• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.392-396
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• 2010

Purpose : The association between iron deficiency anemia and febrile convulsion in infants has been examined in several studies with conflicting results. Therefore, the authors aimed to evaluate the precise relationship involved. Methods : In this case-control study, the authors assessed 100 children with a diagnosis of febrile convulsion, aged between 9 months and 2 years, during January 2007 to July 2009. The control group consisted of 100 febrile children without convulsion; controls were closely matched to the cases by age, gender, and underlying disease. Results : The mean ages of the febrile convulsion and control group were $16.3{\pm}7.4$ and $15.8{\pm}6.1$ months, respectively, and the two groups had no differences in clinical features. Iron deficiency anemia (Hb <10.5 gm/dL) was more frequent in the febrile convulsion group than in the control group, although there was no statistical significance. Unexpectably, the RDW (red blood cell distribution width) was significantly lower and the MCNC (mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration) was significantly higher among seizure cases than among the controls (P <0.05). There is no statistical difference between simple and complex febrile groups in the clinical and laboratory profiles. On multiple logistic regression analysis, iron deficiency anemia was more frequent, but the RDW was lower, among the cases with febrile convulsion, compared with the controls. Conclusions : Our study suggests that the iron deficiency anemia is associated with febrile convulsion, and screening for iron deficiency anemia should be considered in children with febrile convulsions.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.288-293
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• 1986

The washed fresh ginsengs packed with air, vaccum and nitrogen gas were irradiated at the levels of 1,2 and 3kGy gamma radiation and then stored at $4{\sim}5^{\circ}C$ for 90days to investigate the effects of gamma radiation on microbial inactivation, eelworm disinfestation and physicochemical changes. After a 90 day storage, $2{\sim}3kGy$ irradiated groups showed 20% of weight loss and 10% of rot while non-irradiated group 100% and 20% or more, respectively. Also the irradiated groups showed somewhat lower values of specific gravity, color density and hardness immediately after irradiation, thereafter higher value of them with storage time than those of non-irradiated group. The irradiation increased the yields of ginseng extract and crude saponins but no effects on the proximate composition and TLC and HPLC patterns of saponin. The food-borne microorganisms decreased in viable cell counts by $2{\sim}3$ log cycles with $2{\sim}3kGy$ radiation and the eelworms were completely disinfested with 1 kGy radiation.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.60-66
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• 2005

When external pressure higher than osmosis pressure is reversely derived into solution, its solvent is moved into the solution having lower concentration, which is called 'reverse osmosis'. We investigated the desalination application of deep ocean water using reverse osmosis pressure of $40-70\;kgf/cm^2$ We observed how to operational factor j like flow rate, water temperature and pressure have effect on efficiency of reverse osmosis membrane and salts rejection. Fluxes of reverse osmosis membrane are directly proportional to water temperature and pressure. However, salts rejection rates are positively correlated with pressure and inversely proportional to water temperature. Separation efficiencies of osmosis membrane for major elements such as $Mg^{2+},\;Ca^{+2},\;Na^+\;and\;K^+$ are as follows in a strong electrolysis solution like seawater; $Ca^{2+},\;Mg^{2+}>K^+>Na^+$. Rejection rates of $Mg^{2+}\;and\;Ca^{2+}$ that have high electric charges are over 99% and show positively correlation with water temperature. Rejection rates of $Na^+$ having low electric charge is observed to be 98%-99%, which rates is much lower than those of $2^+$ charged ions like $Ca^{2+}\;and\;Mg^{2+}$. Ion rejection rates of boron, B, are much low because boron is present il free state or gas phase in seawater. Boron concentration in desalination water is over criteria of Korean drinking water, 0.3 mg/L. However, we could satisfied with the criteria of drinking water under the operation condition like temperature $5^{\circ}C$ and pressure $70kgf/cm^2$, using the relationship that rejection rates of boron is proportional to pressure and is inversely proportional to water temperature

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.417-423
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• 2002

The edible films were prepared from the protein of alaska pollack, Theragra chalcogrmma. Effects of plasticizer, cross linker and laminated film on physical properties such as tensile strength (TS), elongation (E) and water vapor permeability (WVP) of films were investigated. In adding various kinds of plasticizers, TS of the films prepared with propylene glycol (PG) was the highest, and followed sorbitol, polyethylene glycol 200 (PEG 200) and glycerol. Elongation of the films prepared with glycerol was the highest, then sorbitol, PEG 200 and PG. WVP of films showed lower in order of PG, sorbitol, glycerol and PEG 200.75 decreased with the increment of plasticizer concentration, but elongation increased, The addition of both PG and PEG 200 effected weakly on elongation, so they were inadequate as plasticizer for the film. Mixtures of glycerol and sorbitol, which showed opposing both TS and elongation in the films, could control the physical properties of the films. With increasing relative humidity, TS decreased, while elongation and equilibrium moisture content increased. By adding the cross linkers such as ascorbic acid, citric acid and succinic acid, TS and m of films increased, while elongation decreased. Ascorbic acid, citric acid, succinic acid were most effective for TS at 0.2, 0.1 and $0.1\%, respectively. Laminated film with alaska pollack protein and corn zein improved TS above two times, reduced WVP about $20\~30\%$, as compared with the Elm from alaska pollack protein. Two films did not show the difference to oxygen permeability, but they showed about tenfold greater oxygen resistance than polyethylene film. Laminated film showed higher b and $\Delta$E value of color difference, lower a and L value than the film from alaska pollack protein.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.537-545
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• 1995

Quality changes of lettuce were studied during storage to investigate the efficiency, cooling properties and the washing and storage effects of immersion-type hydrocooling. As a result of plotting the nondimensionalized lettuce temperature versus cooling time, its cooling rate coefficient was shown to be $-0.365\;min^{-1}{\sim}-0.255\;min^{-1}\;(R^2=0.99{\sim}0.88)$. Rate of weight loss was not significantly (p>0.05) different between lettuces with various treatment conditions during storage at $5^{\circ}C$. However, during storage at $15^{\circ}C$, weight loss of hydrocooled lettuce was lower than that of non-treated lettuce after from 10 to 15 days. Especially, The lettuce packed with PE was more effective than that packed with try in terms of packing condition after hydrocooling. Lettuce pretreated with sterilizing agent, packed with PE vinyl film, removed residual water after hydrocooling had lower decaying rate than any other lettuces. Changes of L and b values in hydrocooled lettuce were slower than those of non-treated one. During changes of chlorophyll content, the initial value, $115.7{\sim}147.3\;mg%$ was decreased to $50{\sim}60%$ after 25 days of storage at $5^{\circ}C$ and within 15 days of storage at $15^{\circ}C$. It could be presumed that the addition of sterilizing agent reduced the initial level of overall total and coliform count and its growth rate during storage. The respiration rate of hydrocooled lettuce at $5^{\circ}C$ was $23.95\;mg{\cdot}CO_2/kg\;hr$, which is 10% of those of non-treated lettuce.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.257-262
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• 2002

Effects of dietary fatty acids and vitamin E on antioxidant system were studied in rat liver and serum. Sources of dietary fat (10 wt%) were safflower oil (SO) poor in $\omega$3 fatty acid and mixed oil (MO) with computer-adjusted fatty acid ratios (AA/DHA=1.4, $\omega$6/$\omega$3=6.3, P/M/S=1.0/l.5/1) with (ME) and without (MO) vitamin E (500 mg/kg diet). Rats were fed the three kinds of diet from 3~4 wks prior to the conception. At the age of 3 and 9 wks of the second generation rat, antioxidant vitamins and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were measured in the liver and serum. The concentrations of $\beta$-carotene were lower in ME than in MO and SO in the liver at the age of 3 wks. It seemed that vitamin E has an inhibitory action on the uptake of $\beta$-carotene or acts as a preferred antioxidant to $\beta$-carotene. The concentrations of lycopene were lower in SO than in MO in the liver at the age of 3 wks. The concentrations of cryptoxanthin showed no significant changes within groups. The activities of GSH-Px tended to increase in ME compared to MO and the ratios of SOD/GSH-Px tended to decrease in ME compared to MO in the liver at the age of 3 weeks. The activities of antioxidant enzyme at the age of 3 weeks and 9 weeks were similar. This suggested that the activity level of antioxidant enzymes reached to the adult level at the age of 3 weeks which is the end point of lactation period.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.336-341
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• 2005

Chitosan, which is a biopolymer, composed of glucosamine units linked by β-l, 4 glycoside bonds, is rich in shells of crustacean such as crabs and shrimps. We examined effects of dietary chitosan on blood and tissue levels of lead, iron, zinc and calcium in lead administered rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups (n=32). Basal diet group was fed 3% cellulose diet and lead administered groups were fed 0%, 3% and 5% chitosan diets, respectively for 8 wks. To lead administered groups, lead (20㎎/day) was given three times per week by oral injection. Blood, liver, kidney and femur were collected for lead, iron, zinc, and calcium analyses. There was no significant difference in weight gain and food intake among groups. Blood and femur lead levels were lower in lead administered groups fed 3% and 5% chitosan diets than in lead administered control (0% chitosan diet) group (p＆lt;0.05). Blood and liver levels of iron and zinc in lead administered group fed 5% chitosan diet were significantly lower than those in basal diet group (p＆lt;0.05), but those in lead administered group fed 3% chitosan diet were not significantly different with those in basal diet group. These results show that chitosan diets have beneficial effects on lowering the accumulation of lead, but high chitosan diet may have negative effects on mineral levels.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.27-32
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• 1984

Recently, it has been reported that acute and chronic intoxication of Cd was concerned with environmental hygienic studies. In this study the effect of Ca and V-D was given directly into the diet with water containing the 20 ppm of Cd during so days. The results obtained were summarized as follows; 1. Administration of Ca and V-D inhibited the reduction of body weight induced by Cd. The internal organ weights of rats receiving Cd solution without Ca and V-D were generally increased except lung. 2. The values of hematocrit were higher in rats receiving Cd solution supplemented Ca and V-D than those doing Cd solution without Ca and V-D, and the levels of cholesterol were in- creased in experimental rats compared with control group. Total protein concentration in serum of the both group intaking the Ca and Y-D, and without Ca and V-D was not significant. 3. The concentration of Cd and Mg in liver was increased in rats feeding only Cd solution than those doing Ca and V-D group, whereas the concentration of Cu, Zn and Ca was decreased. The concentration of Cd, Cu and Ca in kidney was decreased in only Cd solution group, whereas by supplementing Ca and vitamin D was increased the concentration of Cd, Cu and Zn.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.209-214
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• 1984

To compare the keeping quality of freeze and spray dried red ginseng extract powders(RGEPs) and commercial dehydrated tea products, particle sizes and initial moisture contents of these products were measured, and the relationships between crude fat contents and moisture contents and/or densities were studied. Particle sires of RGEPs and commercial dehydrated tea products were below 100 mesh, and particle sizes of freeze dried products were higher than those of spray dried products. Initial moisture contents of freeze and spray dried RGEPz were 3.587 and 4.56f, and those of frecze and spray dried coffees were 2.17% and 3.52%, respectively. Crude fat contents of tang and ssanghwa tea were 4.12% and 0.62%, and densities of tang and ssanghwa tea were 0.89 g/ml and 0.59 g/ml, respectively. Absorption rates o( tang and ssanghwa tea were the lowest among these products, it was considered because of crude fat contents of tang and ssanghwa tea were higher than these of the other products, and densities of tang and ssanghwa tea were higher than these of the other products. Notwithstanding absorption rates of RGEPs were lower than those of coffees, to maintain lower keeping quality of RGEPs than that of coffees, it was considered that HGEPs are not only lower to coffees in crude fat contents but also in densities. A sinificant relationships were found between keeping Quality and crude fat content and/or density.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.11
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• pp.1599-1606
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to assess the quality characteristics of Moju made with Hovenia dulcis Thunb. and its physiological effects on ICR mice. According to the sensory score, we selected Moju made with 1% Hovenia dulcis Thunb. among Moju made with 0, 0.5, 1, 5, and 10% Hovenia dulcis Thunb. Compared to Moju made without Hovenia dulcis Thunb., Moju made with 1% Hovenia dulcis Thunb. had higher proportions of moisture (86.77 g/100 g) and carbohydrates (11.86 g/100 g). The mean values of the physicochemical analyses were as follows: pH 4.91, acidity 0.28, $^{\circ}Brix$ 12.63, reducing sugar 68.97, alcohol content 0.1, alcohol density 0.998. Moju made with 1% Hovenia dulcis Thunb. did not have effects on DPPH radical scavenging activity; however, superoxide dismutase activity was significantly higher than that of Moju made without Hovenia dulcis Thunb. For assessing physiological activities, 4-week-old male ICR mice were divided into six groups (n=10): normal control group (NC), ethanol-administered group (EC), EC plus low-dose Moju made with 0% Hovenia dulcis Thunb. (MCL), EC plus high-dose Moju made with 0% Hovenia dulcis Thunb. (MCH), EC plus low-dose Moju made with 1% Hovenia dulcis Thunb. (MDL), and EC plus high-dose Moju made with 1% Hovenia dulcis Thunb. (MDH). Serum triglyceride (TG) level was reduced by 11.17% and 19.61% in the MDL and MDH groups, respectively, compared to the EC group. Serum total-cholesterol levels of MDL and MDH groups were significantly lower as compared to the EC group. Serum high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels of the MDL and MDH groups were significantly higher than those of the EC group. Liver TG levels were significantly reduced in the MCL and MDL groups. From these results, Moju made with Hovenia dulcis Thunb. demonstrated antioxidant activity and reduction of hyperlipidemia markers. Therefore, Moju made with Hovenia dulcis Thunb. can serve as a non-alcoholic beverage and functional food source.