• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.431-440
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to classify the latent profiles of elementary school teachers' job stress and to explore the effects of the relative variables to determine these classifications. In addition, the differences in the teacher-student relationship and parental involvement in school based on the classification were discussed. Data from 709 elementary school teachers who participated in the 11th wave of the Panel Study on Korean Children in 2018 were analyzed by Latent Profile Analysis (LPA). The findings can be summarized as follows. First, four subgroups could be defined according to the elementary school teachers' job stress: low-level job stress group, mid-level job stress group, mid-level administrative work stress group, and mid-level relationship and guidance stress group. Second, the final education and average time to work were significant determinants of the latent groups. Third, teacher-student conflict and parental involvement in school showed differences between the subgroups. Specifically, the mid-level relationship and guidance stress group reported the highest conflict level with children and the lowest parental involvement in school. These findings suggest promoting relief and preventative training programs for elementary school teachers to overcome various job stress.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.25-48
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to employ the Latent Growth Curve Model(LGM) to investigate the developmental trajectories of children's internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors and to identify predictors that might have an effect on change and the level of developmental trajectories. Furthermore, we classified the developmental trajectories of children's internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors, and also analyzed factors which caused differences in developmental trajectories by Semi-Parametric Group-based Modeling. This study used data from wave 1-4(2004~2008) of elementary school fourth grade panel of the Korea Youth Panel Survey(KYPS). The results showed that children's internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors changed significantly from the fourth grade of elementary school to the first grade of middle school. The predictors for developmental trajectories of children's internalizing problem behaviors were gender, self-control, parental conflict, deviant peers, and attachment to teachers. The predictors for the developmental trajectories of children's externalizing problem behaviors were gender, self-esteem, self-control, and deviant peers. The developmental trajectories of children's internalizing problem behaviors was classified into three groups. The developmental trajectories of children's externalizing problem behaviors was classified into four groups.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.468-476
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• 2020

This study investigated how latent groups depend on the longitudinal trajectories observed in fathers' involvement in parenting over a five year period, and the study also determined differences in children's behavioral problems and mother's parenting stress, marital satisfaction, and depression among these groups. By utilizing 1,316 sets of data from 1st to 5th Panel Survey of PSKC beginning in 2008, we examined the patterns of the latent groups and the differences among them. The results showed that, first, a changing pattern of fathers' involvement in parenting is classified into four groups: a low-stable group, a decreasing group. a middle-high changeable group, and a highest changeable group. According to the results of the latent groups, the fathers' involvement in parenting commonly started to decrease at the children's age of 4 years old. Second, problematic behaviors of children appeared more from the fathers in the decreasing group. Third, parenting stress, marital conflict, and depression were more often found in the low-stable group that in the decreasing group. the middle-high changeable group and the highest changeable group (in that order), while marital satisfaction showed a completely opposite pattern. Based on these results, political intervention and the future direction of research for fathers' involvement in parenting are needed in order to increase better behaviors of their children as well as the psychological well-being of their mothers.

• 한국노년학
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.825-846
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• 2019

This study aims to identify subgroups of ageism among young adults of age 20-39, and to examine its relationship to perceptions of generational conflict and elderly welfare policy. Latent Profile Analysis(LPA) was applied on the data 'Survey on Age Integration and Generational Integration', which was executed by institute for Age Integration Researchof Ewha Womans university, and descriptive statistics and cross-tabulation analysis were performed to examine the socio-demographic characteristics of each subgroup. Then, regression analysis was performed to observe the effect of the subgroups on the perceptions of generational conflict and elderly welfare policy. The results are as follows. The resulting subgroups of ageism among young adults were 'compound perception on aging and active age discrimination', 'medium-level aging anxiety and passive age discrimination', and 'low-level aging anxiety and beyond age discrimination'. Subgroups of ageism affected both perceptions of generational conflict and elderly welfare policy, whereas social support only affected perception of elderly welfare policy. Based on the results, political implications, such as activation of education on perception on aging, expansion of generational exchange for age integration, and renewal of social atmosphere for intergenerational coexistence, which will promote social integration

• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.56-67
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• 1999

This study was designed to identify the relationships of role-conflict and role-overload, coping strategies, and stress response of clerical workers. The subjects were 115 clerical workers from two company. The instruments were the role-conflict and role-overload scale developed by Lee(1989), coping scale developed by Latack(1986), and the stress response scale developed by Chang(1993). Analysis of data was done by descriptive statistics, Cronbach's $\alpha$, Pearson correlation coefficietnt, ANOVA. The results of this study were summarized as follows ; 1. The average score for the level of stress response was $83.6({\pm}9.1)$. The high risk stress group was 86.1% of the clerical workers, the latent stress group members was 13.9%, and healthy group was 0%. The overall stress level was very high. 2. Considering the coping strategies by sociodemographic factors, the use of control coping strategies showed significant differences by work-time. The use of symptom management coping strategies showed significant differences by sex, age, married status, year of career, pay, and type of work. The organizational coping strategies showed significant differences by year of education and type of work. 3. The clerical workers who had worked below 44 hours per week complained significantly lower stress response(F=4.942, p<.05). 4. Above 65% of all respondents answered that they needed all of organizational level coping strategies. 5. The role-confilct positively related to escape and organizational level coping strategies(r=.562, r=.495, p<.05). The role-overload didn't related to individual level coping strategies, but positively related to organizational level coping strategies(r=.320, p<.05). 6. The control coping strategies and the escape coping strategies positively related to symptom management, organizational level coping strategies(r=.409, r=.324, r=.316, r=.339, p<.05). 7. The relationship between role-related stress and stress response revealed positive correlation(r=.482, r=.431, p<.05), and the relationship between stress response and control, symptom management coping strategies revealed negative cor-relation(r=-.3204, r=-.3146, p<.05). In conclusion, this study revealed that relationship of role related stress, coping strategies, stress response was statistically significant. The result of this study support that coping strategies vary across situation of stress. Based on survey results, future studies should consider coping strategies in specific stress situation and concept of symptom management coping strategy. Also organizational or training interventions could be developed and initiate to help to increase the use of adaptive coping strategies in light of individual and situational differences.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.59 no.2
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• pp.185-197
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• 2021

This study examined the impact of job demand and organizational culture on new task difficulties, burnout, and job satisfaction using a survey data of 145 family specialists in Healthy Family and Multicultural Family Support during the COVID-19 pandemic. We used the job demand-resources model and the competing values model to categorize the four dimensions of organizational culture as a conceptual framework for this study. We found that the mean of work overload was higher than the means of job conflict and job ambiguity. Our latent profile analysis proposed four profiles of organizational culture: cultural absence type, authoritative culture type, middle cultural balance type, and high cultural balance type. The results of multiple regression analyses showed that work overload was positively associated with difficulties in new task performance and burnout, job ambiguity was positively related to burnout, and job conflict and ambiguity were negatively related to job satisfaction. These findings imply that the higher the job demands reported by family specialists, the higher the level of burnout and the lower the job satisfaction. In addition, organizational culture was a unique predictor of burnout and lower level of job satisfaction. Family specialists in the groups with a high cultural balance were Family specialists in the groups with a high cultural balance were more likely to have lower levels of burnout than those in the culture absence and in the middle culture balance, and higher job satisfaction than the other groups. The results suggest that management strategies to build a creative workplace culture can prevent burnout and improve job satisfaction.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.18 no.12
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• pp.101-109
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• 2020

Purpose: This study points out that psychological marketing practice can align to narcissism among women through showing urgency and scarcity. While women are competitive, jealous, and attention seeking, marketers can offer limited-time offers to increase the urge of customers to purchase. Research design, data, and methodology: To conduct a content analysis, the present author obtained data from various databases such as ABI/INFORM, EBSCO/ EBSCO, ProQuest, and EBSCO. Ultimately, this study investigated both latent and manifest themes of narcissism and psychological marketing concepts to find solutions that leaders can use to initiate change in organizations. Results: The current study suggests that narcissistic women insist on having the best things but still have the inability to acknowledge other people's feelings. Therefore, psychological marketing can utilize such traits to ensure that the quality of their commodities matches their promises during marketing and that their customer's needs are not infringed at the expense of another customer's needs Conclusions: One of the implications of narcissism in marketing provides is that brands can easily gravitate towards litigations especially amidst unhealthy competitions. In the process of getting customers to acknowledge another brand as a better option, the competition may stir corporate conflict.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.65-88
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• 2008

Since the implementation of economic reforms in 1978, the Chinese economy grows rapidly at an average annul growth rate of 9% over the post two decades. Franchising has been widely recognized as an important source of entrepreneurial activity. Trust is important in that it facilitates relational exchanges by permits partners to transcend short-run inequities or risks to concentrate on long-term profits or gains. In the relationship between the franchisors and franchisees, trust has been described as an important source of competitive advantage. However, little research has been done on the factors affecting trust in Chinese franchisor-franchisee relationships. The purpose of this study is to investigate what factors affect the trust in the franchise system in China, and to provide guidelines and insights to franchisors which enter Chinese market. In this study, according to Morgan and Hunt (1994), trust is defined as the extending when one party has confidence in an exchange partner's reliability and integrity. We offered a conceptual model of the empirical study. The model shows that the factors affecting the trust include franchisor's supports, communication, satisfaction with previous outcome and conflict. We also suggested the franchisor's supports and communication like to enhance the franchisee's satisfaction with previous outcome, and the franchisor's supports, communication and he franchisee's satisfaction with previous outcome tend to decrease conflict. Before the formal study, a pretest involving exploratory interviews with owners from three franchisees was conducted to make sure the questionnaire was relevant and clear to the respondents. The data were collected using trained interviewers to carry out personal interviews with the aid of an unidentified, muti-page, structured questionnaire. The respondents comprised of owners, managers, and owner managers of franchisee-owned food service franchises located in Beijing, China. Even though a total of 256 potential franchises were initially contacted, the finally usable sample consisted of 125 respondents. As expected, the sampling method was successful in soliciting respondents with waried personal and firm characteristics. Self-administrated questionnaires were used for all measures. And established scales were used to measure the latent constructs in this study. The measures tapped the franchisees' perceptions of the relationship with the referent franchisor. Five-point Likert-type scales ranging from "strongly disagree" (=1) to "strongly agree" (=7) were used throughout the constructs (trust, eight items; support, five items; communication, four items; satisfaction, six items; conflict, three items). The reliability measurements traditionally employed, such as the Cronbach's alpha, were used. All the reliabilities were greater than.80. The proposed measurement model was estimated using SPSS 12.0 and AMOS 5.0 analysis package. We conducted A series of exploratory factor analyses and confirmatory factor analyses to assess the convergent validity, discriminant validity, and reliability. The results indicate reasonable overall fits between the model and the observed data. The overall fit of measurement model were $X^2$= 159.699, p=0.004, d.f. = 116, GFI =.879, NFI =.898, CFI =.969, IFI =.970, TLI =.959, RMR =.058. The results demonstrated that the data reasonably fitted the model. We also examined construct reliability and reliability and average variance extracted (AVE). The construct reliability of each construct was greater than.80 and the AVE of each construct was greater than.50. According to the analysis of Structure Equation Modeling (SEM), the results of path model indicated an adequate fit of the model: $X^2$= 142.126, p = 0.044, d.f. = 115, GFI =.892, NFI =.909, CFI =.981, IFI =.981, TLI =.974, RMR =.057. As hypothesized, the results showed that it is strategically important to establish trust in a franchise system, and the franchisor's supports, communication and satisfaction with previous outcome tend to reinforce franchisee's trust. The results also showed trust seems to decrease as the experience of conflict episodes increases. And we also noticed that franchisor's supports and communication tend to enhance the franchisee's satisfaction with previous outcome, and communication tend to decrease conflict. If the trust between the franchisor and franchisee can be established in a franchise system, franchising offers many benefits and reduces many costs. To manage a mutual trust of relationship with their franchisees, franchisor's should provide support effectively to their franchisees. Effective assistant services have direct effect on franchisees' satisfaction with previous outcome and trust in franchisor. Especially, franchise sales process, orientation, and training in the start-up period are key elements for success of the franchise system. Franchisor's support is an accumulated separate satisfaction evaluation with different kind of service provided by the franchisor. And providing support definitely can improve the trustworthy image of the franchisor. In the franchise system, conflicts of interests and exertions of different power sources are very common. The experience of conflict episodes seems to negatively relate to trust. Therefore, it is important to reduce the negative side of the relationship conflicts. Communication actually plays a broader role in reducing conflict and establish mutual trust in franchisor-franchisee relationship. And effective communication between franchisors and franchisees can improve franchisees' satisfaction toward the franchise system. As the diversification of Chinese markets, both franchisors and franchisees must keep the relevant, timely, and reliable communication. And it is very important to improve the quality of communication. Satisfaction with precious outcomes seems to positively relate to trust. Franchisors and franchisees that are highly satisfied with the previous outcomes that flow from their relationship will perceive their partner as advancing their goal achievement. Therefore, it is necessary for both franchisor and their franchisees to make the welfare of partner with effort. Little literature has focused on what factors affect the trust between franchisors and their franchisees in China. This study developed the hypotheses regarding the factors affecting trust in the transaction relationship. The results of data analysis supported the hypotheses strongly. There are certain limitations in this study. First, we may point out that some other factors missed in this study could be significantly important. Second, the context of this study, food service industry, limits its potential generalizability for all franchise systems. More studies in different categories of franchise system are needed to broaden its generalizability. Third, the model was tested empirically in a sample in Beijing, more empirical tests of the proposed model in other Chinese areas are needed. Finally, the analysis in this study was solely based on the perception of franchisees and the opinions of franchisors were not included.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.173-201
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• 2009

As a result of overemphasizing the goods sector in trade structure, Korea does not meet properly the global trend which has the key role of 'trade in services' as the service economy have been expanded. Hereafter, it is easily forecasted that trade in services will be one of the main factors for Korea's competitiveness and engine of growth. Nevertheless, because Korea does not equip the concreteness of governance for trade in services, it is possible that the efficiency deterioration of trade volume, confusion of Korea's trade policy, conflict among trading countries, and discordance between the interested parties may be occurred. This paper analyzes the governance system of Korea for trade in services in order to enhance the competitiveness reflecting the importance of trade in services and to draw some strategies for remodeling the service governance system. It is expected to raise the efficiency of Korea's trade policy by constructing the systematic governance for trade in services, and to remove lots of latent risks during global transactions by improving the imbalance between manufacturing and service part for the development of trade in services in Korea. Analysis revealed itself the result that Korea is weak enough to can not identify the governance system about trade in services. Except 'Extent of Services' article of the Foreign Trade Act, Korea has not prepared the governance system for trade in services so that governance system have been scattered overly or decentralized. Problems about trade in services are not limited to enterprise's side, but extended to all the players including government agency whole, academic world and research institute. Therefore, the governance of trade in services should be strengthened and systematized by making the model law for trade in services(provisional name : Master Law for Trade in Services or Promotion Law for Trade in Services) by formatting type of fundamental law or separate legislation. If the bill legislation does not meet the conditions, the Foreign Trade Act should be totally reformed to Omnibus Trade Act concept including trade in services.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Child Welfare
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• no.59
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• pp.1-23
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• 2017

Using a subsample of 3,409 unmarried smothers and their children from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing study, the present study examined the cross-lagged effects of unmarried fathers' involvement on their children's behavior problems. Father involvement was used as a latent variable to measure the frequency of fathers' visits to the child, fathers' instrumental support, and their supportive parenting. Both variables of father involvement and child behavior problems were repeatedly measured at child ages 3, 5, and 9 to estimate their trends over time. The results indicated that fathers' more active engagement in parenting at child ages 3 to 5 reduced behavior problems in children at ages 5 to 9. Further discussions include programs and services to support unmarried fathers through education and training opportunities for effective parenting, relationship skills, and conflict resolutions as well as policy strategies to encourage their continuous involvement in the lives of their children.