• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.36 no.3
• /
• pp.26-36
• /
• 2018

This study aims to examine the characteristics of landscape through the analysis of location and the landscape of Gugok while also conducting the empirical study through the literature review, field study, and digital analysis of the Okgung Gugok. Oksan Gugok is a set of songs set in Ogsan Creek(玉山川)or Jagyese Creek(紫溪川, 紫玉山), which flows in front of the Oksan Memorial Hall(李彦迪), which is dedicated to the Lee Eong-jeok (李彦迪). We first ascertained the location and configuration of Oksan Gogok. Second, we confirmed the accurate location of Oksan Gogok by utilizing the digital topographic map of Oksan Gogok which was submitted by Google Earth Pro and Geographic Information Center as well as the length of the longitude of the gravel measured by the Trimble Juno SB GPS. Through the study of the literature and the field investigation, The results of the study are as follows. First, Yi Eonjeok was not a direct composer of Oksan Gugok, nor did he produce "Oksan Gugokha(Music)". Lee Ia-sung(李野淳), the ninth Youngest Son of Tweo-Kye, Hwang Lee, visited the "Oksan Gugokha" in the spring of 1823(Sunjo 23), which was the 270th years after the reign of Yi Eonjeok. At this time, receiving the proposal of Ian Sung, Lee Jung-eom(李鼎儼), Lee Jung-gi(李鼎基), and Lee Jung-byeong(李鼎秉), the descendants of Ian Sung set up a song and created Oksan Gugok Music. And the Essay of Oksan Travel Companions writted by Lee Jung-gi turns out being a crucial data to describe the situation when setting up the Ok-San Gugok. Second, In the majority of cases, Gogok Forest is a forest managed by a Confucian Scholar, not run by ordinary people. The creation of "Oksan Bugok Music" can be regarded as an expression of pride that the descendants of Yi Eonjeok and Lee Hwang, and next generation of several Confucian scholars had inherited traditional Neo-Confucian. Third, Lee Jung-eom's "Oksan Donghaengki" contains a detailed description of the "Oksan Gugokha" process and the process of creating a song. Fourth, We examined the location of one to nine Oksan songs again. In particular, eight songs and nine songs were located at irregular intervals, and eight songs were identified as $36^{\circ}01^{\prime}08.60^{{\prime}{\prime}}N$, $129^{\circ}09^{\prime}31.20^{{\prime}{\prime}}E$. Referring to the ancient kingdom of Taojam, the nine-stringed Sainam was unbiased as a lower rock where the two valleys of the East West congregate. The location was estimated at $36^{\circ}01^{\prime}19.79^{{\prime}{\prime}}N$, $129^{\circ}09^{\prime}30.26^{{\prime}{\prime}}E$. Fifth, The landscape elements and landscapes presented in Lee Jung-eom's "Oksan Gugokha" were divided into form, semantic and climatic elements. As a result, Lee Jung-eom's Cho Young-gwan was able to see the ideal of mountain water and the feeling of being idle in nature as well as the sense of freedom. Sixth, After examining the appearance of the elements and the frequency of the appearance of the landscape, 'water' and 'mountain' were the absolute factors that emphasized the original curved environment at the mouth of Lee Jung-eom. Therefore, there was gugokga can gauge the fresh ideas(神仙思想)and retreat ever(隱居思想). This inherent harmony between the landscape as well as through the mulah any ideas that one with nature and meditation, Confucian tube.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.36 no.4
• /
• pp.65-73
• /
• 2008

Due to the amendment of the Act for Urban Parks in 2005, local governments have to establish long-range plans for securing and managing urban parks and green areas. This study aims to propose a method of setting priorities for green areas of land to be preserved before the development stage through the introduction of the concept of Green Infrastructure Assessment, and provide basic data to establish the network of urban parks and green areas by applying the GIA method to the city of Daejeon. The concept of GIA and the process of analysis have been drawn as a result of literature research and case studies. The results of this study show that an introduction of the GIA concept to set park and open space planning promotes the connection of the city planning process as well as presents very a reasonable source to facilitate sustainable development. Also, other results present a priority ranking for protection of parks and green areas as well as a means to manage potential focus areas. This study, does have research limitations such as a limited study area, scale, and conflicts between domestic and foreign computing data. Further studies need to set the planning process and examine the index survey to apply this method to various situations and areas.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.36 no.1
• /
• pp.80-89
• /
• 2008

Generally, trees lining the streets are the most easily accessible green areas in the city and constitute the smallest basic unit in the formation of the urban linear green axis. This study attempts to interpret issues related to city trees from a comprehensive and relational viewpoint. The site of this study is Central Park Street in front of Incheon Metropolitan City Hall. This street is representative of those in Incheon City. This study is an inter-relational interpretation of issues by measuring the vitality of these trees. The following are results of this study: First, the vitality of city trees is higher in those trees growing in natural ground than those growing in plant gratings. This observation can lead to budget savings and increased natural areas in the city. Also, if planter and multi-layering planting methods are introduced where damage to trees is predicted, variation to urban landscape can be achieved while linking to reinforced rearing foundation of street-side trees. Second, there is need for a holistic approach to caring for street-side trees regarding the damage caused by drastic pruning and strong street lights. The typical functions of these trees, like supplying freshness in summer, absorbing solar radiation, and controlling the urban micro-climate are closely related to the vitality of the trees. Accordingly, the function and ecology should be understood holistically, not separately. In this aspect, the functional and ecological use of the multi-layering planting method is effective in protecting pedestrians from vehicles as well. Third, the fallen leaves of monotonous rows of trees have different ecological and functional effects. Not only is the index of greenness in the urban setting increased, but there are also aesthetic and symbolic effects. Fourth, in spite of being the street along which Incheon Metropolitan City Hall, major administrative buildings and Central Park are located, this street does not have its own special identity to discriminate it from other streets. It fulfills only functional criteria based on uniformity. If there is no paradigm shift from today's street system based on vehicles, the role of landscape architecture will be very passive in regards to street-side trees, the minimum unit of urban green. Fifth, on this particular street, many trees were planted in December, which reflects a deficiency of short and long-term strategy, like a street-tree master plan. In this aspect, we still lack a mature culture concerning these trees as a basic unit in urban greenery. Furthermore, there needs to be cultural introspection concerning present administrative practices.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.31 no.2
• /
• pp.136-144
• /
• 2013

This research is a progress in order to answer the research question of 'how the listed World Cultural Heritage is being managed now?' the alternate indicators of management effectiveness evaluation were set up based on international principles which were published by UNESCO, ICOMOS etc. Meanwhile the international contents of management and requirements were reflected in the alternate indicators of management effectiveness evaluation. The results were five evaluation categories included context, planning, setting, tourism and community were divided and total 46 alternate indicators in all were selected. In addition, to develop evaluation criteria for Management effectiveness evaluation of world cultural heritage by using Delphi Technique, three rounds of surveys were conducted on a selected expert group to derive and structuralize the evaluation factors. 46 factors got channeled into 32 factors after Delphi survey on appropriateness and credibility. The selected indicators were 7, 6, 7, 6 and 6 respectively in the five evaluation categories. According to the results the follow-up study, it selected management effectiveness evaluation index of world heritage.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.32 no.6
• /
• pp.646-657
• /
• 2018

The purpose of this study was to understand the ecological characteristics and vegetation structure of Mt. Daedun Provincial Park by setting up and surveying 42 plots ($100m^2$). The analysis using the TWINSPAN and DCA techniques found seven community groups: Quercus aliena community, Larix kaempferi community, Pinus densiflora community, Quercus variabilis-Quercus serrata community, Pinus rigida community, Carpinus tschonoskii community, and Quercus mongolica community. The results of a vegetation structure analysis showed that the dominant species of each community were likely to maintain the present structure, but, in the case of Pinus densiflora community, it is necessary to monitor the forest succession because of the competition with oak trees. The results of the DBH (diameter of breast height) analysis showed that the species in DBH 20-24cm and over 26cm were many observed, indicating that the communities were becoming stable. It is likely that the dominant species of tree canopies will maintain their state unless the unexpected physical environment changes, serious disturbance, pests or diseases occur. The results of the tree rings and annual growth analysis showed that the dominant trees had an average age of more than 40 years. The average annual growth was the highest for Quercus variabilis in community I at $3.51{\pm}2.39mm$ and the lowest for Quercus mongolica in community VII at $1.61{\pm}0.90mm$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.11 no.6
• /
• pp.11-25
• /
• 2008

In broad agreement on the need for forests in the city, researches on the urban forest are being actively carried out. Nonetheless, since these researches focus on functional usage within living spaces, finding methods for creation of urban forests and technical solutions have remained chief issues as a consequence. This paper, which attempts to historically examine the properties of the urban forest within living space, has the characteristics of researching basic angles for approaching the creation of contemporary urban forests. For this purpose Joseon Dynasty genre paintings, which represent living conditions of Joseon era, have been decided as theme of the paper. Particularly the focus was limited to genre paintings depicting trees, giving phenomenal observations. As a result, some remarkable characteristics emerged as functional urban forest, symbolic urban forest, topological urban forest, and appreciative urban forest. Urban forest within living space mainly appear as functional, showing an even distribution in small numbers rather than gathering in large groups. The following can be inferred regarding this and related to the setting up of the scope of, and creating of, contemporary urban forest : First, from the viewpoint of urban forest creation there is a need to study more subdivided and refined types of the urban forest and to actually realize these types. Second, from the viewpoint of urban forest usage, one needs to approach existing forests, ranging from small-scale including invididual trees, to mid-, large-, and super scale, as urban forests. In this, a network of major trees, and thereby a matrix of all trees formed by that network, will be formed. Third, from the viewpoint of urban forest improvement, approaches need to be based on planting trees in even distribution across the whole city.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.9 no.3
• /
• pp.26-38
• /
• 2006

For both a healthy environment and sustainable development, we frame a habitat assessment method, concerning biodiversity and physical characteristics. With the method, we set up and extract conservation areas from Peace Valley Resort Development Areas which can function as habitats. Absolute and relative assessment items which are the size of area, habitation of species with conservation value, distribution of communities, functions of habitats, ratio of non-native plants, connectivity of habitats, vegetation layers of forests and age of forests, and water systems are considered on newly extracted conservation areas, and the habitat value assessment was calculated on the items in a 3-point scale. By comparing and examining 3 existing proposals for extracted conservation areas, we assess existing proposals, make an alternative proposal, and try to verify the possibility of applicability to extracted conservation areas. Proposal A and C must not be adopted since almost all conservation areas would be developed in the proposals. Proposal B, consisting of 53% development areas and 47% non-development areas, does not have enough development areas, so high density building arrangements should be encouraged in order to preserve conservation areas. Therefore, proposal B would be the best in ecological terms among the 3 proposals, if 3 conditions are considered : 1) new extracted conservation areas should be conserved; 2) 10~15m wide green-zones on both sides of the water system, which can play a role as ecological corridors, should be considered in development areas; 3) building arrangement should not interrupt the ecological corridors.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.23 no.2
• /
• pp.33-47
• /
• 2020

With population losses and stagnant or depressed economies, the local governments embrace shrinkage and accept having a significantly smaller population. Both the initial and ongoing causes of shrinkage hold dramatic effects on the city and its remaining residents. In this context, vacant land increases as an overabundance of unused infrastructure is demolished and municipalities become burdened with increasing maintenance costs of this land. The result is that vacant land often experiences minimal management relative to social norms and have chance to provide a setting for ecological processes with urban rightsizing strategy. Therefore, urban ecosystems undergo major shifts in structure and function. We need to better understand the possibilities of where and how much of houses and land will be abandoned to assist land planners and policymakers to mitigate conflict between optimal ecological and sociological outcomes. This article, therefore, aims to identify distributional characteristics of vacant houses and lands with case study of Mokpo. The study found and verified affecting factors of vacant houses and lands by type through the use of a Maxent model and spatial data that explained housing choice and preference theory. We can predict the vacancies with the spatial variables such as land price, the population ratio over 65, and the distance from security facility. Based on the analysis, the ways of managing housing and land vacancy for sustainable development and ecological restoration method are discussed.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
• /
• v.16 no.4
• /
• pp.53-60
• /
• 2010

This study aims at suggesting the attributes and limitations of each methods through the evaluation of the verified analysis results, so that it will be possible to select an efficient method that may be applied to assess the green coverage ratio. Green coverage areas of each sites subject to this study were assessed utilizing the following four methods. First, assessment of green coverage area through direct planimetry of satellite images. Second, assessment of green coverage area using land cover map. Third, assessment of green coverage area utilizing the band value in satellite images. Forth, assessment of green coverage area using and land cover map and reference materials. For this study, four urban zones of the City of Seosan in Chungcheongnam-do. As a result, this study show that the best calculation method is the one that combines the merits of first and second methods. This method is expected to be suitable for application in research sites of middle size and above. It is also deemed that it will be possible to apply this method in researches of wide area, such as setting up master plans for parks and green zones established by each local self-government organizations.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.71-83
• /
• 2013

In this study, the ecological presevation zone on uninhabited islands was established based on the setting of geomorphological landscape. The 14 uninhabited islands, which are scattered around the Goseong-gun and Tongyeong-si region have been surveyed on field. As a result of study, uninhabited island of Goseong-gun and Tongyeong-si was classified the absolute preservation areas(I), preservation areas(II), quasi-preservation areas(III), and a available areas(IV). These results evaluated 5 islands of Anjang Island(Maan-do), Bam Island, Saetgaekkeut, Dae Island(Juk-do) and Ttandok Island to be absolute preservation areas(I), the 8 islands of Mana Island, Yuk Island, Nabi Island, Sochi Island, Yongdu-do, Daeho-do, Jam-do, and Hwa-do to be preservation areas(II), the 1 island of Goeam Island to be quasipreservation areas(III). Those islands selected as absolute preservation areas and preservation areas have especially outstanding geomorphological landscape resources, and are expected to be able for use as natural study fields or as outdoor laboratories.