• Archives of design research
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.163-172
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• 2003

Nowadays calligraphy technique is widely utilized in diverse areas throughout the world. It is adopted in the visual environment of modern people comprehending from graphic design areas such as advertisement, package, symbol marks, logotypes, and movie posters to modern abstract paintings. It is because its dynamic and suggestive power of expression as symbolic and kinetic representation has been appreciated anew. In response to modern people's aversion from the mechanical and artificial digital environment as well as from the uniform, official, and modernistic trend, calligraphy technique is attracting people's attention as a new expressive style with oriental mysticism and emotional intimacy. Therefore, this study aims at illuminating the history of calligraphy, understanding its characteristics, searching for the expanded value of modern paintings and graphic designs, and ultimately contributing to the propagation of visual languages and expressive styles. In addition, this study attempted to establish the concept of Calli-Illust, which combines oriental painting techniques and materials and calligraphy techniques, and to explore for its potential uses in order to expand the area of illustration. According to the results of this study, calligraphy technique is a painting style of abstract expressionism, contributing to the expansion of the territory of a new formative area. Furthermore, this study proved that it is necessary to develop new expressive styles to overcome the limitation of design styles based on western rational, logical, and geometric functionalism, which have been received uncritically in the design environment of diversity. What is more, the concept and definition of calli-illust, which has been understood as a part of the concept of calligraphy so far, were clarified Research on calli-illust is just in its beginning stage. The present researcher expects that deeper and more extensive studies will be carried out in the future, so that calli-illust can be applied to communication design in various ways.

• BMB Reports
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.326-331
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• 2000

Acidic chitinases from the gizzards of a broiler were purified to homogeneity, using precipitation with $(NH_{4})_{2}SO_{4}$, ion exchanger chromatography, gel filtration, chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography. The enzymes, GAC1 and GAC2, were purified 180- and 194- folds with a recovery of 4.9% and 2.7%, respectively. The molecular mass of GAC1 and GAC2 were 48.2 kDa and 57.8 kDa, respectively. Chromatofocusing resulted in a pI of 3.1 for both enzymes. The purified enzymes were endochitinases that were devoid of ${\beta}-N-acetylglucosaminidase$ and lysozyme activity. Kinetic studies using $[^3H]chitin$ indicate that GAC1 has a $K_m$ and $V_{max}$ of 1.97 mg/ml and 185 mg/mg protein/h, respectively. The GAC2 has a $K_m$ and $V_{max}$ of 0.42 mg/ml and 92.3 mg/mg protein/h, respectively at optimal pH and temperature (pH 5.0 and $60^{\circ}C$). When the pentamer and hexamer of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) were used as a substrate, the major product by GAC1 was the dimer of GlcNAc with a differential accumulation of the monomer and trimer, depending upon the substrate. However, the GAC2 produced the dimer and trimer in an equal quantity, regardless of the substrate used. The first 9 $NH_2-terminal$ amino acid residues of the purified gizzard chitinase GAC1 and GAC2 shared a 100% homology. The first 25 $NH_2-terminal$ amino acid residues of GAC1 also shared 55-60% homology with animal chitinases and some animal proteins, such as whey protein and oviduct-specific proteins. However, little homology was found with either microbial and plant chitinases, or egg white lysozyme.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.31 no.8
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• pp.663-672
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• 2009

In this studies, the adsorption test using Chlorella pyrenoidosa was conducted to examine the effect of Pb adsorption according to various immobilized methods such as Ca-alginate, K-carrageenan, and Polyacrylamide. From the results, the duration to need to reach adsorption equilibrium was delayed according to the immobilization. And, the higher adsorption capacity of immobilized Chlorella pyrenoidosa was represented in the higher concentration of Pb, the smaller amount of immobilizing agent, and the higher pH of solution. The maximum adsorption capacity of Pb was shown in the adsorption test using Chlorella pyrenoidosa immobilized with Ca-alginate even though it was sensitive pH. The adsorption results properly represented with Freundlich isotherm equations. And, pseudo second-order chemisorption kinetic rate equation was applicable to all the biosorption data over the entire time range. The FT-IR analysis showed that the mechanism involved in biosorption of Pb by Chlorella pyrenoidosa was mainly attributed to Pb binding of carbo-acid and amide group. Adsorbed Pb on immobilized Chlorella prenoidosa was easily desorbed in the higher concentration of desorbents(NTA, HCl, EDTA, $H_2SO_4,\;Na_2CO_3$). Among the several desorbents, NTA showed the maximum desoption capacities of Pb from Chlorella pyrenoidosa immobilized with Ca-alginate and K-carrageenan and EDTA was the most effective in Chlorella pyrenoidosa immobilized with polyacrylamide. The desoprtion efficiency in the optimum condition was 90.0, 83.0, and 80.0%, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.155-160
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• 1979

Mechanical agitation in fermentation process enhances the fermentation activity of microbes by means of oxygen supply and frequent collision with substrate. However, the fermentation activity of microaerophilic bacteria is inhibited by the excess oxygen resulted from the mechanical agitation. On this account, a a strain of Lactobacillus bulgarius was cultured to know the inhibition effect of the mechanical agitation and determine the optimum conditions for tile process of lactic acid fermentation. The growth rate of L. bulgaricus and the consumption rate of tile substrate revealed an identical pattern in changes. The two rates were constant in the range of the modified Reynolds number of $1\times10^5\;to\;5\times10^5$ while they showed linear increase in the range of the modified Reynolds number of $1\times10^5\;to\;10\times10^5$. Under the conditions of the modified Reynolds number more than $10\times10^5$, the both rates decreased. At the modified Reynolds number of $10\times10^5$, the maximum specific growth rate and the saturation constant of L. bulgaricus were 0.58/hr and 6.74g/l, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.161-166
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• 1979

To know the influence of temperature on the fermentation process, a strain of Lactobacillus bulgarius was experimentally cultured three different temperature conditions of $39^{\circ}C,\;42^{\circ}C\;and\;45^{\circ}C$, pH 5.8 and mechanical agitation of 500rpm. During 20 hour's fermentation, the microbial growth attained the maximum concentration under the conditions mentioned above. However, the culturing conditions resulted different outcomes in terms of maximum concentration of the microbes and the residual concentration of substrate. Among the three temperature conditions, the fermentation at $45^{\circ}C$ was most effective and the maximum specific growth temperature conditions, the fermentation at $45^{\circ}C$ was most effective and the maximum specific growth rate was 0.58/hr. Activation energy deduced from the Arrhenius equation was 9,220cal/mole and entropy was $-33.74\;cal/^{\circ}K$ mole. Activation enthalpy was 9,845 cal/mole and free energy was 19,800 cal/mole.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.12
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• pp.5043-5047
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• 2014

Nowadays increasing effectiveness in cancer therapy and investigation of formation of new strategies that enhance antiproliferative activity against target organs has become a subject of interest. Although the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis can not be fully explained, it is known that cell suicide program existing in their memory genetically is activated by pathophysiological conditions and events such as oxidative stress. Low pressure (hypobaric) conditions that create hypoxia promote apoptosis by inhibiting cell cycling. In this study, determination of the effects of fractional hypobaric applications at different times on HeLa cells at cellular and molecular levels were targeted. Experiments were carried out under hypobaric conditions (35.2 kPa) in a specially designed hypobaric cabin including 2% $O_2$ and 98% N. Application of fractional hypobaric conditions was repeated two times for 3 hours with an interval of 24 hours. At the end of the implementation period cells were allowed to incubate for 24 hours for activation of repair mechanisms. Cell kinetic parameters such as growth rate (MTT) and apoptotic index were used in determination of the effect of hypobaric conditions on HeLa cells. Also in our study expression levels of the Bcl-2 gene family that have regulatory roles in apoptosis were determined by the RT-PCR technique to evaluate molecular mechanisms. The results showed that antiproliferative effect of hypobaric conditions on HeLa cells started three hours from the time of application and increased depending on the period of exposure. While there was a significant decrease in growth rate values, there was a significant increase in apoptotic index values (p<0.01). Also molecular studies showed that hypobaric conditions caused a significant increase in expression level of proapoptotic gene Bax and significant decrease in antiapoptotic Bfl-1. Consequently fractional application of hypobaric conditions on HeLa cell cultures increased both antiproliferative and apoptotic effects and these effects were triggered by the Bax gene.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.301-306
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• 1992

In order to determine the optimal conditions for the process of acetic acid fermentation, the kinetics of Acetobacter aceti fermentation in submerged batch cultures were studied at different agitation speeds and air flow rates. The maximum cell concentration was noted after about 48 hr fermentation and the time course of Acetobactey aceti fermentation showed a distinct feature of growth-associated product formation. At agitation speeds 700, 500, and 300 rpm fixed on air flow rate 1 v/v/M, specific grow rates were $3.97\times10^{-2},\;3.82\times10^{-2},\;and\;2.04\times10^{-2\} \;hr^{-1}$, saturation constants were 61.4, 64.6, and 69.4mg/ml. and volumetric oxygen transfer coefficients were 0.9337, 0.4468, and 0.1701 $min^{-1},$ respectively. At air flow rates 1.25, 1.00, and 0.75 v/v/M fixed on agitation speed 500 rpm, specific growth rates were $3.90\times10^{-2},\;3.82\times10^{-2},\;and\;2.37\times10^{-2}\;hr^{-1}$, saturation constants were 63.4, 64.6, and 64.9 mg/ml, and volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient were 0.4923, 0.4468, and 0.3509 $min^{-1},$ respectively.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.24 no.10
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• pp.1413-1420
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• 2014

Phytate is an antinutritional factor that impacts the bioavailability of essential minerals such as $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Mn^{2+}$, $Zn^{2+}$, and $Fe^{2+}$ by forming insoluble mineral-phytate salts. These insoluble mineral-phytate salts are hydrolyzed rarely by monogastric animals, because they lack the hydrolyzing phytases and thus excrete the majority of them. The ${\beta}$-propeller phytases (BPPs) hydrolyze these insoluble mineral-phytate salts efficiently. In this study, we cloned a novel BPP gene from a marine Pseudomonas sp. This Pseudomonas BPP gene (PsBPP) had low sequence identity with other known phytases and contained an extra internal repeat domain (residues 24-279) and a typical BPP domain (residues 280-634) at the C-terminus. Structure-based sequence alignment suggested that the N-terminal repeat domain did not possess the active-site residues, whereas the C-terminal BPP domain contained multiple calcium-binding sites, which provide a favorable electrostatic environment for substrate binding and catalytic activity. Thus, we overexpressed the BPP domain from Pseudomonas sp. to potentially hydrolyze insoluble mineral-phytate salts. Purified recombinant PsBPP required $Ca^{2+}$ or $Fe^{2+}$ for phytase activity, indicating that PsBPP hydrolyzes insoluble $Fe^{2+}$-phytate or $Ca^{2+}$-phytate salts. The optimal temperature and pH for the hydrolysis of $Ca^{2+}$-phytate by PsBPP were $50^{\circ}C$ and 6.0, respectively. Biochemical and kinetic studies clearly showed that PsBPP efficiently hydrolyzed $Ca^{2+}$-phytate salts and yielded myo-inositol 2,4,6-trisphosphate and three phosphate groups as final products. Finally, we showed that PsBPP was highly effective for hydrolyzing rice bran with high phytate content. Taken together, our results suggest that PsBPP has great potential in the animal feed industry for reducing phytates.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.380-386
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• 2016

In this study, we described a paper-based neuraminidase assay sensor (PNAS) which can be applied to detect the infection by influenza viruses. The PNAS was designed and manufactured to quantitatively identify the levels of neuraminidase in the sample, which is based on colorimetric analysis using the X-Neu5Ac substrate. The limit of detection of the PNAS was determined as 0.004 U/mL of neuraminidase. According to the amount of neuraminidase in human serum, the PNAS could monitor the enzyme activity with a good linearity ($R^2$ > 0.99). In addition, the initial performance of the PNAS has been maintained up to 70 days in the $4^{\circ}C$. Finally, we demonstrated whether the Michaelis-Menten kinetics is applied to the PNAS, which can show the reliability of the enzyme reactions. The kinetic studies indicated that the PNAS provides the good condition for enzyme reactions ($K_m=8.327{\times}10^{-3}M$), but they were performed on paper chip nonetheless. The paper-based neuraminidase assay sensor may be useful in a wide range of rapid and safe detection of influenza virus.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.450-459
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• 2014

Crushed pinewood and oakwood were studied as an adsorbent for Pb(II) removal from aqueous solution. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out to describe the effects of contact time, initial Pb(II) concentration, pH, competing cations, and adsorbent dosage on the Pb(II) adsorption process. Kinetic studies revealed that the Pb(II) adsorption process for pinewood and oakwood followed both pseudo first and pseudo second order model. The Fruendlich model best described equilibrium adsorption data with correlation coefficients ($R^2$) of 0.956 and 0.950 for pinewood and oakwood. The maximum adsorption capacity of Pb(II) onto pinewood and oakwood was found to be 16.853 and 27.989 mg/g, respectively. The Pb(II) adsorption onto both pinewood and oakwood was increased as pH increased in the pH range 3-9. The presence of cations such as $Na^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, and $Al^{3+}$ decreased Pb(II) adsorption. The Pb(II) removal was greater in seawater than deionized water, resulting from the presence of $CO{_3}^{2-}$ and $OH^-$ ions in seawater. This study showed that pinewood and oakwood have a potential application in the remediation of Pb(II) contaminated water.