• ALGAE
• /
• 제31권4호
• /
• pp.391-401
• /
• 2016

To develop an easy and rapid method of quantifying lipid contents of marine dinoflagellates, we quantified lipid contents of common dinoflagellate species using a colorimetric method based on the sulpho-phospho-vanillin reaction. In this method, the optical density measured using a spectrophotometer was significantly positively correlated with the known lipid content of a standard oil (Canola oil). When using this method, the lipid content of each of the dinoflagellates Alexandrium minutum, Prorocentrum micans, P. minimum, and Lingulodinium polyedrum was also significantly positively correlated with the optical density and equivalent intensity of color. Thus, when comparing the color intensity or the optical density of a sample of a microalgal species with known color intensities or optical density, the lipid content of the target species could be rapidly quantified. Furthermore, the results of the sensitivity tests showed that only $1-3{\times}10^5cells$ of P. minimum and A. minutum, $10^4cells$ of P. micans, and $10^3cells$ of L. polyedrum (approximately 1-5 mL of dense cultures) were needed to determine the lipid content per cell. When the lipid content per cell of 9 dinoflagellates, a diatom, and a chlorophyte was analyzed using this method, the lipid content per cell of these microalgae, with the exception of the diatom, were significantly positively correlated with cell size, however, volume specific lipid content per cell was negatively correlated with cell size. Thus, this sulpho-phospho-vanillin method is an easy and rapid method of quantifying the lipid content of autotrophic, mixotrophic, and heterotrophic dinoflagellate species.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• 제21권10호
• /
• pp.1073-1080
• /
• 2011

In order to investigate and generalize the effects of carbon and nitrogen sources on the growth of and lipid production in Chlorella sp. 227, several nutritional combinations consisting of different carbon and nitrogen sources and concentrations were given to the media for cultivation of Chlorella sp. 227, respectively. The growth rate and lipid content were affected largely by concentration rather than by sources. The maximum specific growth was negatively affected by low concentrations of carbon and nitrogen. There is a maximum allowable inorganic carbon concentration (less than 500~1,000 mM bicarbonate) in autotrophic culture, but the maximum lipid content per gram dry cell weight (g DCW) was little affected by the concentration of inorganic carbon within the concentration. The lipid content per g DCW was increased when the microalga was cultured with the addition of glucose and bicarbonate (mixotrophic) at a fixed nitrogen concentration and with the lowest nitrogen concentration (0.2 mM), relatively. Considering that lipid contents per g DCW increased in those conditions, it suggests that a high ratio of carbon to nitrogen in culture media promotes lipid accumulation in the cells. Interestingly, a significant increase of the oleic acid amount to total fatty acids was observed in those conditions. These results showed the possibility to induce lipid production of high quality and content per g DCW by modifying the cultivation conditions.

• 한국식품과학회지
• /
• 제20권1호
• /
• pp.28-33
• /
• 1988

Rhodotorula marina IFO 0879의 균체생산과 균체 내 유지생산을 위한 최적배양조건에 관하여 조사하였다. 균체량과 유지생산량은 $30^{\circ}C$, pH $6.0{\sim}7.5$에서 최고량을 나타내었다. $30^{\circ}C$에서 8일간 진탕배양하는 동안 질소성분이 어느정도 소모되어 균체가 증식한 후 지방질의 생성이 시작되었으며, 이때 최대균체량은 9.82g/l이고 세포내 지방질은 효모균체에 대하여 최고 35.4%까지 축적하였다. 탄소원으로서 유당(乳糖)과 포도당을, 질소원으로서 ammonium sulfate를 사용하였을 때 균체량과 지방질 함량이 가장 많았다. 배양액의 질소농도가 높을수록 균체 지방함량은 감소하고 균체량이 증가하였으며, 농도가 낮을수록 반대로 되었다. 배양액에 주기적으로 당을 첨가했을 때 초기에는 균체량과 지방질생성량이 대조구보다 적었으나 후기에는 더 많았다. 생산된 지방질의 주지방산은 palmitic acid(20.3%), oleic acid(46.6%) 및 linoleic acid(16.2%)이었다.

• ALGAE
• /
• 제32권1호
• /
• pp.67-74
• /
• 2017

The heterotrophic dinoflagellate Oxyrrhis marina is known to produce high levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) when fed on diverse algal prey. However, large-scale culturing of algal prey species is not easy and requires a large amount of budget, and thus more easily cultivable and low-cost prey is required. Dried yeast was selected as a strong candidate for an alternative prey in our preliminary tests. Thus, we explored the fatty acid composition and DHA production of O. marina fed on dried yeast and compared these results to those of O. marina fed on two algal prey species: the phototrophic dinoflagellate Amphidinium carterae and chlorophyte Chlorella sp. powder. O. marina fed on dried yeast, which does not contain DHA, produced the same high level of DHA as those fed on DHA-containing A. carterae. This indicates that O. marina is likely to produce DHA by itself regardless of prey items. Furthermore, the DHA content (and portion of total fatty acid methyl esters) of O. marina satiated with dried yeast, 52.40 pg per cell(and 25.9%), was considerably greater than that of O. marina fed on A. carterae (26.91 pg per cell; 15.7%) or powder of Chlorella sp. powder (21.24 pg per cell; 16.7%). The cost of dried yeast (approximately 10 US dollars for 1 kg dried yeast) was much lower than that of obtaining the algal prey (approximately 160 US dollars for 1 kg A. carterae). Therefore, compared to conventional algal prey, dried yeast is a more easily obtainable and lower-cost prey for use in the production of DHA by O. marina.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제21권3호
• /
• pp.154-163
• /
• 1988

Effects of alchohol and fat content in a balanced diet on chemical composition and morphology of liver were investigated in growing rats. Fourth eight male rats of Sprague-Dawley strain weighing about 160g were divided into 4 groups ; high fat diet group, alcohol-administered high fat diet group, low fat diet group and alcohol-administered high fat diet group, low fat diet group and alcohol-administered low fat diet group. High and low fat diets supplied 30% and 12%, respectively, of total calorie intake from fat, and alcohol was given by adding ethanol in drinking waster at 10%. Diets contained adequate amounts of all nutrients required for rats, including lipotrpoic agents(choline and methionine) to minimize effects of factors other than alcohol on liver damage. Ratios of liver weight to body weight were statistically different among groups. Liver/dody weight ratios alcohol-administered rats were significantly higher than those of non-alcohol groups after 6 weeks treatment. Although total lipid and triglyceride per gram liver were increased in alcohol-administered rats, especially low fat diet fed rats, the values were not significantly different. Opticmicroscopical observation revealed increase in cell size and no change in morphology of liver. Examination of hepatocytes by electron microscopy showed that fat droplets were observed in all groups but enlarged in the alcohol-administered low fat diet fed rat. Contents of protein, cholesterol and phospholipid were not affected by alcohol consumption. The level of lipid peroxide was significantly lower in the livers of alcohol-administered rats than in the livers of non-alcohol groups. The results of this study indicate that even moderate alcohol drinking and dietary fat content did not affect any significant change in composition and morphology of liver until 6 week treatment but that even moderate alcohol drinking caused some signs of steatosis of liver.

• 한국식품과학회지
• /
• 제15권2호
• /
• pp.170-176
• /
• 1983

미생물을 이용한 식량자원개발의 일환으로 분리배양한 전분이용성 효모, Sporobolomyces holsaticus FRI Y-5의 균체성분에 대하여 검토하였다. 효모균체의 일반조 성분으로서 총 탄수화물이 33.08%, 조단백질이 45.63%, 조지방이 20.01%, 회분이 3.04%였으며, 그 밖에 색소수출물이 4.46%였다. 완전세포(Whole cell)의 가용성단백질함량은 cold and hot NaOH extraction 시 40.89%였으며, 이때 조단백질과 가용성단백질 함량으로부터 핵산함량이 7.6%로 추정되었다. 균체단백질의 아미노산 분석결과, 표준단백질에 비하여 필수아미노산 중 threonine, valine, isoleucine이 약간 적었으며 그때 제한아미노산인 valine의 단백가는 89.4였다. 균체지방의 지방산 조성은 $C_{16:0}$이 6.5%였고, $C_{18:0}$이 2.4%, $C_{18:1}$이 81.9%, $C_{18:2}$이 3.2%, $C_{18:3}$이 6.0%였으며, 이 때 $C_{18:1}$이 특이하게 많았다. 또한 이 효모균체는 미량원소로서 Fe나 Ca에 비하여 Mg과 K을 많이 함유하고 있었으며, 각각 365.33mg/100g, 282.75mg/100g이었고, 비타민 중 $Vit.\;B_2$는 3.7mg/100g이나 niacin은 검출되지 않았다. 색소수출물의 흡광도 실험결과, carotenoid계 색소가 확인되었으며 자외선부분에서 태양광에 파괴되지 않는 물질을 발견하였다.

• 한국수산과학회지
• /
• 제34권6호
• /
• pp.588-593
• /
• 2001

조피볼락, S. schlegeli 치어의 생리, 성장 및 생존율에 미치는 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine ($T_3$) 효과를 파악하기 위해 $T_3$를 0, 5, 10 및 15ppm으로 사료에 섞어 경구투여하였다. 실험 종료시 섭식률 및 사료효율은 10PPM구가 가장 높게 나타났으며, TCH는 처리농도가 높아질수록 낮은 TCH값을 나타내었다 실험구별 기형률은 $T_3$처리 농도가 높아질수록 높게 나타났다. 실험 종료시 체성분 분석 결과, 수분과 회분 함량은 실험구간 유의 차를 찾아 볼 수 없었고, 단백질 함량은 15PPM구가 5PPM구를 제외한 모든 실험구에 비해 많았으며, 지질 함량의 경우 15PPM구가 대조구에 비해 적었고, 5PPM구와 10PPM구는 대조구와 큰 차이가 없었다. 실험구별 길이 및 무게 성장은 10PPM구가 지속적인 성장을 보여 실험 종료시 $9.80\pm0.26 cm$로 대조구에 비해 빠른 성장을 보였다. 실험구별 비만도는 $T_3$구가 $18.9\~19.0$으로 대조구와 유의한 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 각 실험구별 사육어의 생존율은 CONTROL구가 가장 높았고, CONTROL구를 제외하고는 10PPM구가 다른 실험구에 비하여 높게 나타났다.

• 생명과학회지
• /
• 제20권3호
• /
• pp.326-335
• /
• 2010

Phellinus pini (CY001) 추출물에서의 페놀류성분의 농도는 P. pini (CY001)분획 g 당 GAEs mg으로 나타내었고, P. pini의 EtOAc 분획 (436.5 mg GAEs/g)이 다른 분획에 비해 가장 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 환원력과 같은 항산화 활성을 screening 하기 위해 몇 가지 생화학적 시험이 수행되었고, 그것은 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) 라디칼 소거작용, NBT/XO superoxide system, DCF/AAPH peroxyl radicals 저해능 등이다. 여섯 개의 버섯추출물 분획 중에서 EtOAc 분획이 DPPH, superoxide 라디칼, peroxyl 라디칼 소거작용이 뛰어났고, $IC_{50}$ values는 각각 $11.49\;{\mu}g/ml$, $8.32\;{\mu}g/ml$, and $1.91\;{\mu}g/ml$이었다. P. pini (CY001)의 EtOAc 분획은 중요한 효소적 지질과산화 저해와 cytotoxicity 없이 RAW 264.7 macrophages의 LPS 유도 NO 생성을 효과적으로 감소시켰다. 또한 EtOAc 분획이 HepG2 cell의 타크린 유도 cytotoxicity에서 간 보호 작용을 나타내었다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 P. pini (CY001)가 라디칼 소거작용을 하는 성분을 함유한 천연 항산화제로써의 잠재력을 갖고 있는 것으로 사료된다.