• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.171-190
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• 2002

Two cases of design are performed for the hyperbolic paraboloid saddle shell (Lin-Scordelis saddle shell) and the hyperbolic cooling tower (Grand Gulf cooling tower) to check the design strength against a consistent design load, therefore to verify the adequacy of the design algorithm. An iterative numerical computational algorithm is developed for combined membrane and flexural forces, which is based on equilibrium consideration for the limit state of reinforcement and cracked concrete. The design algorithm is implemented in a finite element analysis computer program developed by Mahmoud and Gupta. The amount of reinforcement is then determined at the center of each element by an elastic finite element analysis with the design ultimate load. Based on ultimate nonlinear analyses performed with designed saddle shell, the analytically calculated ultimate load exceeded the design ultimate load from 7% to 34% for analyses with various magnitude of tension stiffening. For the cooling tower problem the calculated ultimate load exceeded the design ultimate load from 26% to 63% with similar types of analyses. Since the effective tension stiffening would vary over the life of the shells due to environmental factors, a degree of uncertainty seems inevitable in calculating the actual failure load by means of numerical analysis. Even though the ultimate loads are strongly dependent on the tensile properties of concrete, the calculated ultimate loads are higher than the design ultimate loads for both design cases. For the cases designed, the design algorithm gives a lower bound on the design ultimate load with respect to the lower bound theorem. This shows the adequacy of the design algorithm developed, at least for the shells studied. The presented design algorithm for the combined membrane and flexural forces can be evolved as a general design method for reinforced concrete plates and shells through further studies involving the performance of multiple designs and the analyses of differing shell configurations.

• International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.476-490
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• 2016

This paper defines mode shape function of a composite solar panel assumed as Kirchhoff-Love plate for considering a torsional mode of composite solar panel. It then goes on to define dynamic model of a high-agility satellite considering the flexibility of composite solar panel as well as stiffness of a solar panel's hinge using Lagrange's theorem, Ritz method and the mode shape function. Furthermore, this paper verifies the validity of dynamic model by comparing numerical results from the finite element analysis. In addition, this paper performs a dynamic response analysis of a rigid satellite which includes only natural modes for solar panel's hinges and a flexible satellite which includes not only natural modes of solar panel's hinges, but also structural modes of composite solar panels. According to the results, we confirm that the torsional mode of solar panel should be considered for the structural design of high-agility satellite. Finally, we performed optimization of high-agility satellite for minimizing mass with solar panel's area limit using the defined dynamic model. Consequently, we observed that the defined dynamic model for a high-agility satellite and result of the optimal design are very useful not only because of their optimal structural design but also because of the dynamic analysis of the satellite.

• 한국초전도ㆍ저온공학회논문지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.41-44
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• 2015

Critical current of high-temperature superconducting (HTS) coil is influenced by its own self magnetic field. Direction and density distribution of the magnetic field around the coil are fixed after the shape of the coil is decided. If the entire part of the HTS tape has homogeneous $I_c$ distribution characteristic, quench would be initiated in fixed location on the coil. However, the actual HTS tape has inhomogeneous $I_c$ distribution along the length. If the $I_c$ distribution of the HTS tape is known, we can expect the spot within the HTS coil that has the highest probability to initiate the quench. In this paper, $I_c$ distribution within the HTS coil under self-field effect is simulated by MATLAB. In the simulation procedure, $I_c$ distribution of the entire part of the HTS tape is assume d to follow Gaussian-distribution by central limit theorem. The HTS coil model is divided into several segments, and the critical current of each segment is calculated based on the-generalized Kim model. Single pancake model is simulated and self-field of HTS coil is calculated by Biot-Savart's law. As a result of simulation, quench-initiating spot in the actual HTS coil can be predicted statistically. And that statistical analysis can help detect or protect the quench of the HTS coil.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.95-106
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• 1983

사면(斜面)의 3차원(次元) 파괴(破壞)의 신뢰성(信賴性) 해석(解析)에 안전율(安全率)대신 파괴확률(破壞確率)이 사용(使用)되었다. 강도정수(强度定數)는 정규분포(正規分布)와 베타분포(分布)(beta distribution)로 가정하였고 특별(特別)한 신뢰도(信賴度)와 최우추정법(最尤推定法)에 의하여 구간추정(區間推定)을 하였다. 정규분포(正規分布)와 베타분포(分布)의 의사무작위변수(擬似無作爲變數)는 중심극한정리(中心極限定理)와 Rejection방법(方法)에 따라 일양분포변환방법(一樣分布變換方法)을 사용(使用)하여 발생(發生)시켰고 몬테칼로방법 (Monte-Carlo Method)에 의한 파괴확률(破壞確率)은 다음과 같이 정의(定義)된다. $$P_f$$=M/N M: 파괴회수(破壞回數) N: 시행회수(施行回數) 본(本) 연구(硏究)의 결론(結論)은 강도정수(强度定數)를 정규분포(正規分布)로 가정한 경우에는 주어진 파괴표면(破壞表面)에 대하여 어떤 해석방법(解析方法)과 차원(次元)에 대해서도 안전율(安全率)과 파괴확률(破壞確率)과의 관계는 일정(一定)하였으나 베타분포(分布)로 가정 한 경우에는 일정(一定)한 관계가 나타나지 않았다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.417-426
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• 2024

Shield tunneling method is widely used to build tunnels in complex geological environment. Stability control of tunnel face is the key to the safety of projects. To improve the excavation efficiency or perform equipment maintenance, the excavation chamber sometimes is not fully filled with support medium, which can reduce the load and increase tunneling speed while easily lead to ground collapse. Due to the high risk of the face failure under non-fully support mode, the tunnel face stability should be carefully evaluated. Whether compressive air is required for compensation and how much air pressure should be provided need to be determined accurately. Based on the upper bound theorem of limit analysis, a non-fully support rotational failure model is developed in this study. The failure mechanism of the model is verified by numerical simulation. It shows that increasing the density of supporting medium could significantly improve the stability of tunnel face while the increase of tunnel diameter would be unfavorable for the face stability. The critical support ratio is used to evaluate the face failure under the nonfully support mode, which could be an important index to determine whether the specific unsupported height could be allowed during shield tunneling. To avoid of face failure under the non-fully support mode, several charts are provided for the assessment of compressed air pressure, which could help engineers to determine the required air pressure for face stability.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.75-83
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• 1984

사면(斜面)의 3차원(次元) 파괴(破壞)의 신뢰성(信賴性) 해석(解析)에 안전율(安全率) 대신 파괴확률(破壞確率)이 사용(使用)되었다. 강도정수(强度定數)는 정규분포(正規分布)와 베타분포(分布)로 가정하였고 특정(特定)한 신뢰도(信賴度)와 최우추정법(最尤推定法)에 의하여 구간추정(區間推定) 하였다. 정규분포(正規分布)와 베타분포(分布)의 무작위변수(無作爲變數)는 중심극한정리(中心極限定理)와 Rejection방법(方法)에 따라 일양분포변환방법(一樣分布變換方法)을 사용(使用)하여 발생(發生)시켰고 몬테칼로방법(Monte-Carlo Method)에 의한 파괴확률(破壞確率)은 다음과 같이 정의(定義)된다. $P_f=M/N$ N: 시행회수(施行回數) M: 파괴회수(破壞回數) 본(本) 연구(硏究) 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. $F_3$는 $F_2$보다 일반적으로 더 컸으나 작은 경우도 나타났다. 2. $F_3/F_2$의 비(比)는 c, ${\phi}$와 3차원(次元) 파괴(破壞)형상 그리고 경사에 따라 민감하나 흙의 단위중량에는 그렇지 않았다. 3. 어떤 완전율(安全率)에 대한 파괴확률(破壞確率)은 배타분포(分布)가 정규분포(定規分布)보다 대체로 크게 나타났다. 4. 어떤 특정(特定)한 사면파괴(斜面破壞)형상과 토질조건(土質條件)에 대하여 허용안전율(許容安全率) $FS_a=1.25$에 해한 $P_f$는 0.23 (정규분포(正規分布)), 0.29(베타분포(分布))로 나타났다.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.156-170
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• 2023

Objectives: This study conducted practical training to improve the proper usage of personal protective equipment(PPE), which greatly impacts workplace safety and health management. Personal protective equipment education was conducted through active participation, without theoretical modules, and aimed to identify the effects of repeated practical education and determine ways to increase participant satisfaction. Methods: Study data were analyzed using the IBM SPSS Statistics ver.29 software. First, participants' general characteristics were analyzed with frequency analysis. Second, the normality and equality of variances (Leven's test) were tested for the dependent variables prior to statistical analyses to determine the use of parametric tests. In general, normality is assumed when the sample size is 30 or more per the central limit theorem (Park et al., 2014). As our sample size of health management workers was 43, normality can be assumed. However, to ensure rigor of the study, we examined skewness and kurtosis. The results confirmed that the data were normally distributed. Third, the effects of repeated PPE training were analyzed using paired t-tests. Fourth, differences in satisfaction with PPE training according to the safety and health job position and safety and health certification were analyzed with t-test and Welch's t-test. For parameters that did not meet the assumption of equal variances, the Welch's t-test was performed. Results: Repeated PPE training improved the educational outcomes, and the improvements were significant in the 1st and 2nd respiratory PPE and safety and hygiene PPE training evaluations (p<.001). In terms of safety and health job position, repeated training led to improvements in educational outcomes, with significant improvements observed among supervisors and specialized health management institution workers in the 1st and 2nd training evaluations (p<.005). In terms of safety certification, repeated training led to improvements in educational outcomes, with significant improvements observed among both certified and non-certified individuals (p<.005). Regarding satisfaction with PPE training according to safety and health job positions, specialized health management institution workers showed greater satisfaction than supervisors, with significant differences in the satisfaction for expertise of lecture, work relevance, and lecturer's attitude (p<.001). Regarding satisfaction with PPE training according to safety and health certification, satisfaction was higher among certified individuals, with significant differences in satisfaction for work relevance and lecture attitude (p<.05) Conclusions: PPE education should be recommended to be provided as practical training. Repeated training can enhance educational outcomes for individuals with inadequate knowledge and understanding of PPE prior to education. For individuals with high levels of pre-existing knowledge and understanding of PPE, the results show that various training experiences should be provided to enhance their satisfaction. Therefore, it suggests that the workplace should actively seek educational media and methods to acquire expertise and skills in wearing personal protective equipment and improve the ability to use

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.81-90
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• 2012

방사선 치료에서 부정확한 환자 셋업이 표적에 전달되는 선량에 미치는 영향과 치료 마진과의 연관성을 몬테칼로 기법을 사용한 전산모사를 통하여 분석하였다. 실제 방사선 치료를 받은 직장암 환자에 대한 임상표적체적(CTV: Clinical Target Volume) 및 주요장기의 구조와 치료계획 시스템(Eclipse 8.9, USA)을 이용하여 수립된 세기조절 방사선치료계획에서의 선량분포에 대한 데이터를 전산모사에서 사용하였다. 전산모사 프로그램은 리눅스환경에서 오픈소스인 ROOT 라이브러리와 GCC를 기반으로 본 연구를 위하여 개발되었다. 환자셋업오차의 확률분포를 정규분포로 가정한 것에 따라 무작위로 생성된 크기만큼 셋업이 부정확한 경우를 모사하여 임상표적체적에서의 선량분포의 변화와 오차크기에 따른 마진크기를 3차원입체조형 방사선치료에 사용되는 마진공식과 비교분석 하였다. 셋업오차 생성에 사용된 정규분포의 표준편차 크기는 1 mm부터 10 mm까지 1 mm간격으로 두었으며 계통오차와 통계오차별로 2,000번 전산모사했다. 계통오차의 경우 전산모사에 사용된 표준편차가 커질수록 임상표적체적에 조사되는 최소선량 $D_{min}^{stat{\cdot}}$은 100.4%에서 72.50%로 감소하였고 평균선량 $\bar{D}_{syst{\cdot}}$도 100.45%에서 97.88%로 감소한 반면에 표준편차${\Delta}D_{sys}$는 0.02%에서 3.33%로 증가하였다. 통계오차의 경우 최소선량 $D_{min}^{rand{\cdot}}$은 100.45%에서 94.80%감소하였고 평균선량 $\bar{D}_{syst{\cdot}}$도 100.46%에서 97.87%로 감소하였으며 표준편차 ${\Delta}D_{rand}$는 0.01%에서 0.63%로 증가하였다. 그리고 마진공식으로부터 전산모사에 사용된 셋업오차에 해당되는 마진크기를 구하고 모집단비율(population ratio)을 정의하여 기존 마진공식의 목적이 세기조절방사선치료에 만족함을 확인했다. 개발된 전산모사 프로그램은 해당 환자의 치료계획 정보를 직접 사용하므로 직장암만 아니라 두경부암, 전립선암 등 여러 환부에 적용 가능하며 셋업오차 및 선량변화에 연관된 연구에도 사용할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.