• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.849-857
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• 2016

In the growth of the Rubus coreanus Miquel fruits, the unripened (10 days) and ripened (25 days) fruits after flowering were harvested. The chemical characteristics of different maturational stages of the unripened and ripened fruits were investigated. Total amount of phenolic compounds was 4.00-7.56% in the unripened fruits and 3.78-5.57% in the ripened fruits, respectively. Furthermore, total amounts of organic acids such as malic, citric, succinic, and oxalic acids were 16.40 mg/100 g in the unripened fruits and 28.82 mg/100 g in the ripened fruits, respectively. In organic acids of the unripened and the ripened fruits, citric acid (8.76-15.47 mg/100 g) was the highest amount among other organic acids. Soluble sugars were significantly increased from 11.07 to 21.54% in the unripened and ripened fruits. Therefore, ripened fruits had the high levels of phenolic compounds, organic acids and soluble sugars. For the biological studies of R. coreanus, methanol extracts of R. coreanus leaves, fruits, and stems were evaluated for their insecticidal activities against Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae), Plutella xylostella (Lepioptera: Plutellidae) and Spodoptera litura (Lepioptera: Noctuidae) by leaf dipping method. From these results, the extract of R. coreanus leaves revealed potent insecticidal activity against P. xylostella. However, the methanol extracts of R. coreanus fruits and stems had no any insecticidal activity against M. persicae, P. xylostella and S. litura. The R. coreanus leaves have promising potential as new insecticidal agent against P. xylostella.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.150-154
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• 2005

To overcome the problems associated with chemical pesticides, biological pest controls agent extracted from Ginkgo biloba was studied. Insecticidal activities components in Ginkgo biloba extracts were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This results of HPLC analysis, GG-W80 were included bilobalide $611\;{\mu}g/kg$, ginkgolide A $37\;{\mu}g/kg$ and ginkgolide B $243\;{\mu}g/kg$, while YG-W80 were included bilobalide $214\;{\mu}g/kg$ and ginkgolide B $46\;{\mu}g/kg$. The biological activity of Ginkgo biloba extracts were conducted to repellent and pesticidial effect of Tetranichus urticae, Aphis gossypii and Myzus persicae treated with Ginkgo biloba leaves extracts. Mortalities of adult T. urticae to green Ginkgo biloba extracts (GG-W80) and yellow Ginkgo biloba extracts (YG-W80) were shown 98.3% and 20.0%, respectively. From these results, terpenes components in Ginkgo biloba extracts could be use for biological controls for T. urticae.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.52-58
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• 1997

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) contains water-soluble substances that inhibit the germination of Echinochloa crus-galli. This study investigated the allelopathic potential of rice in which rice had been grown with E. crus-galli in the field. Extracts of forty-seven rice varieties were screened for allelopathic potential in the laboratory. Double distilled water was used as a control. Based on the germination percentage, the varieties may be classified in the following order of decreasing inhibition : Namweon(36%) and Gyehwa(38%) hulls extracts and Sambaeg(43%) and Seoan(46%) leaves extracts. In the comparison of allelopathic activity test between leaves and hulls extracts, hulls extracts contain more allelopathic toxic substances. In the effect of concentration treatment on the six levels of extract solutions(3, 6, 12, 25, 50, 100%, v/v) germination percentage was significantly inhibited as the extract concentration increased. The highest concentration(100%) caused the greatest reduction in E. crus-galli. Allelopathic potential effects were significantly different among the various varieties and between '94 and '95 year extracts. The results indicate that there are genetic differences among varieties for allelopathic potentiality on E. crus-galli. Allelopathic potential in the ecological aspects can be decided through variety selection.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.36 no.2 s.141
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• pp.109-115
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• 2005

The herb of Allium victorialis var. platyphyllum (Liliaceae) has been used as an edible wild herb and to treat heart failure and gastritis. We have already reported antihyperlipidemic anti-tumor effects of this plant. To enlarge the commercial availability of this food, it was investigated whether the extracts of A. victorialis var. platyphyllum reduce hyperlipidemia and obesity or not. The plants tested in this experiment were collected from two eco-types of Is. Ullung and Mt. Odae cultivated at Pyongchang. Extracts were prepared by extracting the fresh leaves and those dried at $36^{\circ}C$ and $90^{\circ}C$, respectively. Pretreatment with the ethanolic extracts for two weeks(p.o.) reduced serum triglyceride-, total cholesterol- and LDL-cholesterol contents in rats induced by Triton WR-1339, respectively. Furthermore, oral administration of the extracts also inhibited the hyperlipidemia induced with oral diet of 30% corn oil. In the other attempt to find to alleviate the obesity, the model rats with obesity were induced by the high fat-diet for six weeks. Post-treatment with the extracts for two weeks significantly reduced the hyperlipidemia. Retroperitoneal-, epidymal- and total abdominal fat pad weights were considerably reduced at 100 mg/kg oral administration of the extracts. Increased feces lipid contents were also found in the rat treated with the extracts. The extract may lead to the higher activity in treatment of hyperlipidemia and obesity than of the dried one.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.391-395
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• 2009

To materialize anti-inflammatory compounds from dandelion leaves, we studied optimal conditions of hot water extraction and concentration. We investigated the properties of extracts on various temperatures between 60 and $90^{\circ}C$. Extraction yields at $60^{\circ}C$ were the highest at $39.2{\pm}1.3%$ and flavonoid contents were increased by heating. However, anti-inflammatory activities were remarkably decreased by increasing temperature. According to the results that the highest anti-inflammatory activities of water extract were demonstrated at $60^{\circ}C$, cell wall degrading enzyme treatment was carried out to increase extraction yield of anti-inflammatory compounds. The enzyme treatment resulted in increased yields and flavonoids from dandelion leaves of 1.5-fold and anti-inflammatory activities were not decreased. Also, column chromatography was used for concentration of anti-inflammatory compounds from extract of dandelion leaves treated with enzyme. Anti-inflammatory activities of adsorbed compounds on Amberlite XAD-2 and Sepabeads SP-850 were significantly increased. However, yields of adsorbed compounds were increased over two-folds on Sepabeads SP-850 compared to Amberlite XAD-2. Thus Sepabeads SP-850 was more effective than Amberlite XAD-2 to concentrate the anti-inflammatory compounds of dandelion leaves.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.63-70
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• 1979

In order to improve the quality of greenish tobacco leaves, fermentation experiments by microbial treatment and periodical variations of fermentation temperature were performed. More than twenty strains were isolated from Hyangcho ( Sun cured Korean native leaves ) and Perique tobacco leaves. Among them, five strains which showed good growth in Nicotine Broth medium were selected. Identification experiments of these strains as well as checking the effects of fermentation by these treatment on the quality and aging rate of greenish tobacco leaves were carried out. The results were like following ; 1. Selected strains were identified as pseudomona.f for H-82, for P-4 and Bacillus for H-81. p- 4 and P-7. 2. Among the five strains, strain H- 82 showed the best effect on the forced aging and the quality of greenish tobacco leaves, The rate of oxygen uptaking, pH and nicotine contents were decreased. However, total volatile acids and petroleum ether extracts were increased. 3. After fermentation, taste from greenish tobacco leaf were removed and smoking characteristics were improved. Color was also changed from greenish yellow to dark brown.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.227-232
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• 2013

The dried root of Angelica gigas (A. gigas) has been traditionally used as an oriental medicine, which is known to improve blood circulation and blood stasis. In the present study, leaves and stalks of A. gigas were used to investigate their effects on the innate immunity. The extracts were prepared from leaves and stalks of A. gigas and were fed to mice. The numbers of blood cells, total WBCs, neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils and basophils were increased by 50% in mice fed with leaves extract of A. gigas compared to control mice. However, the numbers of blood cells were decreased when treated with stalks extract of A. gigas. The level of cholesterol and triglyceride in serum was markedly reduced in both mice group fed with leaves extract and stalks extract of A. gigas compared to control group (P<0.01). There was no significant change in the level of albumin, total protein, phosphate and calcium in serum. Activity of cationic peptide was found to be diffused in the testicles of mice fed with leaves extract of A. gigas compared to control group, which might be due to increased lysozyme in testicle. The lysoplate assay and immunohistochemistry assay suggest that the extract of leaves and stalks of A. gigas are immunogenic, but the effects might be related with acquired immune response rather than innate immunity.

• Plant Biotechnology Reports
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.87-93
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• 2009

To determine whether pattern recognition based on metabolite fingerprinting for whole cell extracts can be used to discriminate cultivars metabolically, leaves and fruits of five commercial strawberry cultivars were subjected to Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. FT-IR spectral data from leaves were analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA) and Fisher's linear discriminant function analysis. The dendrogram based on hierarchical clustering analysis of these spectral data separated the five commercial cultivars into two major groups with originality. The first group consisted of Korean cultivars including 'Maehyang', 'Seolhyang', and 'Gumhyang', whereas in the second group, 'Ryukbo' clustered with 'Janghee', both Japanese cultivars. The results from analysis of fruits were the same as of leaves. We therefore conclude that the hierarchical dendrogram based on PCA of FT-IR data from leaves represents the most probable chemotaxonomical relationship between cultivars, enabling discrimination of cultivars in a rapid and simple manner.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.849-854
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• 2009

Water extracts of injinssuk (Artemisia iwayomogi Kitamura) (WE) were obtained from the dried and ground leaves and stems of injinssuk. The WE was further fractionated into crude polysaccharide (C-PS) and nonpolysaccharide fractions (N-PS). The protective activities against the tert-butyl hydro peroxide induced mutangenecity on Escherichia coli PQ37 and reactive oxygen species scavenging activity of the WE, C-PS, and N-PS were studied. The WE obtained from leaves showed a significantly higher inhibitory effect on the mutagenicity than WE from stem. The WE obtained from the leaves having higher crude polysaccharide content but lower content of total carbohydrates had significantly higher antimutagenicity than that from the leaves with lower crude polysaccharide but higher total carbohydrate contents. Further study showed that C-PS fraction showed markedly stronger antimutagenic effect than N-PS. C-PS was also more effective than N-PS for hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, but was similar to N-PS in superoxide radical scavenging activity.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.591-599
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• 2015

Cercidiphyllum japonicum leaves were collected, air-dried and extracted with 70% aqueous acetone, then concentrated and sequentially fractionated using n-hexane, methylene chloride ($CH_2Cl_2$), ethylacetate (EtOAc), and $H_2O$. A portion of EtOAc fraction (10 g) was chromatographed on a Sephadex LH-20 column, by the successively elution with various aqueous $MeOH-H_2O$ (1:9, fraction $1-2{\rightarrow}3:7$, fraction $3-5{\rightarrow}1:1$, fraction $6-9{\rightarrow}7:3$, fraction $10-13{\rightarrow}9:1$, fraction 14-16). Compound 2 was isolated from fraction 6 and compound 1 was separated from fraction 11 and 12. Compound 3 and 4 were purified from fraction 13. The isolated compounds were elucidated as quercetin-3-O-${\alpha}$-L-rhamnopyranoside (1), chlorogenic acid (2), quercetin-3-O-${\alpha}$-L-arabinofuranoside (3) and quercetin-3-O-${\beta}$-D-xylopyranoside (4) by the spectral and literature data, and by comparison with the authentic samples. These compounds were reported, for the first time, from the extracts of C. japonicum leaves. Also chlorogenic acid (2) has never been reported before in domestic tree species and can be used as an index compound for C. japonicum.