• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.525-543
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• 2010

This article examines the types and cooking methods for tteok (Korean rice cake) according to its sub-ingredients, as recorded in 18 old literatures of the Joseon dynasty (1392~1909). The sub-ingredients used in tteok during the Joseon dynasty were categorized into flowers, fruits, vegetables, Korean typical medicinal plants, and others. In the early, middle, and late eras of the Joseon dynasty, one, six, and 14 kinds of tteok were prepared using flowers as the sub-ingredient and two, seven, and 32 kinds of tteok were prepared using fruits, respectively. Three, seven, and 38 kinds of Tteok were prepared using vegetables as the sub-ingredient, while there were three, five and 15 kinds tteok prepared using Korean medicinal plants, respectively. One, five, and 13 kinds of tteok were prepared using other ingredients such as fish and seogi mushrooms in the early, middle, and late eras of the Joseon dynasty, respectively. The types of sub-ingredients and the resulting types of tteok increased throughout the Joseon dynasty, indicating that flowers and vegetables were preferred the most among tteok sub-ingredients. Tteoks using flower as the sub-ingredient, whajeon, were mostly jijin-tteok. The types of tteok and cooking methods using other sub-ingredients were discussed in terms of the type of sub-ingredients and their treatment to prepare tteok. The sub-ingredients were mixed with flour, which was the main ingredient for preparing tteok, or ground and shredded to prepare gomul for decorating and stuffing tteok, respectively. It seemed that the appearance and taste of tteok varied, thereby resulting in nutrient supplementation as the kinds of sub-ingredients increased throughout the Joseon dynasty. We expect that the recipes and ingredients as well as the cooking methods recorded in these old articles will contribute to those looking for a healthy life and, furthermore, to the globalization of tteok.

• 한국환경교육학회지:환경교육
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.101-120
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• 1997

The objective of this research is to understand the current field and composition of environment related terminology used in middle and high school textbooks, to find out uniformity and relationship between them, and development for the future establishement and replacement in the environmental education, simultaneously. The results of this study are as follows: 1. The terms used in middle school textbooks were found out to be 334, while those used in high school were 717. Total terms used were 870(759 kinds) and those recorded in the environmental terminology dictionary were 362 including synonyms. 2. Of those 870, 211 terms (24.25%) which were the same words have been used in interlinked connection with the Middle and High schools. While 136 terms(15.63%) have been used in the only middle, and 524 terms(60.23%) have been used in the only high schools. In middle and high school environmental text books 211 (24.25%) terms were the same interlinked terms. Of those extracted terms, 136(15.63%) were used in the middle school 'environmental' textbooks and in high school, 524(60.23%) were used in 'environmental science' book. These results shows that there is big gap between middle and high school contents and we will need more consideration in selecting the terms and better substance. 3. The same terminologies used in both middle and high schools were total number of 676. In those terms 257 kinds(76.26%) were used in middle school 'environmental' text books, and 563 kinds(78.52%) in high school 'environmental science' text books. Here are some details : 1) Terms used as same meaning but different in expression in middle school: 83 kinds, 192 terms (11.99%). 2) Differently expressed in the same text book : in middle school - 20 kinds(2.64%) in high school - 61 kinds(8.04%) 3) Differently expressed terms between middle and high school: 51 kinds(6.72%) 4) Same meaning in 3 expressions or more : 19 kinds 4. Of the examined terms 362(including 43 synonyms) were defined in environmental dictionary which is 41.8% of the total words. In the future specialization in utmost fields will be needed 5. When dividing those examined terms according to the middle and high school curriculum, the most terms were used in nature and pollution fields following environmental preserving, artificial environment, and environmenatal counterplan. In middle schools the most used terms were in the field of environment pollution, preservation, counterplan, and sanitation. These results reflects the education goals and objectives of middle schools. But for the middle school 'environment' curriculum moret uniform distribution are needed and for the high schools' 'environmental science' program, the fields in artificial environment, industrization, urbanization, and sanitation should be intensified.

• 한국환경교육학회지:환경교육
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.121-132
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• 1997

The objective of this research is to understand the current field and composition of environment related terminology used in middle and high school textbooks, to find out uniformity and relationship between them, and development for the future establishement and replacement in the environmental education, simultaneously. The results of this study are as follows: 1. The terms used in middle school textbooks were found out to be 334, while those used in high school were 717. Total terms used were 870(759 kinds) and those recorded in the environmental terminology dictionary were 362 including synonyms. 2. Of those 870, 211 terms(24.25%) which were the same words have been used in interlinked connection with the Middle and High schools. While 136 terms(15.63%) have been used in the only middle, and 524 terms(60.23%) have been used in the only high schools. In middle and high school environmental tort books 211 (24.25%) terms were the same interlinked terms. Of those extracted terms, 136(15.63%) were used in the middle school 'environmental' textbooks and in high school, 524(60.23%) were used in 'environmental science' book. These results shows that there is big gap between middle and high school contents and we will need mere consideration in selecting the terms and better substance. 3. The same terminologies used in both middle and high schools were total number of 676. In those terms 257 kinds(76.26%) were used in middle school 'environmental' text books, and 563 kinds(78.52%) in high school 'environmental science' text books. Here are some details : 1) Terms used as same meaning but different in expression in middle school : 83 kinds, 192 terms(11.99%). 2) Differently expressed in the same tort book in kiddie school - 20 kinds(2.64%) in high school - 61 kinds(8.04%) 3) Differently expressed terms between middle and high school : 51 kinds(6.72%) 4) Same meaning in 3 expressions or more : 19 kinds 4. Of the examined terms 362(including 43 synonyms) were defined in environmental dictionary which is 41.8% of the total words. In the future specialization in utmost fields will be needed 5. When dividing those examined terms according to the middle and high school curriculum, the most terms were used in nature and pollution fields following environmental preserving, artificial environment and environmenatal counterplan. In middle schools the most used terms were in the field of environment pollution, preservation, counterplan, and santiation. There results reflects the education goals and objectives of middle schools. But for the middle school 'environment' curriculum moret uniform distribution are needed and for the high schools' 'enironmental science' program, the fields in artificial environment, industrization, urbanization, and sanitation should be intensified.

• 복식
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• 제62권7호
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• pp.13-28
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• 2012

This study examines history of Korean peony patterns and characteristics of peony patterns on the fabric. It is classified according to expression methods, and it analyzes the characteristics of 71 kinds of peony woven on 66 Korean fabrics. First, it was observed that 38 of the 66 studied fabrics (57.6%) were relics from the 17th century, and from this it can be deduced that the peony patterns began to appear regularly around the latter half of the 16th century and were used habitually in the 17th century. Second, 71 kinds on 66 fabrics can be divided into Real Type, Design Type, and Abstraction Type according to expression methods. Among these types, 49 kinds of them are Real Types (69.0%), forming the greatest part and 19 kinds belonging to the Design Type (26.8%), and lastly, 3 kinds were under the Abstraction Type (4.2%). In particular, peony patterns of Design Types and Abstraction Types from the 17th century and from the 19th century to the 20th century were more prevalent, compared with those before the 16th century or the 18th century. Third, Real Types shown on the Korean fabrics are subdivided into 9 types, and the Real Type A among them, which describes to be as real as possible, is 12 kinds, the largest number of them. Therefore, real and natural pattern of peony is the favorite type in Korea, while rather emphasized pattern of peony is the more preferred pattern in China. And also Design Types are subdivided into 6 types again; There are 6 kinds of design type A, the largest part of Design Types. Patterns of Design Type A are most similar to real peony flowers, but more simplified than the Real Type A. This result also contrasted with the trend in China, where the Design Type C, expressed petals in detail was the favored pattern. Fourth, 9 kinds of unique types are found in Korean fabrics, especially Real Type M has not been shown on Chinese fabrics. Real type M, consisting of two parts, inner and outer, where two curve lines between two parts appear as antennas of a butterfly.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.347-367
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to investigate drug abuse and to find related factors among high school students. The subjects for this study were 973 students from 10 high schools in Taegu city. The data were collected from September 30, 1996 to October 30, 1996. The questionnaire developed by Kim Soyoaja (1991) surveyed adolescent drug use and questions on smoking and drinking were readjusted and added by the researcher based on review. The data was analyzed using frequency, percentage, $X^2-test$, t -test, Pearson Correlation Coefficient with the SPSS /PC+. The results of this study were summarized as follows: 1. The proportion of students who drank alcohol 1-2 times or more per year was 52.4% and smoked Cigarette 1 -2 times or more per year was 20.8%. The 7 different drugs(Analgetics 5.7%. sleeping pills and sedatives 4.2%, antihistamines 1.1%. stimulants 7.7%, hallucinogens 0.8%, inhalants 3.3%, and narcotics 0.6%) were also evaluated. 2. There was a significant relationship between drinking and type of school($X^2$=62.97, p<.0l), grades($X^2$=33.86, P<.001), school life($X^2$= 19.04, p<.001), and delinquent friends($X^2$= 64.72, P<.001). 3. There was a significant relationship between smoking and type of school($X^2$=153.65, p<.001), grades ($X^2$=67.53, p<.001), their respect for teachers ($X^2$=33.80, p<.001) school life($X^2$ =50.87, p<.001), and delinquent friends($X^2$ =85.28, p<.001). 4. There was a significant relationship between the 7 different kinds of drug abuse and type of school ($X^2$=14.65, p<.01), grades($X^2$=12.89, p<.01), their respect for teachers ($X^2$=8.46, p<.05), and delinquent friends($X^2$=22.42, p<.001). 5. There was a significant relationship between a parent's habitual drug abuse and the 7 different kinds of drug abuse($X^2$=7.78, p<.01), as well as a parent's attitude toward drugs and the 7 different kinds of drug abuse($X^2$=6.33, p<.05). 6. There was a significant difference between drinking(t=-12.53, p<.001), smoking(t=-15.98, p<.001), the 7 different kinds of drug abuse(t=-5.77, p<.001), and the respondant's delinquent experience. 7. There was a correlation between drinking and smoking(r=.4166, p<.001), drinking and the 7 different kinds of drug abuse(r=.2200, p<.001), smoking and the 7 different kinds of drug abuse(r=.1428, p<.05). There was a correlation between drinking and smoking(r=.5977, p<.001), drinking and the 7 different kinds of drug abuse(r=.2849, p<. 001), smoking and the 7 different kinds of drug abuse(r=.1711, p<.05) among male students. There was a correlation between drinking and smoking(r=.4219, p<.001), drinking and the 7 different kinds of drug abuse(r=.2611, p<.001), smoking and the 7 different kinds of drug abuse(r=.1764, p<.001) among female students. 8. There was a correlation between drinking and family stability(r=.0709, p<.05) drinkry and parent -child relationships (r=.1321, p<.01), drinking and mother's rearing attitude(r=.0704, P<.05), smoking and parent -child relationships(r=.0813, P<.05). There was a correlation between drinking and family stability(r=.14S7, p<.01), drinkng and parent-child relationships(r=.2147, p<.001), smoking and family stability(r=.1544, p<.01), smoking and parent. -child relationships (r=. 2018, P<.01) among male students. There was a correlation between drinking and family stability(r=.1l21, p<.05), drinking and mother's rearing attitude (r=.0988, P<.05), smoking and parent -child relationships (r=. 0940, P<.05) among female students. 9. There was a significant difference between the 7 different kinds of drug abuse and family stability (t=2.23, p<.05), parent-child relationships (t=4. 34, p<.001), satisfaction with family (t=4.02, p<.001), father's rearing attitude(t=3.04, p<.01), mother's rearing attitude(t=2.87, p<.01). The distribution channel of drugs including alcohol beverages and cigarettes should be evaluated and restructured to discourage student's temptation and to limit accessibility. The step by step preventive teaching on alcohol drinking and cigarette smoking is needed from middle school to help prevent further drug abuse.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.149-168
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• 2000

The Purpose of this study was to investigate the new effective oriential medicine tretments in pediatric disease and its clinical applicability The study was composed of 1245 new patients who had been treated at the all unit in the Dong-Seo oriential Medicine Hospitial for 1 year, from 1 April 1999 to 31 March 2000, and aged between 0 and 18 years. The chief complaint was mainly categorized by oral examination on patients and their care-givers. Result 1. The numbers of children who involved in this study is total 1245: Male children are 668 and female children are 577 children. The sex rate between male and female is 1.15 to 1. 2. Most of the above patients came to the hospital at first time from diseases such as musculoskelectal disease, weakness, asthma, cough, anorexia, common cold, rhiorrhea, sweating, dyspepsia, dematitis, night terror, obesity, stomach, short stature, Besides, they also came to the hospital at first time from various diseases such as epistasxis, pyrexia. Bell's palsy, nocturia, contipation, cerebral palsy, disorder, CVA. diarrhea. stress disease, Allergic disease, Tic disorder. Visual disorder, Kawasaki disease, Pierre Robin's syndrom, hematuria, edema and so on. 3. Looking at the frequent diseases, Respiratory dis. children including asthma, cough, rhiorrhea, sweating, common cold, pyrexia covers 36%, in 399 numbers. digestive dis. children including anorexia, dyspepsia, stomach, diarrhea, constipation, indigestion covers 19%, in 211 numbers. cadiovasculary disease children including arrthymia, terror in frequency, night crying, sediation, Tic disorder covers 8%, in 85 numbers. Hepatobiliary disease children including short stature, dizziness, visual difficulty, sprain, disorder of nail covers 21%, in 238 numbers. renal disease. children including nocturia, hematuria, hemation, disorder of hair, menorrhea, cerebral palsy, edema in 44 numbers. Fatigue children covers 13%. in 143 numbers. 4. In case of respatory disease children. total number is 399 children. dematitis children are 108 numbers and asthma children are 96 numbers. These show that children seem to the best have dematitis and asththma. The age from 0 to 6 is 290 numbers, covering 73 percentage. The others are covering 27 percentage. These data demonstrate that the age from 0 to 6 age could easily get these kinds - of diseases. The 29 percent of children had these kinds of diseases in spring. The 28 percent of children had these kinds of diseases in autumn. These show that children seem to frequently have these kinds of diseases in both spring and autumn season.(inter-season) 5. In case of digestive disease, anorexia covers 39%, in 83 numbers, dyspepsia covers 28%, in 59 numbers, anorexia and dyspepsia were the lagest group in digestive disease and the age from 0 to 6 covers 59%, in 125 numbers and the other age covers 39%. According to these data, infant seems to be vulnerable to these kinds of diseases. The 24 percent of children had these kinds of diseases in spring and summer. The 33 percent of children had these kinds of diseases in winter, which means that children mostly had winter. but decreased significant in autumn. 6. In case of cadiovasculary diseases, it can be divided into two categories: night covers 73% and nervous characteristics covers 27%. The age from 0 to 6 occupies 75%, and the other age occupies 25%. These data also show that infants can easily infected with these kinds of diseases. Analyzing by the season, summer could be the most frequent season that children have these kinds of diseases. but decreased in autumn. 7. In case of hepatobiliary children, sprains covers 166 numbers, fatigue covers 32 numbers, epistasxia covers 24 members, the reasion which sprain occupyied most of % were sprain covered ages. The age from 0 to 14 covers 59% and from 15 to 18 covers 41%. In the conclusion the adolescent seems to be vulnerable to sprains. In spring 29%, insummer 31%, in autumn 23%, and in winter 28% of children got these kinds of diseases, which show that children seems to have this kinds of disease in summer season. and decreased in autumn. 8. In case of renal disease. nocturia and hematuria covers 52%(occupied overhalf). The age from 0 to 6 covers 52%(occupied overhalf). Analyzing by season, in spring increased in summer(59%), decreased in autumn(45%) Conclusion 1. The chief complant in pediatric diseases that needed an oriental medical tretment was mainly the disease that tends to take iong time and the weakness. and appeared frequency in respiratory disease : 2. The oriential medical tretment was still preferred as a way to improve the weakness by patients, rather than a way to overcome their disease. In paticular, the study shows that the oriental medical tretment should be emphasized in terms of preventing the disease 3, The new disease, which were developed with the change of human life and envir oment(just like seual disorder, short stature, obesity, dynamic disorder, examinee disease), should be in vestigated as a new field of oriental medical tretment.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.529-536
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• 1986

젓갈의 품질개선을 목적으로 식염의 일부를 KCl, sorbitol, lactic acid와 고춧가루알콜추출물로 대체하여 당근 저식염조기젓($Y_3,\;4\%$ 식염함량)을 재래식젓($Y_1,\;20\%$ 식염함량)과 함께 숙성중의 휘발성성분을 비교분석하였으며 또한 지방산조함의 변화도 실험하였다. 원료조기의 지질구성비율은 중성지질이 $78.1\%$, 인지질이 $21.2\%$, 당지질이 $0.7\%$이었으며 총지질의 조성은 monoene산이 $37.4\%$로 가장 많았고 다음으로 포화산이 $34.8\%$, polyene산이 $27.7\%$이었다. 숙성중에는 polyene산($C_{22:6},\;C_{22:5},\;C_{20:5}$)의 경우 조기젓 $Y_3$이 $Y_1$에 비해 감소폭이 적었으나 전반적으로 둘다 감소한 반면에 포화산($C_{16:0},\;C_{18:0},\;C_{14:0}$)은 계속 증가하였고 monoene산($C_{16:1}\;C_{18:1}$)은 큰 변동이 없었다. 그리고 산가와 카르보닐가등도 숙성중 계속 증가하였으며 알콜을 첨가한 조기젓 $Y_3$은 $Y_1$에 비해 그 함량이 낮았다. 완숙기(숙성 90일경)의 조기젓, $Y_1,\;Y_3$의 전휘발성성분중 33종의 물질을 동정하였는데 주로 탄화수소류(8종), 알콜류(7종), 산류(6종), 알데히드류(4종), 함황화합물(2종), 케톤류(2종), 페놀(1종)과 기타물질(3종)로 구성되어 있었다. 조기젓 $Y_3$에서는 그중 2-ethoxy ethanol이 전체의 $79.36\%$를, $Y_1$에서는 nonadecane이 $75.85\%$를 차지하였다. 그리고 숙성기간중 저급휘발성산(8종), 염기(5종), 가르보닐화합물(9종)을 분리동정하였는데 완숙기의 조기젓 $Y_3$에서는 acetic acid, isovaleric acid, n-caproic acid, n-butyric acid가 휘발성산의 주류이었으며, 카르보닐화합물에서는 ethanal, 2-butanone, butanal등이고 염기에서는 TMA가 대부분이었다. 그리고 재래식젓과 비교하여 볼 때 각휘발성성분조성에는 큰 차이가 없고 함량비가 달랐으며, 조기젓의 냄새성분은 어느 특정성분에 의한 것 이라기 보다 여러 성분들의 상호조화에 의하여 젓갈특유의 풍미를 나타내는 것으로 볼 수 있었다.

• 약학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.8-12
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• 1963

The piperazine salts with 24 kinds of phenols and 6 kinds of organic carboxylic acids were prepared. The test of anthelmintic effect against Ascaris suilla, in vitro, for Hexachlorophene-piperazine salt, Bithionol-piperazine salt, Kainic acid-piperazine salt were also carried out compared with piperazine, Hexachlorophene, Bithionol and Kainic acid.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.210-230
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• 1995

To compare the wear resistance of four kinds of commercial acrylic resin teeth [SR-Orthosit PosterioresR(Ivoclar Co., Liechtenstein), Endura PosteriorR(Shofu Inc. Japan), trubyte IPN teethR(Dentsply International Inc., York,), Trubyte BiotoneR(dentsply Inermational Inc. Brazil) by means of the toothbrush abrasion method, the artificial resin teeth were embedded in epoxy resin with the occlusal surfaces aligned in one plane for a total of 40 blocks. There after, each lock was mounted in the arm of the toothbrush abrasion machine(K 236, Japan). Wear measurements were made on the three preconditioned states. Those were as follows : no treatment specimens, thermocycled specimens, and thermocycled specimens which were immeresed applied load of 400g during the buring the brushing cycle. At the end of the 30,000-stroke cycle, each specimen was removed, and weighed. The microhardness of four kinds of commercial resin teeth were determined by means of microhardness tester. Microhardness tests were performed on te no treatment specimens, thermocycled specimens, and thermocycled specimens with immersion in the denture cleansing solution. Finally, the comparison of thermal properties were perfomed using differential scanning calorimeter(DSC-1500). The following results were obtained : 1. In the case of no treatment teeth, the wear amount of endura Posterior(EN) was the greatest among the others(p<0.01), and the wear amount of three kinds of artificial resin teeth was increased in the order of Trubyte IPN teeth(IN), Trubyte Biotone(BN), SR-Orthosit Posteriores(SN) but there was no statistic significance(p>0.01). 2. The wear amount of Trubyte IPN teeth(IT) and Trubyte Biotone(BT), was increased due to thermocycling effect, but that of Endura Posteriores(ET) was decreased conversely(p<0.01). 3. Except for the SR-Orthosit Posteriores(STC), the wear amount of three kinds of artificial resing teeth(that is, ETC, ITC, BTC) was increased due to denture cleansing solution$(Cledent^R)$, but there was no statistic significance(p>0.01). But the wear amount of the SR-Orthosit Posteriores(STC) was the greatest among the others(p<0.01). 4. The wear amount of toothbrush was the greatest in case of contact with occlusal surface of SROrthosit Posteriores resin teeth(p<0.01). 5. the microhardness values(KHN) of the SR-Orthosit Posteriores was the highest among the experimental artificial resin teeth(p<0.01). 6. There was no relationship between microhardness valuse(KHN) and wear amount of four kinds of experimental artificial resin teeth(p<0.01). 7. The differential canning calorimetric property of four kinds of artificial resin teeth did not show endothermal or exothermal peak in the range of $100^{\circ}C$

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.135-150
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• 2016

Objectives : KangHaiChengZhiLun (亢害承制論; If Excess Brings Harm, Lifing Qi (承氣) Restrains) was originally a theory that explained how the realms of nature remain in harmony and equilibrium. It later became an important theory for clinical trials of Traditional Chinese Medicine, explaining the physiological and pathological mechanism. Methods : The researcher considered all the annotations and the original text of SuWen(素問), LiuWeiZhiDaLun(六微旨大論) and theories of medical practitioners who applied KangHaiChengZhiLun(亢害承制論) to their clinical trials. Results & Conclusions : Wangbing (王氷) went with a theory that phenomena of Lifting Qi (承氣) take place in the realms of nature when Qi (氣) flourishes. In XinJiaoZheng(新校正), he wrote about two theories: one was that Six Kinds of Natural Factors (六氣) first work as the main Qi (本氣) but later bring about Lifting Qi. (終見下承之氣說); the other was that excessive Stagnation Qi (鬱氣) can be exploded and invite another accompanying Qi, Lifting Qi. (甚者兼其下承之氣說) Liuwansu (劉完素) had a theory that if Six Kinds of Natural Factors go disproportionately excessive, it becomes accompanied by imaginary Qi (假象) that conquers self. (反兼勝己之化說) $Wangl{\ddot{u}}$(王履) maintained that Lifting Qi usually works as a means to prevent Six Kinds of Natural Factors (六氣) from becoming rampant; but when Six Kinds of Natural Factors become overly excessive, Lifting Qi restrains them in order to maintain equilibrium. (防之與克勝說) Yutuan explained that since Excessive Qi (亢氣) does damage to the mother of Lifting Qi, Lifting Qi restrains Excessive Qi to protect Original Qi (元氣), its mother. (護救承者之元氣說) Gongtingxian was in favor of two theories: one argued that causes and symptoms of a disease differ from each other. (體用不同說); the other said that diseases are naturally cured if the patient finds out the time when Lifting Qi gains strength. (得承之時自愈說) Mashi (馬蒔) had a theory that Lifting Qi is generated when Six Kinds of Natural Factors are prosperous and reveals itself when its season comes. (極則生承氣 至本位著說) Zhangjiebin (張介賓) asserted that when Six Kinds of Natural Factors are thriving, Lifting Qi, as a restraining force, is generated to disperse the thriving natural factors and leads to a new one. (前之退而後之進說) Zhangqi (張琦)'s argument was that if Lifting Qi restrains the main Qi, a son of the main Qi is generated and every four season goes in harmony. (承氣制則生化說) Hemengyao (何夢瑤) had an argument that a son of the restrained Qi succeeds to its father and later achieves equilibrium by restraining Excessive Qi. (被克承父 制之平衡說).