• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.211-220
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• 2013

경골목조건축에서 못 접합부는 수평하중을 지지하고 전달하도록 설계되지만, 바람으로 인한 상향력처럼 인발하중에 직면하기도 한다. 본 연구에서는 경골목조건축에서 일반적으로 사용되는 구조재와 덮개로 구성된 못 접합부에 대하여 인발성능과 2면 전단시험을 통해 인발 및 측방하중에 대한 내력성능을 시험하고 설계기준에 부합되는 가를 평가하였다. 인발하중에 대한 내력성능은 부재의 비중에 의해 크게 좌우되었으며 I형장선의 경우 낮은 밀도에도 불구하고 높은 인발성능을 나타내었다. 최대 인발하중은 기준허용 최대 인발하중보다 매우 높게 나타났다. 전단성능도 비중이 큰 낙엽송과 오에스비로 구성된 접합부가 비중이 작은 SPF와 오에스비로 구성된 접합부보다 높은 성능을 나타내었으며 모두 기준설계치보다 높은 성능을 나타내었다. 접합부의 변형은 주로 못의 휨 변형에 의한 것으로 나타났으며 SPF와 오에스비로 구성된 접합부에서의 못의 휨 변형이 현저하게 나타났다.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.66-75
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of two types of stretching extensor carpi radialis on the visual analog scale (VAS), pressure-pain thresholds (PPTs), grip strength (GS), and strength of wrist extensor (SWE) in patients with lateral epicondylalgia. Sixteen patients with lateral epicondylalgia were recruited for this study and randomly assigned to two groups; the conventional stretching group (CS) and the stretching of proximal functional massage group (PFM); the VAS, PPTs, GS, and SWE were measured before and after the intervention. Over a period of stretching exercises were performed for five minutes per day, five days per week. The paired t-test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used to determine the statistical differences in the VAS, PPTs, GS, and SWE (pre- and post-test). The Independent t-test and Mann-Whitney U test were used to compare the effects of stretching exercises between the CS and PFM groups. The results of this study demonstrated that in the PFM group, the PPTs, GS, and SWE significantly increased, and the VAS decreased (p<.05). In the CS group, the VAS and GS increased significantly after the three-week intervention (p<.05). Pain was decreased and strength (GS and SWE) was increased in the PFM group, compared to the CS group (p<.05). The findings of this study indicate that PFM technique can be applied for decreasing pain and increasing the GS and SWE in patients with lateral epicondylalgia.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.163-170
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• 2020

Background: The characteristics of lateral epicondylitis (LE) are muscle strength weakness and increased common extensor tendon (CET) thickness. Ultrasonography has recently been used to evaluate tendinopathy. Diamond taping (DT) is commonly used to manage patients with LE. However, no previous studies have investigated the effects of DT on CET thickness. Objects: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of DT applied around the lateral elbow on CET thickness, grip strength, and wrist extension force in healthy subjects. Methods: The subjects were 26 adults (13 male) in their twenties. First, the CET thickness was measured at rest. The CET thickness was measured by using ultrasonography at two points. The subjects were then instructed to perform maximal grip activities or maximal wrist extension activities before and after DT around the lateral elbow. The DT technique was applied using non-elastic tape. While the subjects performed maximal grip activities, the investigator measured the maximum grip strength (MGS) and CET thickness. Likewise, while the subjects performed maximal wrist extension activities, the investigator measured the maximum wrist extension force (MWEF) and CET thickness. Results: The MGS showed a statistically significant improvement after DT taping application in men (p < 0.05). The MWEF showed a statistically significant improvement after DT application in male (p < 0.01) and female (p < 0.05). When performing the activities, the CET thickness increased compared to that at rest. However, CET thickness didn't show a statistically significant improvement before and after DT. Conclusion: This study shows that DT applied around the lateral elbow is effective in improving MGS and MWEF. However, it does not affect CET thickness.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.149-160
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• 2021

Buildings made using the locally available clay materials are amongst the least expensive forms of construction in many developing countries, and therefore, widely popular in remote areas. It is despite the fact that these low-strength masonry structures are vulnerable to seismic forces. Since transporting imported materials like cement and steel in areas inaccessible by motorable roads is challenging and financially unviable. This paper presents, and experimentally investigates, adobe masonry structures that utilize the abundantly available local clay materials with moderate use of imported materials like cement, aggregates, and steel. Shake-table tests were performed on two 1:3 reduce-scaled adobe masonry models for experimental seismic testing and verification. The model AM1 was confined with vertical lightly reinforced concrete columns provided at all corners and reinforced concrete horizontal bands (i.e., tie beams) provided at sill, lintel, and eave levels. The model AM2 was confined only with the horizontal bands provided at sill, lintel, and eave levels. The models were subjected to sinusoidal base motions for studying the damage evolution and response of the model under dynamic lateral loading. The lateral forcedeformation capacity curves for both models were developed and bi-linearized to compute the seismic response parameters: stiffness, strength, ductility, and response modification factor R. Seismic performance levels, story-drift, base shear coefficient, and the expected structural damages, were defined for both the models. Seismic performance assessment of the selected models was carried out using the lateral seismic force procedure to evaluate their safety in different seismic zones. The use of vertical columns in AM1 has shown a considerable increase in the lateral strength of the model in comparison to AM2. Although an R factor equal to 2.0 is recommended for both the models, AM1 has exhibited better seismic performance in all seismic zones due to its relatively high lateral strength in comparison to AM2.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.489-499
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• 2024

Infill masonry walls are vulnerable to lateral loads, including seismic, wind, and concentrated push loads. Various strengthening metal fittings have been proposed to improve lateral load resistance, particularly against seismic loads. This study introduces the use of post-compressed wedges as a novel reinforcement method for infill masonry walls to enhance lateral load resistance. The resistance of the infill masonry wall against lateral-concentrated push loads was assessed using an out-of-plane push-over test on specimens sized 2,300×2,410×190 mm³. The presence or absence of wedges and wedge spacing were set as variables. The push-over test results showed that both the unreinforced specimen and the specimen reinforced with 300 mm spaced wedges toppled, while the specimen reinforced with 100 mm spaced wedges remained upright. Peak loads were measured to be 0.74, 29.77, and 5.88 kN for unreinforced specimens and specimens reinforced with 100 mm and 300 mm spaced wedges, respectively. Notably, a tighter reinforcement spacing yielded a similar strength, as expected, which was attributed to the increased friction force between the masonry wall and steel frame. The W-series specimens exhibited a trend comparable to that of the displacement ductility ratio. Overall, the findings validate that post-compressed wedges improve the out-of-plane strength of infill masonry walls.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.535-546
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• 2019

The paper presents a closed-form analytical solution for the ultimate strength of sandwich panels with metal faces and an elastic isotropic core during combined in-plane compression and lateral pressure under clamped boundary condition. By using the principle of minimum potential energy, the stress distribution in the faces during uni-axial edge compression and constant lateral pressure was obtained. Then, the ultimate edge compression was derived on the basis that collapse occurs when yield has spread from the mid-length of the sides of the face plates to the center of the convex face plates. The results were validated by nonlinear finite element analysis. Because the solution is analytical and closed-form, it is rapid and efficient and is well-suited for use in practical structural design methods, including repetitive use in structural optimization. The solution applies for any elastic isotropic core material, but the application that stimulated this study was an elastomer-cored steel sandwich panel that had excellent energy absorbing and protective properties against fire, collisions, ballistic projectiles, and explosions.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2002년도 학술논문발표회
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• pp.47-50
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• 2002

This paper presents the results of fire resistance properties of high performance concrete varying with fiber kinds and the size of metal lath in order to verify the validities of fiber on the spatting resistance by fire. Metal lath, glass fiber and carbon fiber are used to confine the concrete. According to test results, plain concrete without lateral confinement and confined concrete with glass fiber and carbon fiber show entire failure after exposed to fire, while confined concrete with metal lath take place in the form of slight surface spatting by fire, which has favorable spatting resistance of concrete. As for the effect of the size of metal lath, when the size of metal lath is more than 1.2mm of thickness, the residual strength of concrete exposed to fire maintains more than 80% of its original strength. However, glass fiber and carbon fiber does not perform desirable spatting resistance by fire due to loss of lateral confinement of fiber exposed to fire caused by melting of fiber and reducing bond strength between concrete and fiber.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.469-486
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• 2006

The main objective of this study was to investigate the seismic behavior of damaged reinforced concrete frames rehabilitated by introducing cast in place reinforced concrete infills. Four bare and five infilled frames were constructed and tested. Each specimen consisted of two (twin) 1/3-scale, one-bay and two-story reinforced concrete frames. Test specimens were tested under reversed-cyclic lateral loading until considerable damage occurred. RC infills were then introduced to the damaged specimens. One bare specimen was infilled without being subjected to any damage. All infilled frames were then tested under reversed-cyclic lateral loading until failure. While some of the test frames were detailed properly according to the current Turkish seismic code, others were built with the common deficiencies observed in existing residential buildings. The variables investigated were the effects of the damage level and deficiencies in the bare frame on the seismic behavior of the infilled frame. The deficiencies in the frame were; low concrete strength, inadequate confinement at member ends, 90 degree hooks in column and beam ties and inadequate length of lapped splices in column longitudinal bars made above the floor levels. Test results revealed that both the lateral strength and lateral stiffness increased significantly with the introduction of reinforced concrete infills even when the frame had the deficiencies mentioned above. The deficiency which affected the behavior of infilled frames most adversely was the presence of lap splices in column longitudinal reinforcement.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제34권12호
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• pp.133-143
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• 2018

수평하중에 대한 말뚝의 휨강도를 증대시키기 위해 얇은 두께의 강관 내부에 PHC말뚝을 합성한 콘크리트 충전 강관(PCFT)말뚝이 개발되었다. PCFT말뚝의 휨강도를 강관말뚝과 비교하기 위하여 직경이 동일한 PCFT말뚝과 강관 말뚝에 대해 휨강도시험을 수행함과 동시에 한계상태설계법으로 P-M 상관도를 작도하였다. 그리고 PCFT말뚝의 하단에 PHC말뚝을 연결한 PCFT 복합말뚝의 수평지지력과 수평거동을 기존의 강관 복합말뚝(HCP) 및 강관말뚝과 비교하기 위하여 총 4본의 시험말뚝을 시공하고 수평재하시험을 수행하였다. 휨강도시험 결과 PCFT말뚝의 휨강도는 두께 12mm의 강관말뚝보다 18.7% 향상되었고, 동일한 휨하중에서 말뚝의 변위량은 강관말뚝보다 50% 감소하였다. 그리고 P-M 상관도로부터 연직하중을 받는 PCFT말뚝은 강관말뚝보다 휨내력이 크게 증가한 반면, 인발하중을 받는 PCFT 말뚝은 강관말뚝보다 휨내력이 감소함을 알 수 있었다. 또한 시험말뚝에 대한 수평재하시험의 결과에 따르면 상부말뚝의 길이가 동일한 경우 PCFT 복합말뚝은 HCP보다 수평지지력이 60.5% 컸고, 두께가 12mm인 강관말뚝보다 35.8% 큰 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.647-657
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• 2011

본 논문에는 국부좌굴이 발생하는 휨부재의 유한요소해석 및 실험에 근거한 단면의 휨강도에 대하여 기술하였다. 박판으로 구성된 휨부재는 단면조건 및 횡방향 경계조건에 따라서 국부좌굴, 횡-비틀림좌굴 및 두 좌굴의 혼합좌굴이 발생하게 된다. 플랜지나 복부의 폭-두 께비가 큰 경우 횡-비틀림좌굴 발생 이전에 국부좌굴이 발생하며, 국부좌굴은 휨부재의 횡-비틀림좌굴강도에 영향을 미치게 된다. 이런 현상은 박판 형강의 휨강도 산정 시 고려하여야 한다. 다양한 폭-두께비를 갖는 플랜지와 복부판으로 구성된 휨부재의 해석에 국부좌굴 및 횡좌굴 모드의 초기처짐 및 잔류응력을 포함하였다. 해석결과 및 실험에 근거하여 국부좌굴과 횡-비틀림좌굴을 고려하는 설계강도식을 제안하였다. 제안된 직접강도법은 실험에 근거한 강도식과 유효단면 대신 총단면의 단면계수를 사용한다. 제안된 강도식에 의한 휨강도를 AISC, EC3 및 도로교설계기준과 비교하여 보았다. 제안된 직접강도법은 국부좌굴과 횡-비틀림좌굴의 혼합 유무와 상관없이 휨부재의 휨강도를 적절하게 예측할 수 있는 것으로 판단되었다.