• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.97-106
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• 2022

During the Japanese colonial period, Japan exploited the entire Korean Peninsula and targeted not only cities but also rural areas. The exploitation of rural area was accelerated with the support of Oriental colonization Company and The countryside was a living scene of direct exploitation. However, most of the research was concentrated in representative port cities such as Kunsan, which transports logistics such as rice and grains. There was insufficient research on how Japanese entered the country, how Korean were plundered, and the rural villages that were the target of exploitation. The contents of hi-exploitation were also historical and historical humanities such as colonial land ownership and farm management, and the spatial structure of the existing traditional villages were insufficiently investigated. Hwaho-ri, Shin Taein-eup, Jeollabuk-do, centered on Yongseo Village, there are many traces of farm houses, hospitals, employee residences, schools, churches, and Oriental colonization Company This study aims to study what changes traditional rural villages have brought by the Japanese colonial rule, centering on Hwaho-ri Village.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.122-142
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• 2012

The importance of rainfed areas and animal agriculture on productivity enhancement and food security for economic rural growth in Asia is discussed in the context of opportunities for increasing potential contribution from them. The extent of the rainfed area of about 223 million hectares and the biophysical attributes are described. They have been variously referred to inter alia as fragile, marginal, dry, waste, problem, threatened, range, less favoured, low potential lands, forests and woodlands, including lowlands and uplands. Of these, the terms less favoured areas (LFAs), and low or high potential are quite widely used. The LFAs are characterised by four key features: i) very variable biophysical elements, notably poor soil quality, rainfall, length of growing season and dry periods, ii) extreme poverty and very poor people who continuously face hunger and vulnerability, iii) presence of large populations of ruminant animals (buffaloes, cattle, goats and sheep), and iv) have had minimum development attention and an unfinished wanting agenda. The rainfed humid/sub-humid areas found mainly in South East Asia (99 million ha), and arid/semi-arid tropical systems found in South Asia (116 million ha) are priority agro-ecological zones (AEZs). In India for example, the ecosystem occupies 68% of the total cultivated area and supports 40% of the human and 65% of the livestock populations. The area also produces 4% of food requirements. The biophysical and typical household characteristics, agricultural diversification, patterns of mixed farming and cropping systems are also described. Concerning animals, their role and economic importance, relevance of ownership, nomadic movements, and more importantly their potential value as the entry point for the development of LFAs is discussed. Two examples of demonstrated success concern increasing buffalo production for milk and their expanded use in semi-arid AEZs in India, and the integration of cattle and goats with oil palm in Malaysia. Revitalised development of the LFAs is justified by the demand for agricultural land to meet human needs e.g. housing, recreation and industrialisation; use of arable land to expand crop production to ceiling levels; increasing and very high animal densities; increased urbanisation and pressure on the use of available land; growing environmental concerns of very intensive crop production e.g. acidification and salinisation with rice cultivation; and human health risks due to expanding peri-urban poultry and pig production. The strategies for promoting productivity growth will require concerted R and D on improved use of LFAs, application of systems perspectives for technology delivery, increased investments, a policy framework and improved farmer-researcher-extension linkages. These challenges and their resolution in rainfed areas can forcefully impact on increased productivity, improved livelihoods and human welfare, and environmental sustainability in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.48-56
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• 2010

Since ancient times, Korea has been called a land of beauty. Scenic sites under the Cultural Properties Protection Act include picturesque places that are famous for their natural scenic beauty as well as their historical and cultural value. Scenic sites are managed as natural assets to promote their preservation and use. However, the management of scenic sites can produce adverse effects on regional development and ownership rights. Moreover, the purpose of their designation as cultural assets is not fully understood because scenic sites are managed by focusing on restraint on users' act the same as was applied to historic sites. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to protect inhabitants' rights of ownership by arranging the boundaries of designated areas and by providing standard permission for condition changes in the Buryeongsa Valley, which was designated as a Scenic Site in 1979. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: First, arranging the boundaries of the designated area includes the arrangement of the edge lines standardized on the visual range of the mountain ridge, preventing the loss of landscape beauty in the designated district; the internal clearing district focuses on the existing settlement. Gearing the designated areas after the arrangement of the boundaries results in $11,928,932m^2$, 38.6% compared to the existing designated areas. Second, it establishes a 500m buffer zone inside the radius of the boundary of the cultural asset as a standard for condition changes that seriously affect landscape preservation. Third, the standards for permission on building 'height regulations' are divided into flat and gable, according to the roof shape. The adopted standard is 8m high for 2 story flat roofs, and 12m high for 2 story gable roofs.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• v.2
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• pp.551-554
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• 2006

House management is very important in water resource protection in order to provide sustainable drinking water for about four millions population in northern Taiwan. House management can be a simple job that can be done without any ingredient of remote sensing or geographic information systems. Remote sensing and GIS integration for house management can provide more efficient management prescription when land use enforcement, soil and water conservation, sewage management, garbage collection, and reforestation have to be managed simultaneously. The objective of this paper was to integrate remote sensing and GIS to manage houses in a water resource protection district. More than four thousand houses have been surveyed and created as a house data base. Site map of every single house and very detail information consisting of address, ownership, date of creation, building materials, acreages floor by floor, parcel information, and types of house condition. Some houses have their photos in different directions. One house has its own card consists these information and these attributes were created into a house data base. Site maps of all houses were created with the same coordinates system as parcel maps, topographic maps, sewage maps, and city planning maps. Visual Basic.NET, Visual C#.NET have been implemented to develop computer programs for house information inquiry and maps overlay among house maps and other GIS map layers. Remote sensing techniques have been implemented to generate the background information of a single house in the past 15 years. Digital orthophoto maps at a scale of 1:5000 overlay with house site maps are very useful in determination of a house was there or not for a given year. Satellite images if their resolutions good enough are also very useful in this type of daily government operations. The developed house management systems can work with commercial GIS software such as ArcView and ArcPad. Remote sensing provided image information of a single house whether it was there or not in a given year. GIS provided overlay and inquiry functions to automatically extract attributes of a given house by ownership, address, and so on when certain house management prescriptions have to be made by government agency. File format is the key component that makes remote sensing and GIS integration smoothly. The developed house management systems are user friendly and can be modified to meet needs encountered in a single task of a government technician.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.76-101
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• 2021

This paper analyzes two cases of space tokenization, Meridio and QuantmRE, to explore the potential of tokenization as a new means of space financialization. Space tokenization is based on blockchain technology and security token offering (STO). Although some financial geographers noted the possible impact of blockchain technology on space financialization, it has not been examined in depth. Therefore, this paper demonstrates space tokenization cases in detail. Meridio and QuantmRE suggest financial structures that convert space into tokens based on fractional ownership transactions. QuantmRE, specifically, allows a homeowner to secure cash without either debt or ownership relinquishment through sales of tokenized home equity. As this method takes a form of sale transaction rather than a loan, it enables financial institutions to circumvent strengthened regulation on loans after the 2008 global financial crisis. Moreover, even "house poor" households, who own houses but lack cash due to excessive loans, can cash out from their properties through QuantmRE. As such, space tokenization enables financial institutions to overcome constrained conditions after the global financial crisis, thereby reproducing space financialization. Space tokenization also has the potential to geographically expand space financialization through stimulating investment in the depressed housing market.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.213-226
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• 1993

In Korea, the urban studies of geography have mainly dealt with such a series of research as system of urban place and internal structure of urban area. The existing studies have been carried out with ecological approach. Ecologists, now a days, regard organiation and transfor-mation of the urban space as the process of invasion, succession, and segregation. However it is more proper that cities should be considered not as fragmantary objects, as some ecologists insist, but as synthetic ones in social structure. This research, with adopting a case of the renewasl of central area in Seoul, tried to make it clear that the formation and transition of the city is a product of social structure and examined polical and economic logic which exists in variation of urban space in detail. The results of this study are as follows; Urban renewal of central area is closely related with production and reproduction in capitalist society. In urban center, as business activities had increased since 1973 due to decen-tralization of production process, the necessity of reorganizing the land use in existing central area accordingly increased. The urban renewal program of central area in Seoul was inrroduced under such situation. The urban renewal of central area reflecting the capital logic has changed the central area with six hundred year's tradition. From the urban renewal of central area, not only was the central area, which traditionally had been mixed with various fun-ctions, simplified into the unitary area of busi-ness, but also physical landscape changed. As the land lot in renewal area expanded into regular shape, buildings became larger and taller. The program tremendously raised the price of related area. Aiming at these profits caused by the raised price, a great number of capitalists participated in the program. And as the benefit ratio of the manufacture sector continuously dropped with the economic recession, the pro-gram was carried out much more vigorously. That was because the idle capital accumulated during the recession was invested in property sector and was self-proliferated. The urban renewal raised the land value of central area and drove out the people living in this area. The people moved into the whole parts of the city resulting diffused squatter settlements. And the urban changes in central area were results of the policy of municipal authorities, who supported and systematized the changes lawfully and administratively, as well as reali-zation of capital logic. Due to the renewal policies of central area in Seoul, much more renewals by the only capitalists were carried out than those by the people themselves living in that area. The integration of land ownership in the law of urban renewal shows the reason of that. Moreover, the law allows the third deve-loper to participate in the tasks and admits the land expropriation rights. The municipal autho-rities guaranteed the profitability of the tasks through finacial aid, tax benifit, and relaxation of regulations for construction. As examined above, the changes in the land use of urban space have been led not by the ecological process of development of the city itself, but by the restructuring of capitalism and the intervention of the government authorities.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.191-210
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• 2017

The old sources of competitive edge and value added were land, labor, and capital. In today's knowledge-based economy in the 21st century, technology is attracting attention as a new engine of growth. That paradigm shift of world economy has resulted in the global spread of technology transfer and the gradual increase of trade of intangible goods including patents and know-how as well as tangible goods in international trade. An international license agreement is a representative form of technology transfer. In license agreements, the providers of technology keep their ownership of technology, allow the implementation of technology to the users of technology only for a certain period of time, and receive loyalty as a reward. Economic profit through such technology trade can be realized with the smooth implementation and termination of agreement. International license agreements are different from sales contracts, which represent international business transaction based on mutual obligation, in many aspects in that they target intangible goods of technology and aim for rent for a certain period of time. This study thus set out to examine issues that could be controversial in the main and individual obligation of the parties in international license agreements and provide implications helpful for the prevention of disputes in advance.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.105 no.3
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• pp.360-365
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to provide the basic information for the early enforcement and extension of the improvement project of management scale of private forest land by understanding the characteristics of forest owners, who have an influence on the participation of the project as one of the private forest management vitalization plans. To achieve this goal, a questionnaire survey targeting 373 forest owners was conducted and analyzed by Binary-Logistic Regression. The variables for binary-logistic regression included gender, age, academic ability, occupation, income, residence, purpose of forest ownership, and status of cooperative membership. As a result of the analysis, 267 forest owners (71.6%) of total 373 forest owners have the intention to participate in the scaling project for private forest management. The rest of forest owners (106 forest owners, 28.4%) would not be willing to participate in the project. As a result of binary-logistic regression, the most important variables, which have an impact on the participation of private forest management scale improvement project, are age, job and forest own purpose.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.93-102
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• 2008

In Korea, a movement for forming intentional communities is gathering people's interests to improve individualistic living environment, and to create a humanistic lifestyle. However, it is difficult to say if its management is successful or not, because intentional community is just in the experimental stage in Korea. The purpose of this study is to identify actual condition of residents' participation in forming process, shared activities in their daily lives, residents' regulation, common facilities and its management in order to offer basic information for revitalization of intentional communities in Korea. 7 intentional communities including eco-friendly villages, religious communities and a cooperative housing community were collected as the study objects. Upon analysis, those communities were divided into two groups according to their purpose of establishment; "HC (Housing-life focused Community includes cooperative housing community and eco-friendly community)" and "IC (Ideology focused Community includes ideology community and religious community)" in order to identify difference in residents' participation between the two groups. In-dept interviews with representatives of 7 intentional communities by a structured questionnaire were used as study method. The findings of this study are as follows; In general, more active residents' participation is identified in ICs than in HCs. There is no common house, which is considered as essential in intentional community, in HCs, while it was facilitated in all ICs. Role of leader seems more important in ICs than in HCs. About the ownership of housing and land, private owned is common in HCs, while community owned is common in ICs. Shared activities and residents' regulations are evidently less in most HCs than in ICs. Furthermore, in order to run a community sustainable, it is crucial to encourage sense of community among residents, and developing common house and activity programs. Common house design, which can promote proactive residents' participation in shared activity should be studied fitted to Korean circumstances. Above all, proactive participation in the shared activities is one of the most important factors in intentional community.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.61-69
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• 2001

This paper presents a case of community participatory neighborhood park design. The site, Yangji park, is located in Sandang-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul and the area is about 1,870m. Neighborhood park is defined as an outdoor space which is close to people´s home and is considered to be their own, because of the residents´ collective responsibility, family association, and frequent shared use. It is a place for pleasant rest area for community, sharing a sense of nature and retaining a sense of tradition and culture which is disappearing in a city. It is related to the daily life of the people near the site and becomes a place to let the community increase dialogue and understanding between people. On the other hand, participatory design is a design in which people participate in the design process. Thus people can understand the project well, present their opinions better, and reconcile conflicts between the different interests of people. This design applied a community participatory design method to design a neighborhood park. The major strategies for participatory design were ´workshop´, ´card game´, ´walking site´, ´interview´, and ´questionnaire´. Eight workshops were performed for the participation design. The major spaces and facilities elected by participants were the ´main entrance plaza´, ´entrance symbol space´, ´children´s ´playground´, ´multipurpose sport ground´, ´grass land´, ´foot-pressure area´, ´spaces symbolizing a rock mountain and an old well´, ´space for youth´, ´a pavilion´, etc. From this selection, design concept alternatives were generated by participants. The aster plan was developed from these design alternatives with the help of landscape architects. It was revised by ist visits and community discussions. People were also involved in the construction process and left their own works, such as hand prints, on the site. After construction, residents continued to maintain the park by themselves. As a result, It was found that participatory design was very effective for people´s satisfaction and sustainable park management. By involving people more in the process they developed a sense of community, a sense of ownership, and attachment to the place. In conclusion, it is suggested that we need to develop an effective people´s participation method to Korean society.