts from beetroot using R. toruloides. The triglyceride content of oleaginous yeast cultured from YPD culture medium were regulated by treatment of beet root hot water and ethanol extract, respectively. In addition, the number of cells in the oleaginous yeast was 10.48, 8.46, 12.40, 12.80 and $8.24{\times}10^3cell/mL$. The treatment of hot water extract of beet root increased total lipid content of oleaginous yeast in dose dependently. Moreover, the triglyceride content of oleaginous yeast was decreased by hot water extract of beet root extract, respectively. The fat droplet in the oleaginous yeast decreased according to the concentration of hot water extracts from beetroot. The ratio of increase in the number of cells in the oleaginous yeast were increased dose-dependently by treatment of hot water extract from beetroot compared with control group. The free fatty acid and total carotenoid contents were increased concentration-dependently by treatment of hot water extracts from beetroot. These study results indicate that hot water extracts from beetroot has a triglyceride inhibitory effects.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.41-64
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• 2014

Objectives: This study was to evaluate the effect of Jaeumkanghwa-tang (JEKHT) on the propylthiouracil (PTU)-induced rat hypothyroidism. Methods: Six groups, each of 8 rats per group were used in the present study - intact vehicle control, PTU control, Levothyroxine ($LT_4$), JEKHT 500, 250 and 125 mg/kg treated groups. JEKHT were administered once a day for 42 days as an oral dose of 500, 250 and 125 mg/kg, and hypothyroidism was induced by daily subcutaneous treatment of PTU 10 mg/kg for 28 days. The changes on the body and organ weight, serum hormone and lipid profiles, liver and testis antioxidant defense factors were observed with histopathology of organs. Results were compared with $LT_4$ 0.5 mg/kg intraperitoneally treated rats in this experiment. Results: PTU treatment, marked decrease of body weight, increases of thyroid weight, decreases of liver, testis, epididymis and prostate weights, decreases of serum Tri-iodothyronine ($T_3$), and Thyroxine ($T_4$) level with increase of serum Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level, decreases of serum testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) level with increases of serum Follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) level, increases of serum High density lipoprotein (HDL), decrease of triglyceride content, increase of serum Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level, decreases of liver and testis antioxidant defense factors were observed. In addition, marked hyperplasia of follicular cells with decreases of follicular colloid contents and diameters was additionally demonstrated with the decrease of hepatocyte numbers per unit area due to hypertrophy of hepatocytes related to lipid droplet depositions, increase of a/oligospermatic epididymal tubules with epididymal atrophic changes, seminiferous tubular atrophy with decrease of stage I~II seminiferous tubules in testis, prostate tubular atrophic changes at histopathological inspections. However, these PTU induced hypothyroidism and related hepatic and male reproductive organ damages were favorably and dose-dependently inhibited by treatment of JEKHT 500, 250 and 125 mg/kg, and JEKHT also effectively regulated the PTU-induced abnormal antioxidant defense factor changes in the both liver and testis. Conclusions: JEKHT 500, 250 and 125 mg/kg dose-dependently inhibited PTU-induced hypothyroidism and related liver and male reproductive organ damages in rats.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.186-196
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• 2021

In this study, we investigated inhibitory effect of red sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) on triglyceride biosynthesis in Rhodosporidium toruloides. There was no significant difference in the total lipid content of all the experimental groups including 0.02, 0.1 and 0.5% (w/v) of red sweet pepper 70% ethanol extract treatment (RSPE). However, the triglyceride content was significantly decreased in RSPE group campared to the control group. When the formation of lipid droplet in the oleaginous yeast was examined, a small amount of fluorescence was observed compared to the control as the concentration of RSPE increased. The number of cells and free fatty acid increased in a concentration-dependent manner. These results suggest that RSPE has an anti-obesity effect.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.60 no.4
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• pp.215-223
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• 2020

Sasa (S.) quelpaertensis Nakai (Korean name, Jeju-Joritdae), which has anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities, is a type of bamboo grass distributed widely in Jeju Island, Korea. S. quelpaertensis leaves are used for therapeutic purposes in traditional Korean medicine. This study examined the hepatoprotective effects of the S. quelpaertensis ethyl acetate fraction (SQEA) in a mouse model to mimic alcoholic liver damage. The mice were administered orally with 30% alcohol (5 g/kg) once per day with or without SQEA treatments (100 and 200 mg/kg) for 14 days consecutively. Alcohol consumption increased the serum alcohol content and histopathological changes but reduced the liver weight. Moreover, the livers of the alcohol group exhibited the accumulation of malondialdehyde and cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1), and lipid droplet coating protein perilipin-2. On the other hand, SQEA dose-dependently attenuated the alcohol-induced serum ethanol content and liver histopathological changes but increased the liver weight. Moreover, SQEA attenuated the level of CYP2E1 and inhibited alcohol-induced lipogenesis in the liver via decreased perilipin-2 expression. These results suggest that SQEA can provide a potent way to reduce the liver damage caused by alcohol consumption.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2023.04a
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• pp.51-51
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• 2023

The world-wide rate of obesity is increasing continuously, representing a serious medical threat since it is associated with a variety of diseases including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and numerous cancers. Sophora japonicais used as a traditional herb for medicinal purposes in eastern Asia. However, the anti-obesity effects of S. japonicafruit have not been explored. The aim of this study is to investigate the inhibition of adipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis by an ethanol extract of S. japonicafruit (EESF) in 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes. Our results demonstrate that EESF suppressed the terminal differentiation of 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes in a dose-dependent manner, as confirmed by a decrease in lipid droplet number and lipid content through Oil Red O staining. EESF significantly reduced the accumulation of cellular triglyceride, which was associated with a significant inhibition of the levels of pro-adipogenic transcription factors, including PPARγ, C/EBPα and C/EBPβ. In addition, EESF potentially down regulated the expression levels of adipocyte-specific proteins, including aP2 and leptin. In particular, EESF treatment effectively enhanced the activation of the AMPK signaling pathway; however, the co-treatment with compound C, an inhibitor of AMPK, significantly restored the EESF-induced inhibition of pro-adipogenic transcription factors and adipocyte-specific genes. These results indicate that EESF may exert an anti-obesity effect by controlling the AMPK signaling pathway, suggesting that the fruit extract of S. japonica may be a potential anti-obesity agent.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.43 no.11
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• pp.964-973
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• 2020

Recent studies have highlighted that early enhancement of the glycolytic pathway is a mode of maintaining the proinflammatory status of immune cells. Thiamine, a wellknown co-activator of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, a gatekeeping enzyme, shifts energy utilization of glucose from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation. Thus, we hypothesized that thiamine may modulate inflammation by alleviating metabolic shifts during immune cell activation. First, using allithiamine, which showed the most potent anti-inflammatory capacity among thiamine derivatives, we confirmed the inhibitory effects of allithiamine on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production and maturation process in dendritic cells. We applied the LPS-induced sepsis model to examine whether allithiamine has a protective role in hyper-inflammatory status. We observed that allithiamine attenuated tissue damage and organ dysfunction during endotoxemia, even when the treatment was given after the early cytokine release. We assessed the changes in glucose metabolites during LPS-induced dendritic cell activation and found that allithiamine significantly inhibited glucose-driven citrate accumulation. We then examined the clinical implication of regulating metabolites during sepsis by performing a tail bleeding assay upon allithiamine treatment, which expands its capacity to hamper the coagulation process. Finally, we confirmed that the role of allithiamine in metabolic regulation is critical in exerting anti-inflammatory action by demonstrating its inhibitory effect upon mitochondrial citrate transporter activity. In conclusion, thiamine could be used as an alternative approach for controlling the immune response in patients with sepsis.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.990-998
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• 2015

The aim of this study was to examine the cytotoxicity and potential inhibitory effects from four types of edible domestic brown seaweeds, Undaria pinnatifida (UP), Laminaria japonica (LJ), Sargassum fulvellum (SF), and Hizikia fusiforme (HF), on preadipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cell line. Water and ethanol extracts from the four types of seaweeds were prepared and tested for cell viability in the 3T3-L1 cell line by using MTT assay. In addition, various doses of the water extract of seaweeds (WES) and ethanol extract of seaweeds (EES) were treated at the beginning of 3T3-L1 differentiation and continued until the cells were fully differentiated to adipocytes. Oil Red-O staining was performed to determine the potential cell differentiation inhibitory effects of the WES and EES by measuring the levels of lipid droplet accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. $PPAR{\gamma}$ mRNA expression levels were significantly reduced by WESs of UP, LJ, and HF as well as EESs of LJ and HF. As a result, we observed the superior cell differentiation inhibitory effects of WES compared to that of EES in a dose-dependent manner without any significant cytotoxicity in mouse adipocytes.