• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.10 no.8
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• pp.851-860
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• 2015

Transport Social Overhead Capital refers to public utilities necessary for a nation's basic economic activities, and is divided into roads, railway, subway, ports and so on. It is important to be able to provide these SOC in the right place at the right time to enhance productivity and competitiveness of a nation. In this study, correlation and factor analysis on countries' socioeconomic and transport indicators were performed in order to understand the need for expansion of SOCs including railway, and to identify the impact they have on national competitiveness(productivity). As a result, GDP showed high correlativity(0.59~0.99) with factors such as population, land area, extension of available railroad, and road extension. Specifically, through the analysis of Russia's urban transport system and comparison between socioeconomic indices and SOCs of OECD countries, it was examined that how increasing transport infrastructure investments could enhance national competitiveness. In conclusion, opening new Light Rail greatly affects the growth of GDP followed by the increasing extension of available railroad. Furthermore, if available railroad extension is increased by 10 % from 2014, assuming high speed tram is opened, GDP will likely increase by 21.6%.

• Strategy21
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• s.38
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• pp.250-286
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• 2015

The main purpose of this article is to provide an understanding on current maritime issues in the Northeast Asia, and thereby help formulating the right strategy for our national security. The article summarizes core arguments in the recently published 『The 21^st Century Maritime Strategies in the Northeast Asia: Dilemma between Competition and Cooperation』. It will help readers to comprehend historical backgrounds as well as recent updates related to maritime issues and strategies in the region. Also, readers may find guidance to conceive their own maritime strategies for the Republic of Korea. Currently, the U.S. is shifting its focus from Atlantic to Pacific, and increasing its naval presence in Asia-Pacific region. Meanwhile, the 21^st century China views the maritime interests as the top priority in its national security and prosperity. PLA Navy's offensive maritime strategies and naval building such as aircraft carriers and nuclear submarines are unprecedented. Japan is another naval power in the region. During the Cold War JMSDF faithfully fulfilled the mission of deterring Soviet navy, and now it is doing its job against China. Lastly, Putin has been emphasizing to build the strong Russia since 2000, and putting further efforts to reinforce current naval capabilities of Pacific Fleet. The keyword in the naval and maritime relations among these powers can be summarized with "competition and cooperation." The recent security developments in the South China Sea(SCS) clearly represent each state's strategic motivations and movements. China shows clear and strong intention to nationalize the islands in SCS by building artificial facilities - possibly military purpose. Obviously, the U.S. strongly opposes China by insisting the freedom of navigation(FON) in international waters as recent USS-Lassen's FON operation indicate. The conflict between China and the U.S. surrounding the SCS seems to be heading towards climax as Russia and Japan are searching for their own national interests within the conflict. Also, the neighboring small and middle powers are calculating their own economic and security interests. This is no exception for us in establishing timely strategies to maximize our own national security. Hopefully, this article leads the readers to the right direction.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.43 no.1 s.203
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• pp.145-165
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• 2005

In 1937, most Korean compatriot who lived in Yunhaeju moved to Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan in Central Asia following the deportation policy of Russia. Korean compatriot have kept their traditional life style for 140 years, without a deep relationship with Korea. This study examined the heating systems of Korean compatriot in Yunhaeju, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, Russia. A literature review and field research, based on Ethnography as a research method, was employed. The results of the research were as following: 1) Korean compatriot in Yunhaeju use a Pechika, which is a radiator that uses hot water, and a Gudul as the main heating systems, but the use of a Pechika was most common. A Pechika functions for cooking as well as for warming the house. The room with the Gudul was connected to the kitchen, so this space was used as a place for cooking and eating, for family members to meet. Many kinds of fuel, like gas and electricity, were used to power the heating systems. 2) Korean compatriot in Kazakhstan use radiators, with hot water as the main heating system, with ratio using Gudul used in this region being the highest of all the three areas. The most common fuels used for a Gudul were wood and coal, and gas was also used in cooking. The room with the Gudul was planned to be located beside the fireplace, without any walls. The people using a Gudul use that place for eating and meeting, as well as for family members to sleep. 3) The main heating system of Korean compatriot in Uzbekistan was a radiator using hot water, and those with pipes containing hot water buried under the floor were very common. The function is very similar to that of a Gudul, so most people using this type of radiator would sleep on the floor. Those people with a traditional Gudul not using them were mostly in Uzbekistan. The reason for this was that the family members had diminished, so it was hard work for elderly parents to manage an extra building containing a Gudul. Gas was the fuel generally used for heating and cooking in Uzbekistan. 4) Guduls were used in the Korean compatriot's houses in all three areas, even though they have changed in structure to adapt to the Russian life style. However, Guduls have still been functioning to maintain a traditional life style in Korean compatriot's houses for the gathering of family members.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.787-813
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• 2009

Because of global warming, the thawing of the Arctic ice cap is slowly accelerating. That is the hot issue nowadays. According to the each country's climate change policy, it is boom in the world to lessen the consuming of the fossil fuel those are oil, coal and natural gas. But on the contrary the thawing of the Arctic ice cap is the chance to make the natural gas producing unit cost lower. The purpose of this paper is to search the Arctic policy of each country under the contradictory relationship between promoting the climate change policy and exploiting the natural gas on the Arctic. Specially, there are huge natural gas reserves in Russia on the Arctic region, Russia's exploiting the natural gas on the Arctic will affect on the natural gas supply-demand balance of world natural gas market strongly in the future. Therefore it needs to prepare the future energy alternative policy for Korea's energy security. Russia has Yamal Peninsular where is abundant on natural gas reserver, and she can supply natural gas by LNG ship all over the world via the Arctic route. This means that the structure of world natural gas market be changed gradually. It will be possible in 2030~2040. And such a change is very important because new natural gas trading type can do it through not only overcoming the geological restriction but also shifting the main trading type from PNG(Pipeline Natural Gas) to LNG(Liquified Natural Gas). Therefore it is necessary that we should let this be a good lesson to ourselves through the government action of other countries (China, Japan) those also have no sovereignty over the Arctic as Korea.

• Journal of Industrial Convergence
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• v.20 no.10
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• pp.87-94
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• 2022

This paper seeks to raise inflection points of battery manufacturing bases in Korea in the V4 region through the reorganization of new industrial technologies in accordance with ESG. As a result, the global supply chain market is cut off. The Russian-Ukraine war and the U.S.-China hegemony are competing in the economic crisis caused by COVID-19. It is showing diversification of new suppliers in an environment where mineral, grain procurement, gas, and even wheat imports from China and Russia are not possible. As a protective glocal, this area is used as a buffer zone(Pro-Russia, Hungary). to an isolated zone(anti-Russia, Poland) by war. In this paper, economic growth is expected to slow further due to the EU tapering period and high inflation in world countries. Due to these changes, the conversion of new tech industry and the contraction of Germany's structure due to energy supply may lose the driving force for economic growth over the past 20 years. This is caused by market disconnection(chasm) in the nominal indicators in this area. On the other hand, Korea should actively develop into the V4 area as an energy generation export (nuclear and electric hydrogen generation) area as a bypass development supply area due to the imbalance in the supply chain of rare earth materials that combines AI. By linking this industry, the energy platform can be scaled up and reliable supply technology (next generation BT, recycling technology) in diversification can be formed in countries around the world. This paper proves that in order to overcome the market chasm caused by the industries connection, new energy development and platform size can be achieved and reliable supply technology (next-generation battery and recycling technology, Low-cost LFP) can be diversified in each country.

• Journal of Science Education
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.121-149
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• 2022

Descriptive assessment is a meaningful assessment method in relation to problem solving ability, reasoning ability, and communication ability as emphasized in mathematics curriculum. In Korea, as performance assessment has been emphasized since the 7th mathematics curriculum, descriptive assessment is being conducted as a method of performance assessment in schools. However, descriptive assessment has not been introduced in the university scholastic ability test for various reasons. Considering that descriptive assessment is emphasized in the mathematics classroom and has sufficient educational value, a serious discussion on the implementation of descriptive assessment in the university scholastic ability test will be necessary. In this study, we analyzed the descriptive assessment of Russia's unified state examination (USE) in the mathematics, which corresponds to Korea's university scholastic ability test. Through a literature review, we investigated how mathematics examination problems were structured in the USE and which mathematical abilities were required for the examination. In particular, the outer structure of the problems was analyzed focusing on the mathematics problems of the USE 2021, and the scoring method of the descriptive problems was also analyzed. The results of this study are expected to provide a variety of information on the possibility of introducing descriptive assessment in the Korean university scholastic ability tests.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.345-351
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• 2012

The major trade area of the South Korea is divided into Asia, America and Europe. Generally, marine transportation is the main method of mass cargo transportation, but unlike others, rail transportation is available in the Europe area. Also, as a result of China's growth, South Korea's position as northeast Asia logistics hub has weakened. That is the reason why we need to pay attention to rail transportation, an alternative competitive structure. In accordance with this background, this study focuses on analyzing economic feasibility comparing transportation routes to Europe using Trans-Korea Railway and Trans-Siberia Railway. Factors of analysis are transportation distance, period, cost and additional cost As the result, considering economic feasibility, TKR-TSR route(Route1) is the best transportation approach for six routes. Therefore, using TKR-TSR railway will be the best way to increase nation's competitiveness, in response to Russia government's far-east development strategy.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.303-309
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• 1999

Inter- and intraspecific genetic relationships between Rana amurensis from Korea and Russia and other brown frogs were investigated by nucleotide sequence of a 504 base pair (bp) fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Nucleotide sequence similarities among Korean populations of R. amurensis ranged from 99.6% to 97.6% and 98.8% within Russian populations. The nucleotide sequence similarity between Korean and Russian R. amurensis ranged from 86.9% to 85.5%. Based on Kimura-2-parameter distance, the sequence divergence between R. amurensis from Korea and Russia was 16.18% and 18.04% among other related brown frogs. interspecific sequence divergences among R. amurensis and other related brown frogs diverged by 20.3%. Using an estimate of 2-4% mitochondrial DNA sequence divergence per million years, Korean and Russian R. amurensis diverged about 8 to 4 million years ago (Mya) and other brown frogs diverged about 9 to 5 Mya from ancestral frogs and distributed from North Asia to Sakhalin in a short time. In the neighbor-joining and UPGMA tree R. amurensis was clustered into two groups with Korean and Russian populations and the other brown frogs were grouped separately with diverged trichotomous clusters (R. dybowskii and R. pirica, R. okinavana and R. tsushimensis, and R. japonica and R. longicrus).

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.58 no.6
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• pp.513-517
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• 2015

Objective : Microscopic indocyanine green (ICG) angiography is useful for identifying the completeness of aneurysm clipping and the preservation of parent arteries and small perforators. Neuroendoscopy is helpful for visualizing structures beyond the straight line of the microscopic view. We evaluated our prototype of endoscopic ICG fluorescence angiography in swine, which we developed in order to combine the merits of microscopic ICG angiography and endoscopy. Methods : Our endoscopic ICG system consists of a camera, a light source, a display and software. This system can simultaneously display real-time visible and near infrared fluorescence imaging on the same monitor. A commercially available endoscope was used, which was 4 mm in diameter and had an angle of $30^{\circ}$. A male crossbred swine was used. Results : Under general anesthesia, a small craniotomy was performed and the brain surface of the swine was exposed. ICG was injected via the ear vein with a bolus dose of 0.3 mg/kg. Visible and ICG fluorescence images of cortical vessels were simultaneously observed on the display monitor at high resolution. The real-time merging of the visible and fluorescent images corresponded well. Conclusion : Simultaneous visible color and ICG fluorescent imaging of the cortical vessels in the swine brain was satisfactory. Technical improvement and clinical implication are expected.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.50 no.9
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• pp.647-655
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• 2022

The Russian government is expanding strategic cooperation with foreign countries, including production partnerships, in order to secure civil aircraft manufacturing technology and advanced materials, with the aim of becoming the world's third-largest civil aircraft producer. In addition, the Russian government supports the development of the aircraft manufacturing industry and reorganizes the aircraft certification organization to pursue systematic aviation safety and make great efforts in international cooperation and certification activities for the export of aviation products. Establishing a cooperative system for safety and certification of civil aircraft between countries requires a process of mutual understanding and trust in the overall certification system. Therefore in this study, we wanted to analyze Russia's aircraft certification organization, law system, certification procedures to help Russia understand its aircraft certification system.