• 약학회지
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.185-191
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• 2002

Alzheimer's disease (AD) involves neuronal degeneration with impaired cholinergic transmission, particularly in areas of the brain associated with learning and memory. Several cholinesterase inhibitors are widely prescribed to ameliorate the cognitive deficits in AD patients. In an attempt to examine if tacrine and donepezil, two well-known cholinesterase inhibitors, exhibit additional pharmacological actions in primary cultured rat cortical cells, we investigated the effects on neuronal injuries induced by glutamate or N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), $\beta$-amyloid fragment ( $A_{{beta}25-35)}$), and various oxidative insults. Both tacrine and donepezil did not significantly inhibit the excitotoxic neuronal damage induced by glutamate. However, tacrine inhibited the toxicity induced by NMDA in a concentration-dependent fashion. In addition, tacrine significantly inhibited the $A_{{beta}25-35)}$-induced neuronal injury at the concentration of 50 $\mu$M. In contrast, donepezil did not reduce the NMDA- nor $A_{{beta}25-35)}$-induced neuronal injury. Tacrine and donepezil had no effects on oxidative neuronal injuries in cultures nor on lipid peroxidation in vitro. These results suggest that, in addition to its anticholinesterase activity, the neuroprotective effects by tacrine against the NMDA- and $A_{{beta}25-35)$-induced toxicity may be beneficial for the treatment of AD. In contrast, the potent and selective inhibition of central acetylcholinesterase appears to be the major action mechanism of donepezil.

• 대한유전성대사질환학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.15-20
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• 2022

The most common urea cycle disorder is ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency. More than 80 percent of patients with symptomatic ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency are late-onset, which can present various phenotypes from infancy to adulthood. With no regards to the severity of the disease, characteristic fluctuating courses due to hyperammonemia may develop unexpectedly, and can be precipitated by various metabolic stressors. Late-onset ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency is not merely related to a type of genetic variation, but also to the complex relationship between genetic and environmental factors that result in hyperammonemia; therefore, it is difficult to predict the prevalence of neurological symptoms in late-onset ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency. Most common acute neurological manifestations include psychological changes, seizures, cerebral edema, and death; subacute neurological manifestations include developmental delays, learning disabilities, intellectual disabilities, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, executive function deficits, and emotional and behavioral problems. This review aims to increase awareness of late-onset ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency, allowing for an efficient use of biochemical and genetic tests available for diagnosis, ultimately leading to earlier treatment of patients.

• Human Ecology Research
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• 제61권1호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2023

Household chaos, represented by high levels of disorganization and instability in the home, has been linked with suboptimal outcomes for preschoolers. The aim of this study was to examine the roles that sleep problems and executive function play in the association between household chaos and preschoolers' aggression and prosocial behavior. The sample for the study consisted of 420 preschoolers and their mothers. The mothers provided reports on the level of chaos in the home and their preschoolers' sleep problems, executive function, and social behavior, including aggression and prosocial behavior. The data was analyzed using structural equation modeling. When preschoolers' sleep problems and executive function were included in the model as mediators, the results indicated that household chaos did not have direct effects on preschoolers' aggression and prosocial behavior. Such effects were instead serially mediated by preschoolers' sleep problems and executive function, respectively. The higher the degree of household chaos, the more preschoolers displayed sleep problems and deficits in executive function, resulting in more aggression and less prosocial behavior. The findings from this study emphasize the significance of reducing household chaos in order to reduce preschoolers' aggression and promote prosocial behavior. They also underscore the need to identify additional variables that mediate the impact of household chaos on preschoolers' social outcomes.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.62-72
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• 2023

Objective: Although balance training has been used as an effective ankle injury rehabilitation program to restore neuromuscular deficits in patients with chronic ankle instability, it is not effectively used in terms of motor learning. Attentional focusing can be an effective method for improving ankle kinematics to prevent recurrent ankle injuries. This study aimed to 1) evaluate the effects of attentional focus, including internal and external focus, and 2) determine a more effective focusing method for patients with chronic ankle instability to learn balance tasks. Method: Twenty-four patients with chronic ankle instability were randomly assigned to three groups (external focus, internal focus, and no feedback) and underwent four weeks of progressive balance training. The three-dimensional ankle kinematics of each patient were measured before and after training as the main outcomes. Ensemble curve analysis, discrete point analysis, and post hoc pairwise comparisons were performed to identify interactions between groups and time. Results: The results showed that (1) the external focus group was more dorsiflexed and everted than the internal focus group; (2) the external focus group was more dorsiflexed than the no feedback group; and (3) the no feedback group was more dorsiflexed than the internal focus group. Conclusion: Because dorsiflexion and eversion are ankle motions that oppose the mechanism of lateral ankle sprain, using the external focus method during balance training may be more effective in modifying these motions, thereby reducing the risk of ankle sprain.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.81-94
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• 2003

목 적：발달성 읽기 장애는 정상적인 읽기 능력의 현저한 발달 저하나 지속적인 오류를 보이는 질환이며, 학령기 아동의 $3{\sim}7$%에서 관찰된다. 기존에 사용되는 기초학습기능검사의 단점을 보완하고 발달성 읽기 장애의 진단과 평가를 위해 단어/비단어 읽기 검사와 글자기호감별검사의 신뢰도와 타당도를 검증하였다. 방 법：DSM-IV의 진단 기준과 임상적인 판단에 근거하여 읽기 장애 아동 63명(평균 연령 10.48세)과 정상 아동 77명(평균 연령 10.33세)을 대상으로 하였다. 이들에게 기초학습기능검사의 읽기 I과 II목을 실시하였고, 단어/비단어 읽기 검사와 글자기호감별검사를 시행하였다. 단어/비단어 읽기 검사는 각 100문항씩의 익숙한 단어와 의미를 갖지 않는 생소한 비단어를 각각 1.2초와 2.4초안에 읽도록 하여, 이를 통해 자동화된 음운 처리 능력과 의식적인 글자-음소 처리 능력을 평가하였다. 글자기호감별검사를 통해 읽기 장애 환자들이 오류를 일으키는 거울상 반전 글자들의 조합을 판별하는 능력을 검사하였다. 이들 검사의 내적 일치도 등의 신뢰도 검사와 공존타당도, 구성타당도, 판별타당도 등을 검증하였다. 결 과：단어/비단어 읽기 검사는 내적 일치도가 0.96으로서 신뢰할 수 있고, 기초학습기능검사와 0.94의 공존타당도를 나타내었으며, 단어와 비단어 모두 발달성 읽기 장애와 정상 아동을 통계적으로 구분할 수 있었고, 판별 분석에서 원집단에 속한 83.0%를 정확하게 판별할 수 있었다. 글자기호감별검사는 내적 일치도가 0.86으로서 신뢰할 수 있고, 기초학습기능검사와 0.86의 공존타당도를 나타내었으며, 요인 분석 결과 안구 운동 거울상 처리, 전반적 정확성, 거울상 반전 오류, 정지상 처리, 전반적 기민성 부족, 부주의-충동성 등의 여섯 요인으로 구성되어 있었다. 글자기호감별검사의 각 항목 별로 발달성 읽기 장애와 정상 아동을 통계적으로 구분할 수 있었으며, 판별분석에서 원집단에 속한 대상의 87.3%를 정확하게 판별할 수 있었다. 결 론：발달성 읽기 장애 아동은 읽기 과정의 자동적인 시각-의미 연결 기전과 의식적인 형태소-음소 상응 규칙 적용 능력 모두에서 장애를 보였으며, 거울상 반전 오류 등 시각적 정보 처리 기능의 장애도 나타내었다. 이들 장애는 단어/비단어 읽기 검사와 글자기호감별검사를 통해 신뢰할 수 있고 타당성 있게 구분하고 평가할 수 있었다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.303-310
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• 2002

Ancient Korean physicians have used several oriental herbs to cure dementia and these effects were described in the Korean herbal books. Some cognitive-enhancing oriental herbs have been widely used as a herbal medicine against dementia. However, few of studies have proved their efficacy in treatment for dementia. In the present study, we investigated the effects of herbal compounds, which are mainly consisted of Uncaria sinensis, Corydalis yanhusuo and Acorus gramineus on learning and memory in Mortis water maze task and the central cholinergic system of the rats with neurotoxic medial septum lesion. In water maze test, the animals were trained to find a platform in a fixed position during 6 days and then received a 60-s probe trial in which the platform was removed from the pool on the 7th day. Ibotanic and 192 saporin lesion of the medial septum (MS) impaired the performance of maze test and degenerated choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in the brain, which is a marker of the central cholinergic system. Daily administrations of herbal medicine (100mg/kg, p.o.) for 21 consecutive days produced significant reversals of the neurotoxic-induced deficit in learning and memory. These treatments also reduced the loss of cholinergic immunoreactive neurons in the brain induced by neurotoxin. These results demonstrated that herbal compounds ameliorated learning and memory deficits through effects on the central nervous system, partly through effect on the acetylcholine system. Our studies suggest an evidence of these herbs as treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

• 정보처리학회논문지:소프트웨어 및 데이터공학
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.125-132
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• 2023

본 연구에서는 식물의 영양분 흡수에 따른 식물 성장뿐만 아니라 기공 기능 및 광합성에도 영향을 끼치는 온실의 수증기압차(VPD, Vapor Pressure Deficit)예측을 위한 머신러닝 모델들의 성능을 비교해보았다. VPD 예측을 위해 온실 내·외부 환경요소 및 시계열 데이터의 시간적 요소들과의 상관관계를 확인하고 상관관계가 높은 요소들이 VPD에 어떤 영향을 미치는지 확인하였다. 예측 모델의 성능을 분석하기 전 분석 시계열 데이터의 양(1일, 3일, 7일), 간격(20분, 1시간)이 예측 성능에 미치는 영향을 확인하여 데이터의 양과 간격을 조절하였다. 마지막으로 4개의 머신러닝 예측 모델(XGB Regressor, LGBM Regressor, Random Forest Regressor 등)을 적용하여 모델별 예측 성능을 비교했다. 모델의 예측 결과로 20분 간격의 1일의 데이터를 사용했을 때 LGBM에서 MAE는 0.008, RMSE는 0.011의 가장 높은 예측 성능을 보였다. 또한 20분 후 VPD 예측에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 요소는 환경적 요인보다는 과거 20분 전의 VPD(VPD_y__71)임을 확인하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 활용하여 VPD 예측을 통해 작물의 생산성을 높이고, 온실의 결로, 병 발생 예방 등이 가능하다. 향후 온실의 환경 데이터 예측뿐만 아니라 더 나아가 생산량 예측, 스마트팜 제어 모델 등 다양한 분야에 활용할 수 있을 것이다.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.258-265
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• 2001

Objectives : Chronic alcohol consumption has been known to result in various neurocognitive deficits. Many neuropsychological studies revealed that the major disturbances occurred in the executive function, learning and short-term memory, visuospatial performance function, perceptuo-motor skills, and abstraction and problem solving abilities. This study was done to identify which cognitive areas might be mainly affected. Methods : The cognitive disturbance was evaluated using the Korean Version of the Mini Mental State Examination(MMSEK) and the 7 Minute Screen(7MS) in male inpatients with alcohol dependence(N=3 : as well as in age and education level matched healthy male controls(N=30). Four individual tests of the 7MS were consisted of the Benton Temporal Orientation Test, the Enhanced Cued Recall, the Clock Drawing and the Category Fluency. Results : 1) The average scores of four individual test of the 7MS for the alcoholics were $2.77{\pm}4.38$ for the Benton Temporal Orientation Test, $13.90{\pm}2.02$ for the Memory Test(the Cued Recall $6.77{\pm}1.94$, the Uncued Recall $7.10{\pm}2.45$), $5.84{\pm}1.86$ for the Clock Drawing, and $12.58{\pm}3.29$ for the Category Fluency. Except the Benton Temporal Orientation Test, there were statistically significant differences between test scores of alcoholics and those of controls(p<0.01). 2) The alcoholics who had MMSE-K score <24 were 9.68%. The average(${\pm}S.D.$) score of the MMSE-K for the patient group($27.23{\pm}2.62$) was significantly(p<0.001) lower than that of the healthy controls($29.20{\pm}1.24$). There were no statistically significant differences between four individual test scores of the 7MS of alcoholics with the MMSE-K score <24(N=3) and those of alcoholics with the MMSE-K score ${\geq}24$(N=28). 3) Four individual test scores of the 7MS seemed to have statistically significant association with such variables as MMSE-K, duration of alcohol drinking, blood magnesium concentration, liver function and thyroid function. Conclusion : Mild deficits of cognitive areas such as orientation, memory, visuospatial abilities and verbal fluency could be found in alcohol dependence.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.17-26
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• 2014

${\alpha}$-Asarone exhibits a number of pharmacological actions including neuroprotective, anti-oxidative, anticonvulsive, and cognitive enhancing action. The present study investigated the effects of ${\alpha}$-asarone on pro-inflammatory cytokines mRNA, microglial activation, and neuronal damage in the hippocampus and on learning and memory deficits in systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated C57BL/6 mice. Varying doses of ${\alpha}$-asarone was orally administered (7.5, 15, or 30 mg/kg) once a day for 3 days before the LPS (3 mg/kg) injection. ${\alpha}$-Asarone significantly reduced TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-$1{\beta}$ mRNA at 4 and 24 hours after the LPS injection at dose of 30 mg/kg. At 24 hours after the LPS injection, the loss of CA1 neurons, the increase of TUNEL-labeled cells, and the up-regulation of BACE1 expression in the hippocampus were attenuated by 30 mg/kg of ${\alpha}$-asarone treatment. ${\alpha}$-Asarone significantly reduced Iba1 protein expression in the hippocampal tissue at a dose of 30 mg/kg. ${\alpha}$-Asarone did not reduce the number of Iba1-expressing microglia on immunohistochemistry but the average cell size and percentage areas of Iba1-expressing microglia in the hippocampus were significantly decreased by 30 mg/kg of ${\alpha}$-asarone treatment. In the Morris water maze test, ${\alpha}$-asarone significantly prolonged the swimming time spent in the target and peri-target zones. ${\alpha}$-Asarone also significantly increased the number of target heading and memory score in the Morris water maze. The results suggest that inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines and microglial activation in the hippocampus by ${\alpha}$-asarone may be one of the mechanisms for the ${\alpha}$-asarone-mediated ameliorating effect on memory deficits.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.401-411
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• 2018

Longevity in medicine can be defined as a long life without mental or physical deficits. This can be prevented by Alzheimer's disease (AD). Current conventional AD treatments only alleviate the symptoms without reversing AD progression. Recent studies demonstrated that Panax ginseng extract improves AD symptoms in patients with AD, and the two main components of ginseng might contribute to AD amelioration. Ginsenosides show various AD-related neuroprotective effects. Gintonin is a newly identified ginseng constituent that contains lysophosphatidic acids and attenuates AD-related brain neuropathies. Ginsenosides decrease amyloid ${\beta}$-protein ($A{\beta}$) formation by inhibiting ${\beta}$- and ${\gamma}$-secretase activity or by activating the nonamyloidogenic pathway, inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity and $A{\beta}$-induced neurotoxicity, and decrease $A{\beta}$-induced production of reactive oxygen species and neuro-inflammatory reactions. Oral administration of ginsenosides increases the expression levels of enzymes involved in acetylcholine synthesis in the brain and alleviates $A{\beta}$-induced cholinergic deficits in AD models. Similarly, gintonin inhibits $A{\beta}$-induced neurotoxicity and activates the nonamyloidogenic pathway to reduce $A{\beta}$ formation and to increase acetylcholine and choline acetyltransferase expression in the brain through lysophosphatidic acid receptors. Oral administration of gintonin attenuates brain amyloid plaque deposits, boosting hippocampal cholinergic systems and neurogenesis, thereby ameliorating learning and memory impairments. It also improves cognitive functions in patients with AD. Ginsenosides and gintonin attenuate AD-related neuropathology through multiple routes. This review focuses research demonstrating that ginseng constituents could be a candidate as an adjuvant for AD treatment. However, clinical investigations including efficacy and tolerability analyses may be necessary for the clinical acceptance of ginseng components in combination with conventional AD drugs.