• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.511-515
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• 2006

도라지 잎과 줄기를 기능성식품 재료로 이용하기 위한 기초자료를 제공하기 위하여 화학성분 및 항산화 활성을 조사하였다. 도라지 잎과 줄기의 수분함량은 각각 84.31%와 5.91%였으며, 도라지 잎과 줄기의 무기성분 중 Ca이 351.49 mg%와 217.56 mg%로 함량이 많았다. 도라지 잎의 주요 유리당은 glucose로 1,729.8 mg%가 함유되어 있었고, 줄기에서는 fructose가 734.87mg%였다. 도라지 잎의 주요 아미노산으로는 glutamic acid(242.91 mg%)와 arginine(228.60 mg%)이었으며, 줄기에서는 lysine(110.08 mg%)과 glutamic acid(80.40 mg%)였고, 도라지 잎과 줄기의 주요 지방산은 oleic acid와 linoleic acid였다. 도라지 잎과 줄기의 용매 분획물을 이용하여 DPPH radical 소거활성을 측정한 결과 분획물의 농도가 증가함에 따라 DPPH radical 소거활성이 증가하였으며, 환원력도 농도의존적인 경향을 보였고, 특히 부탄올 분획물에서 환원력이 2.25로 가장 높았다.

• 아시안잔디학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.137-146
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• 2001

Stolen and rhizome are used as planting material fur sod production in hybrid types of bermudagrass. The new technology of Leaves and Stems Dressing (LSD) uses leaves and stems collected from mowing for sod production and turf establishment. The procedure of Leaf and Stem Dressing is as follows; 1) Collection of leaves and stems of bermudagrass using rotary mower with bucket. 2) Preparation of turf bed. 3) Dressing of leaves and stems of bermudagrass by man power or spray machine. 4) first irrigation. 5) Topdressing with sand or rotary with tractor. 6) Final irrigation.

• 아시안잔디학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.125-142
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• 1996

Crassulacean acid metaholism (CAM) was investigated in leaves and stems of the succulent $C_4$dicot Portulaca oleracea L. Under 14-hour days, stem tissues showed much greater fluctuation of acidity than leaf tissues. But leaf and stem tissues showed almost same CAM-like pattern of acid fluctuation under 8-hour days. Stem tissues of R oleracea grown under the naturai environment showed high CAM activity, but no CAM activity was seen in leaves of those plants. In the naturally growing plants, the rapid acidification was seen in intact stems at dawn, but defoliated stems showed only a gradual increase. RuBP carlboxylase activity was very high at 2:00 P.M. in both leaves and stems. However, its activity at 1:00 A.M. and 5:30 AM. was hardly detected. particularly, activity of PEP carboxylase in leaves was very high in the early morning, though that in stem tissues was little. These results indicate that $CO_2$ passed through open stomata at dawn may be assimilated by PEP carboxylase in leaves, and then $C_4$ products move to stems. The levels of nitrate concentration and of nitrate reductase were higher in stems than in leaves. The levels were also higher in the light than in the dark. It would be suggested that considerable amount of nitrate absorbed from roots ho assimilated in stems, and nitrate transferred to leaves via stem tissues be reduced there. Key words: Portalaca oleracea, Cactus, Photosynthesis, Nitrogen assimilation, Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM).

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.234-244
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• 2014

Objectives: This study was carried out in order to analyze the composition of the leaves and stems of Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai, with the aim of obtaining basic data for utilizing the plant as a food ingredient, as well as for processing. Methods: Leaves and stems from Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai were harvested at Cheongcheon-myeon, Geosan-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do, and were subsequently freeze-dried and ground to a fine powder for chemical component analysis and safety evaluation. Results: The moisture contents of Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai leaves and stems were respectively 65.07% and 40.97%, and the crude ash contents were 1.32% and 0.91%. In addition, the crude protein contents were 11.97% and 3.77%, and the crude fat contents were 2.52% and 0.36%, respectively. The fructose and glucose contents were 32.13 mg/g and 56.17 mg/g for leaves, and 11.38 mg/g and 10.59 mg/g for stems. The major fatty acids of the leaves were palmitic acid (31.79%) and stearic acid (14.79%), and those for stems were linolenic acid (32.78%) and palmitic acid (26.75%). The ascorbic acid contents of leaves and stems were 1.32 mg/g and 0.30 mg/g respectively. The calcium content was found to be the highest among the minerals tested, both in the leaves and stems, with the levels being 166.17 mg/100 g for leaves and 592.34 mg/100 g for stems. The content of organic acid was greater in leaves than in stems, with that of malic acid accounting for more than 75% of total organic acids for both samples. The total phenolic compounds and flavonoid contents of Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai were 50.64 mg/g and 13.53 mg/g in leaves and 96.47 mg/g and 18.53 mg/g in stems, respectively. No changes were shown in the number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE) among 2,000 polychromatic erythrocytes compared to the negative control. Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai was administered orally to rats in order to investigate acute toxicity. The $LD_{50}$ values in rats were above 2,000 mg/kg. Conclusion: These results indicate that the leaves and stems of Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai can be used as natural ingredients in the development of nutritional and functional materials.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.75-78
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• 2014

Burdock (Arctium sp.) is known as a nutraceutical vegetable, especially in Japanese and Korean cuisine. While burdock plants are generally harvested for their tap roots, different parts of the plant are consumed as food or used as traditional medicines. This study investigated the physicochemical properties of the leaves, stems, roots, and peeled roots of the burdock plant based on their pH, soluble solid content, titratable acidity, color values, and mineral content. The pH differed significantly among the different plant parts, with the highest value in the leaves and the lowest in the stems. However, for the soluble solid content, the leaves had the lowest, while the peeled roots had the highest. The titratable acidity of the stems was significantly lower than that of the leaves, roots, and peeled roots. As regards the color values, the lightness value was highest for the stems, while the roots showed the highest redness value, followed by the peeled roots, and the leaves had the highest yellowness value. The leaves and stems contained almost three times more potassium than the roots and peeled roots. Thus, the higher content of different minerals in the leaves and stems of the burdock plant shows that these plant parts could be used as potential sources of dietary minerals.

• 생약학회지
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.366-375
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• 2014

Aldose reductase (AR) has been indicated the critical enzyme of the polyol pathway in the development of the diabetic complications. In this study, 119 Vietnamese herbal medicines have been investigated for inhibitory activities on AR. Among them, 7 herbal medicines, Synedrella nodiflora (stems and leaves), Combretum sundaicum (stems and leaves), Argyreia acuta (stems and leaves), Platea latifolia (whole plants), Linociera sangda (whole plants), Rhaphiolepis indica (whole plants), Harrisonia perforata (stems and leaves) and 2 fractions from Harrisonia perforata (stems and leaves) with EtOAc and BuOH, exhibited a significant inhibitory activity against AR. Particularly, S. nodiflora, A. acuta and H. perforata (stems and leaves) showed 1.0-1.8 times more potent inhibitory activity than the positive control, 3,3-tetramethyleneglutaric acid (TMG).

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.8-14
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• 2015

Many studies on broccoli have analyzed the functional components and their functionality in terms of antioxidant and anticancer activities; however, these studies have focused on the florets of different varieties. Investigation of the functionality of broccoli by-products such as leaves, stems, and leaf stems from different cultivars and harvest dates might be valuable for utilizing waste materials as useful food components. Total phenolics and sulforaphane contents, and antioxidant and anticancer activities were measured in the leaves, leaf stems, and stems of early-maturing (Kyoyoshi), middle-maturing (Myeongil 96), and late-maturing broccoli (SK3-085) at different harvest dates. Total phenolics in the leaves of Kyoyoshi were about 1.8-fold to 12.1-fold higher than those in all of the other cultivars and parts. The sulforaphane content of Kyoyoshi was 2.8-fold higher in the stems than in the florets. Antioxidant activities using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity and oxygen radical absorbance capacity were highest in Kyoyoshi, followed by Myeongil 96 and SK3-085, most notably in the leaves harvested at the immature stage. Inhibition activity of cell growth against the NCI-H1299 cell lines was highest in the leaves of all cultivars in decreasing order of florets, leaf stems, and stems. The leaves harvested in October (nonflowering stage) had the highest inhibition activity, while those harvested in January (mature broccoli) showed the lowest. The results of this study demonstrate that broccoli leaves and stems contain high levels of total phenolics, and high antioxidant and anticancer activities and can provide opportunities for early-maturing broccoli as functional fresh raw vegetables.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.58-64
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• 1999

반추동물사육을 위한 농산부산물의 조사료로써 새로운 개발 및 재활용을 위하여 이른 봄 새싹은 식물(나물)으로 이용하나 그 후 성장한 부위는 특별한 용도 없이 폐기되는 땅두릅의 잎과 줄기, 잎, 줄기 및 뿌리의 화학조성분을 분석하고 이들의 반추위 내 건물 소화율을 측정하여 부위별 수치를 비교하였다. 1. 땅두릅의 단백질 함량은 잎과 줄기(9.7%), 잎(12.4%), 줄기(5.1%) 그리고 뿌리(3.8%)로 나타났고(P<0.05), 각각의 조지방 함량도 3.05, 3.7%, 1.3% 및 2.1%로 나타났다(P<0.05). 2. 조섬유의 함량은 잎(15.0%) 및 뿌리(12.3%)가 줄기(40.3%)보다 낮게 나타났다(P<0.05). 3. 중성세제 섬유소 함량은 잎(30.2%)이 줄기 및 뿌리(60.0% 및 50.8%)보다 낮게 나타났으며(P<0.05), 산성세제 섬유소 함량은 잎(21.4%) 및 뿌리(18.3%)가 줄기(49.6%)보다 낮게 나타났다(P<0.05). 4. 칼슘함량은 잎(2.4%)이 줄기나 뿌리(0.97% 및 0.69%)보다 높았다. 그러나 인의 함량은 모두 유사한(0.25%, 0.19 및 0.35%) 경향이었다. 5. 시간별로 12, 24, 48 및 72시간 동안의 반추위 건물 소화율은 잎(38.9%, 65.9%, 79.8% 및 82.4%)과 뿌리(38.9%, 59.8%, 77.6% 및 78.5%)가 줄기(31.1%, 44.1%, 49.5 및 52.6%)보다 높았으며 잎의 소화율은 알팔파건초의 소화율(37.4%, 48.8%, 67.8% 및 71.8%)보다도 높았다. 그리고 소화율이 비교적 낮은 줄기의 소화율도 아카씨나무 파쇄물(12.6%, 18.2%, 21.6% 및 24.3%)보다도 월등이 높았다.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.95-104
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• 2013

The study of carbonaceous aerosols in the atmosphere is critical to understand the role of aerosols in human health and climate. Using standardized thermal optical transmittance methods, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and water soluble organic carbon (WSOC) were determined using a combustion sampling system for four types of agricultural crop residues (rice straw, red pepper stems, soybean stems, and green perilla stems) and eight types of forest trees (pine stems, pine needles, ginkgo stems, ginkgo leaves, maple stems, maple leaves, cherry stems, and cherry leaves). The aerosol particles between 0.056 and $5.6{\mu}m$ in size were analyzed using a Micro-Orifice Uniform Deposit Impactor (MOUDI). In the current study, the Carbonaceous Thermal Distribution (CTD) by carbon analyzer was discussed in order to understand the carbon fractions from the twelve types of biomass burning. Also, the concentration of OC, EC, WSOC, and water insoluble organic carbon (WIOC) detected in the emissions were described.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.283-292
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• 2002

Mechanical and physical properties of various parts of jujube (Zizyphus jojoba Miller) such as fruits, leaves, secondary branches, and leafy stems were measured and analyzed. The physical dimensions of the fruits were measured using a digital caliper, and the detachment force of the fruit and leafy stems was measured using a force gauge. The physical characteristics of the secondary branches such as the modulus of elasticity and the torsional rigidity were tested using a universal testing machine (UTM). The physical characteristics of leafy stems such as length and weight were also measured using a digital caliper and a digital scale, respectively. The detachment force of leafy stems and the area of the leaf also measured. The terminal velocities of the jujube fruits, leaves, and leafy stems were measured using a custom made terminal velocity experiment system. Diameter of the major and minor axis of the jujube fruit, weight of the fruit, and detachment force of the fruit stem was average of 32.02 mm, 23.92 mm. 10.0 ${\times}$ 10$\^$6/ ㎥, 8.99 g, and 5.43 N. respectively. The detachment forces of the jujube fruits increased and the force-to-weight ratio of the jujube fruits decreased as the weight of the jujube fruits increased. The modulus of elasticity of the secondary branches of the jujube was average of 7.01 ${\times}$ 10$\^$8/ N/㎡ and decreased as diameter of the secondary branches increased. The average torsional rigidity of the secondary jujube branches was 5.2 ${\times}$ 10$\^$-/ N/㎡, and the torsional rigidity decreased as the secondary branch diameter increased. The distribution of the torsional rigidity data associated with the diameter of the branches, however. widely scattered and it was difficult to find any relationship between the diameter of the branches and the torsional rigidity of tile branches. The weight of the leafy stems, number of loaves attached to the leafy stems, diameter of the stem side of the leafy stems, diameter of the leafy stem end was average or 0.7 g, 6.6 ea, 12.2 cm, 4.5 mm, and 2.7 mm, respectively. The major and minor axis of the .jujube loaves, area of leaves, weight of the leaves. and detachment force of the leaves was average of 5.7 cm, 3.3 cm, 12.98 cm$^2$, 0.20 g, and 4.39 N, respectively. The terminal velocity of the .jujube fruits increased as the weight of the fruits increased. The terminal velocity of the leafy stems, however, did not show a relationship with the weight of the leafy stems and the number of leaves attached to the leafy stem. The terminal velocity, however, slightly increased as the length of the leafy stems increased.