• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.24 no.1 s.44
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• pp.135-147
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• 1994

Facial esthetics is one of the most important goal of the orthodontic treatment and main concern of many patients. Facial esthetics should be considered in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Prediction of soft tissue profile changes after orthodontic tooth movement should be considered as well. The purpose of this study was to find out the effect of orthodontic treatment on lip profile in adult patient. The pre and post treatment cephalometric roentgenograms of 87 female adult with bimaxillary protrusion were used to analyze lip profile change. All subjects were treated with four bicuspids extraction. Obtained results were as follows . 1. Lip thickness changes after incisor retraction showed different patterns according to areas of the lip. The thickness of the red lip area showed 2.78 mm increase in average. In contrast the thickness of the cutaneous area showed 0.65 - 0.7 mm decrease according to the different cutaneous areas. 2. The length of the red lip area decreased(1.3mm) after incisor retraction. 3. The length of the cutaneous lip area increased(2.9mm) after incisor retraction.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.145-149
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• 2007

Objectives : This study characterized the extent to which youth depressive symptoms, parental alcohol problems, and parental drinking account for differences in alcohol-related problems among a large sample of adolescent females. Methods : The stratified sample consists of 2077 adolescent females from twelve female-only high schools located in a large metropolitan city in the Republic of Korea. Students completed a questionnaire about alcohol use and alcohol problems, their parents' alcohol problems, and a number of risk and protective factors. Data were analyzed using tobit regression analyses to better characterize the associations among variables. Results : Almost two-thirds of students who consume alcohol had experienced at least one to two alcohol-related problems in their lives and 54.6% reported at least one current symptom of depression, with nearly one-third reporting two depressive symptoms. Two-thirds of the students indicated that at least one parent had an alcohol-related problem, and that approximately 29% had experienced several problems. Results of tobit regression analyses indicate that youth alcohol-related problems are positively associated with depressive symptoms (p<0.01) and parent drinking problems (p<0.05). Parental drinking is no longer significant when the variable parental attention is added to the model. Decomposition of the tobit parameters shows that for every unit of increase in depressive symptoms and in parent drinking problems, the probability of a youth experiencing alcohol problems increases by 6% and 1%, respectively. For every unit of increase in parental attention, the probability of youth experiencing drinking problems decreases by 5%. Conclusions : This study presents evidence that alcohol-related problems and depressive symptoms are highly prevalent among adolescent females. Although a comprehensive public health approach is needed to address drinking and mental health problems, different interventions are needed to target factors associated with initiation of alcohol problems and those associated with increased alcohol problems among those who already began experiencing such problems.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.32 no.11
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• pp.1739-1749
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• 2008

This study aimed to investigate the effects of innate innovativeness of young female adults on involvement and fashion innovativeness. To explain conceptual structure of adult women's fashion innovativeness, 4 dimensions of innate innovativeness were adopted as explanatory variables, and fashion involvement and clothing involvement were included as mediating variables. Date collecting using written survey instrument yielded 801 complete responses from female consumers aged between 20 and 39. Factor analysis on innate innovativeness resulted in 4 dimensional structures of innate innovativeness for the sample: uniqueness seeking, risk taking, newness seeking and dramatic stimulus seeking. All of these significantly and directly affected fashion innovativeness, however, uniqueness seeking, newness seeking and dramatic stimulus seeking except risk taking significantly and indirectly affected fashion innovativeness through fashion involvement and clothing involvement.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 1979

Anatomical measurements were made at the necoropsy and sacrifice in a group of 41 adult female Rhesus monkey to determine the 34 characteristcs found in tracheas snd bronchus. Table 1, 2, 3, 4, and figure 1 were therefore prepared as a guide in the further use for illustrating monkey lung research. Summary of this report is as follows: 1. Accurate Knowledge of these measurements may have some value in pulmonary dissection and reconstructive procedures. 2. These studies may provide a more accurate determination of the monkey lungs. 3. The right and left bronchus length of the monkey is shorter than fornd in man. 4. The left bronchus length is more longer than the rrght bronchas. 5. There were large variation among the weight of adult female Rhesus monkey.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.457-461
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• 1975

The author observed the relationships beween the dental midline and the midsagittal plane by taking 242 cases P-A cephalo-graphy grouped by male and female 2-6 years age group, 7-15 years age group, and adult age group. The following results were obtained by the observation. 1. Generally, the median line almost coincided with dental midline ineach age group. 1. It showed som degree of deviation in each age group. 2. It showed some degree of deviation in each age group. 3. The some degree of deviation shifted in accordance with each age group. 4. In adult age group, the dental milline more coincided with median line in male than in female.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.35-40
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• 1969

The author measured vertical dimension of 675(326 of male and 349 of female) in normal Korean adult from 20 to 50 years of age between upper and lower muco-buccal fold on upper and lower central incisal portion at centric occlusion state. The following results were obtained.; 1) The distances from upper muco-buccal fold on upper anterior central incisal portion to lower muco-buccal fold on lower anterior central incisal portion at centric occlusion state were 37.57mm in male, 36.80mm in female and 37.19mm in average. The distances in male were longer than those of female. 2) According to increase age(from 20 to 50 years of age), the tendencies of vertical dimensional changes were increased slightly in 30~40 years group and decreased after 40 year in both sex. 3) The distances from upper muco-buccal fold on upper anterior central portion to upper central incisal edge were 20.77mm and from lower muco-buccal fold on lower anterior central incisal portion to lower central incisal edge were 18.88mm. The ratio between maxillary distances and mandibular distances was 1.4:0.9.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.69-72
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• 2003

Development and life history of the Korean native firefly, Pyrocoelia rufa, were investigated throughout the indoor rearing. Average size of egg with an oval shape was 1.7 m and the hatchability of egg of P. rufa was approximately 88.5%. The larvae were pupated at the ${5^th}$ instar and the body length of the matured larvae was 27.1 mm. The total periods of larval stage to the end of the 5$^{th}$ instar were approximately 104.7 days. Average pupal period was 10.3 days and average number of eggs oviposited by a female was 87.3 eggs. The body size of female in the pupa and adult was larger than that of male. The wings of female adult were deteriorated.

• Journal of Integrative Natural Science
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.181-185
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• 2010

This study was conducted to find associations of obesity, exercise pattern and nutrient intakes in Korean American immigrants residing in North Western parts of USA. The structured survey forms and food frequency questionnaire that covered 67 food items were used. There was a significant difference in height for subjects by gender and age. However, the weight of females became heavier with increasing age in contrast to males. There was a great difference in BMI between the male and female group in the youngest adult group compared to the aging adults. Significant age difference in exercise pattern was shown. Dietary fiber and sodium intakes were higher in the elderly than young ones in female group. In the same young adult group Zn intakes was the highest in the male group and the lowest in the female group. Folate intakes were higher in females than in males. Strong positive correlations among height, weight and BMI were shown. Zn intake was significantly correlated with weight, height, and exercise pattern in the study. Furthermore, Zn was correlated with sodium, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin E and cholesterol.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.5-13
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• 1962

The blood samples of 280 suckling pigs and of 300 adult pigs were studied in a hope to establish normal hemograms of swine as reared in Korean local conditions. The examination included total counts of erythrocytes, leukocytes differential count, hemoglobinometry, and reticulocyte count. The results of this study are summarized as following. 1. Higher erythrocyte count was observed in adult pigs as compared with the values reported by other workers. The normal erythrocyte value for malewas $8.4{\pm}0.9$ millions with approximately 0.6 million less for female. 2. Relatively higher hemoglobin concentration was measured in the piglets at birth, which slightly decreased in piglets of 2nd and 3rd weeks. The Hb concentration was highest in piglets of 5th week amounting to 15.8gm/100ml of blood, and it gradually decreased to the adult-level thereafter. 3. The average diameter of erythrocyte was $6.6{\pm}0.72{\mu}$ in suckling pigs and $6.3{\pm}0.11{\mu}$ in adult pigs. This shows that erythrocytes of piglets are larger than those of adult pigs and the mean diameter is also arger than reported by other investigators. 4. The lower mean percentages of eosinopils, basophils, monocytes were found both in the blood of suckling and adult pigs. 5. The other blood values were in general agreements with the values reported by other workers.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.333-342
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to establish a set of standard values for the form of the nose and its relationship to other craniofacial structures in young korean adults in angle's class I occlusion. The subjects were 40 (20 male, 20 female) Korean dental students in angle's class I occlusion. Lateral cephalometric radiographs were used to determine the form of the nose and its positon relative to other craniofacial structures. The results were obtained as followed. 1. There was a significance between the registered male and female measurements in nasal height(P<0.05). (Male: 58.23mm Female : 54.62mm) 2. There was a significance between the registered male and female measurements in nasal length(P<0.05). (Male : 54.18mm Female : 49.38mm) 3. The vertical distances from the tip of the nose in Korean adults were significantly greater in the male(P<0.05) and were smaller in both sex in comparison with caucasian.