• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.71-76
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• 2004

Gene delivery is one of the keen interests in animal industry as well as research on gene functions. Some of the in vivo gene delivery techniques have been successively used in various tissues for the gene therapy and transgenesis. Despite intensive efforts, it still remains to overcome problems of limited local and regional administration and low transgene expression. To improve the efficiency of gene delivery, a new procedure was tested. We injected exogenous DNA containing LacZ into the female or male gonads and then pulsed electric field. Electroporated gonads showed positive X-gal staining in many seminiferous tubules of the porcine fetal gonads. Exogenously introduced LacZ genes were also expressed in female porcine gonad. In addition, we demonstrated efficient gene delivery in gonad of adult mouse. Furthermore, we succeed to generate genetically modified germline cells showing GFP and positive X-gal signals. The results suggest that the newly developed gene delivery is an effective way of in vivo transfection in mammals. The developed gene delivery procedure should be useful in producing transgenic animals when combined with primary cell culture and nuclear transplantation.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.80-86
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• 2012

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the current data regarding age, sex, and Angle Classification of Korean orthodontic patients and influence of these factors on the tendency to undergo extraction and orthognathic surgery. Methods: The recent trends of Korean orthodontic patients were assessed using questionnaire survey. The questionnaires were e-mailed to orthodontists who met the study criteria; 58% of the orthodontists opened the e-mails, and 27.7% replied to the e-mails. In all, the medical records of 11,340 patients who underwent orthodontic treatment at private clinics and small dental hospitals in Korea were analyzed. Results: The percentage of female patients in the study sample was 69.6%, and the average age of the patients was 19.87 years. The percentage of patients who were older than 19 years was 50.2%. Class II and Class III malocclusions were noted in 33.6% and 23.6% of patients, respectively. Extraction and orthognathic surgery were performed in 60.4% and 6.9% of patients, respectively. Conclusions: The results showed that there were a high percentage of adult, Class II malocclusion and extraction patients in private practices and small dental hospitals during the study period. Further, a relatively high proportion of adult patients opted to undergo orthognathic surgery.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.109-119
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• 2014

This article represents a first step in a large study aimed at elucidating the relationship between production and perception involved in sound change of /o/ in (Seoul) Korean. In this paper we present the results of a production study and a perception experiment. For the production study we examined vowel production data of 20 young adult speakers, measuring the first and second formants, then conducted a discriminant analysis based on those values. In terms of their F1-F2 values, the distribution of /o/ and /u/ were close, and even overlapping in some circumstances, which is consistent with the literature. This tendency was more apparent among the female speakers than the males. Moreover, with the females' distributions, /o/ was frequently categorized as /u/, suggesting that the direction of the sound change is indeed increasing from /o/ to /u/. Next, to investigate the effects of this proximity on perception, we used the production data of five randomly selected speakers from the production study as stimuli for a perception experiment in which 21 young adult native speakers of (Seoul) Korean performed a vowel identification task and provided a Goodness rating on a 5-point scale. We found that while rates of correctness were high, when these correctness scores were weighted by the Goodness rating, these "weighted correctness" scores were lower in some cases, indicating a degree of confusion in distinguishing between the two vowels.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.391-407
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• 1990

This study was performed to establish the cephalometric standards and to observe the nature of anatomic fit in the internal structural relationship of the craniofaciodental complex of the normal Korean by means of Moyers' method. Lateral cephalograms of 143 males and 144 females with normal occlusion and acceptable profile from 6 to 25 years of age, which were consisted of 5 groups that were 6 year-, 9 year-, 12 year-, 15 year- and adult-group were obtained. Data were gathered by traced digitizing the cephalograms and were statistically analyzed. The findings can be summerized as follows. 1. Norms of Korean males, females and both sexes in each group were established. 2. There was little significant sexual dimorphism in the form of craniofacial skeleton of all age groups. 3. The height and length of craniofacial skeleton was alike in each sexes in the 6 year-, 9 year- and 12 year-group, whereas it was larger in male than in female in the 15 year- and adult-group. 4. There were no significant sexual differences in the internal structural relationship of the craniofacial skeleton in all age groups.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.24 no.3 s.46
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• pp.521-534
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to compare the differences in measurements between cephalometric radiographs and digigraphs of Dolphin Imaging System. 26 Korean adult male and 24 adult female with normal occlusion were selected. For each subject lateral cephalogram was taken. Digitizing with Digigraph Work Station of Dolphin in System. was performed as well. 50 tracings and 50 digigraphs were analyzed with Yonsei, Ricketts, Burstone analyses. The comparable measurements between tracing group and digigraph group were statistically analyzed. The results were as follows: 1. 13 of 64 comparable measurements did not show any statistically significant difference (P>0.05) between tracing group and digigraph group. 2. Three of the measurements with FH plane as a reference plane did not show any statistically insignificant difference. All measurement with SN plane as a reference plane showed statistically significant difference(p<0.05). 3. The measurements which showhed no statistically significant difference were mostly short distance linear measurements while most of the angular measurements showed statistically significant difference(p<0.05).

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.11-14
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• 1997

Hallux valgus is a complex deformity which contains static subluxation of the first metatarsophalangeal joint with lateral deviation of the great toe and medial deviation of the first metatarsal bone. Among the several parameters, radiographic indices are the important ones in the choice of the treatment method. Even though, the normal values of the western peoples are already estabilished, there was no standard values for Korean who has different genetics, and cultural background, till now. So, we tried to estimate the noraml values of the HVA (hallux valgus angle ), IMA ( Intermetatarsal angle) and DMAA (Distal Metatarsal Articular surface Angle) in a normal adult. Fifty normal adult (each 25 male and female) were chosen and took 100 cases of foot radiograph and radiologic indices of the hallux valgus were measured. Average age at the investigation was 34.5 years old. The average HVA is $13.3^{\circ}$, IMA is $8.5^{\circ}$ and DMAA is $34.6^{\circ}$.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.136-148
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• 2016

Purpose: Patterns of traditional medicine (TM) utilization vary depending on culture, historical significance, and regulations. We seek to understand how socio-demographic factors are related to TM use in Korea. Methods: The longitudinal cohort survey data of the Korea Health Panel (2008-2012) were used for the analysis. Information on TM included questions on 4 types of TM therapies used in South Korea (e.g., acupuncture, moxibustion and cupping, herbal therapies, and massage using hand). To adjust clustering across multiple observations per individual, individual random effects were used in the multivariate analysis. All analyses were performed using Stata 11.0. Results: A majority of Koreans (60%) used WM only during a year, and few people used TM only. Among TM users, most (93%) used it along with WM and 8% used TM only. Our regression analysis showed that female, age 34-64, low-educated, and sicker people were more likely to use TM. Conclusion: This study provides evidence on the relationship between TM utilization and socio-demographic factors.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.175-184
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• 2000

This study which applies to the 403 healthy people who don't have particular diseases recently(193 urban aged. 210 rural aged) among male and female aged over 60 years old living in Daegu(city) and Gyungbook(agricultural village) is fulfilled from November 1st to December 31st by interview using the questioned paper which researcher developed, and reached to these tallowing conclusions. 1. Every aged men independent of the place residence answered positively yes but aged women had weak assurance of their health. Especially $38.6\%$ of rural aged women said yes and $51.4\%$ of rural aged women said no. 2. In the sleep and well-regulated life, urban and rural aged generally marked on the sound sleep. Compared with male and female, men answered they had better sleep and regulated life than women. 3. The percentage of the urban and rural aged's judgement on their activity was high and the percentage of the rural aged was lower than the percentage of the urban aged. 4. While $62.6\%$ of urban aged answered they were active. $38.6\%$ of rural female aged answered yes, This shows that the rural female aged regard their health is not good. 5. Compared with same generation. urban aged ranked lower than urban aged in the confidence of physical strength. Especially rural need women answered $42.1\%$ of them were weaker than the same generation. This shows that rural aged women don't have confidence in general physical activities. 6. Taking exercises three times a week which can influence on health cue to sixties and seventies aged ranked $26.1\%$, rarely do is $18.8\%$ and never do is$28.8\%$. Urban and rural aged do not exercise on the purpose of health. 7. The reason of exercise was to advance the physical strength and quality of motion$(34.9\%)$ to get rid of stress$(13.4\%)$ and to prevention of adult illness$(27.8\%)$, prevention of fatness$(15.3\%)$. Aged have a correct understanding that exercise can promote health and protect from the diseases of adult people because the items about the diseases of adult people was marked high. 8. Among the subject of total investigation, 209 persons answered. It showed necessary to recognize that the exercise is still important essential part between adult illness and health care. 9. The $67.7\%$ of urban aged men answered yes in the question of undergoing a physical examination but the rate of not undergoing a physical examination was high in rural aged and urban aged women. According to this, there were the difference of consciousness about health between urban and rural aged. and men and women. 10. Among the people who haying undergone the physical examination, $80.3\%$ of the aged went back to the hospital again because of the result. 11. In the case of stroke, most aged answered the would be placed under medical care. but $53.9\%$ of rural aged women answered they would rely on Chinese medicine. According to this. aged preferred Chinese medicine in some particular diseases. 2. The $58.1\%$ of whole object of this study answered that stroke would be recovered.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.83-92
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• 1994

Paroxetine is a potent and selective serotoin re-uptake inhibitor. It is well known as an effective and safe antidepressant and increasingly used for neurotic or non-psychotic depression with anxiety symptoms. The present study assessed antidepressant and antianxiety efficacy and tolerability of paroxetine against placebo in child-adolescent and adult depressive neurosis patients. 232 subjects aged 8-55 years and meeting DSM-III-R criteria for depressive neurosis or dysthymia were divided into 8 subgroups according to their sex and age(8-11 yeard old, 12-17 years old, 18-35 years old and 36-55 years old subgroup in each male and female group). In each subgroup, the randomly assigned half of the patients were treated with paroxetine(10-30mg/day) and the others with placebo for the first 2 weeks in double blind fashion. After 1 week of drug-washout period, paroxetine and placebo groups were crossed over. The depression and anxiety symptoms were assessed with Hamilton Depression Scale(HDS) and Hamilton Anxiety Scale(HAS) at baseline and every 1 week during the trial periods. The levels of reduction in HDS and HAS scores from baseline after 2-week trial were compared between paroxetine- and placebo- treated periods by paired t-test. In all the 8 subgroups, statistically significant differences between paroxetine and placebo were found on the antidepressant efficacy after 2-week treatment. The antidepressant efficacy of paroxetine compared to placebo was most prominent in child and adolescent female groups. On anxiety symptoms, paroxetine was also significantly more effective than placebo. The antianxiety efficacy of paroxetine compared to placebo was most prominent in male and female child groups and young adult female group aged 18-35 years. As for the adverse effects of paroxetine, 3 out of 232 subjects reported mild indigestion and abdominal pain. however, in all the 3 cases, the symptoms improved without reduction of dosage or discontinuation of the drug. In conclusion, paroxetine showed significantly higher antidepressant and antianxiety efficacy compared to placebo in child-adolescent and adult depressive neurosis patients after 2-week treatment. Further trials of paroxetine in depressive neurosis are warranted to elucidate the long-term antidepressant and antianxiety efficacy of paroxetine.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.356-364
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of auricular acupressure on menstrual pain, dysmenorrhea and academic stress among college students. Methods: A non-equivalent pretest-posttest design was used. Participants were 57 female students recruited from one college. The treatment group (n=30) received an auricular acupressure on a valid zone and the control group (n=27) received an auricular acupressure on an invalid zone (placebo). The independent t-test and ${\chi}^2$-test were used to examine group differences by using SPSS/Win18.0. Results: Subjects in the treatment group reported much less menstrual pain of premenstrual day (p=.001), 1st day (p<.001), 2nd day (p=.003), and dysmenorrhea (p=.003). Of significance, participants in the treatment group reported much less academic stress (p=.049) following auricular acupressure. Conclusion: The findings support that auricular acupressure is effective in controlling menstrual pain and academic stress related to menstruation. As the method is simple it would be useful for women students to be taught and encouraged to utilize this method to mitigate the symptoms related to menstruation through self care.