• 한국초등수학교육학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.131-148
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• 2016

본 연구는 초등학교 5학년 영재학급 학생들(8명)이 패턴의 일반화 과제를 해결함에 있어 귀납 추론으로 일반식은 추측하였으나 그에 대한 형식적 정당화로 이행하는 과정에서 겪는 어려움을 분석하고 그 해결을 돕기 위한 교사 발문의 역할 모색과 발문 기법 제안을 목적으로 하였다. 학생들의 형식적 정당화를 돕기 위한 교사 발문 목록들을 3차에 걸친 현장 적용을 통해 확인한 결과, 초등학교 영재학급 학생들은 형식적 정당화로 이행을 할 때 정당화를 시도해야하는 이유, 연역적 탐구에 대한 인식 부족, 유연한 탐구 방법에 대한 심리적 저항감으로 인해 어려움을 겪었다. 면담 분석 결과 학생들이 정당화의 필요성과 귀납적 탐구 결과의 한계를 체감할 수 있도록 교사가 태도면에서 출발하여 방법면과 내용면으로 구체화해갈 수 있도록 체계적인 발문을 준비하는 것이 중요함을 확인할 수 있었다. 이에 따라 내용면에서의 4가지와 절차면에서의 3가지 발문 기법을 제안하면서 논의를 바탕으로 발문 일람표와 그 흐름도를 제시하고 교사 발문의 역할이 주는 교육적 시사점을 논의하였다.

• 대한수학교육학회지:학교수학
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.487-506
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• 2007

본 연구는 14명의 중학교 2학년 수학영재들이 아르키메데스 다면체를 소재로 한 공간기하과제를 해결하면서 보여주는 정당화 유형과 수학적 표현에 대한 연구이다. 문헌 연구를 통해 정당화 유형과 수학적 표현 분석을 위한 분석틀을 마련하고 이들의 다양한 반응들을 분석하였다. 정당화 유형에서는 부분적인 분석을 통해 형식화를 추구하는 학생과 비형식적이며 경험적인 정당화이지만 모든 구성요소를 고려하여 전체적 정당화를 시도하는 두 반응간의 비교를 통해 비형식적 정당화의 유용성에 분명한 주의를 기울일 필요가 있었다. 수학적 표현에서 시각적 표현은 문제해결을 위한 아이디어를 찾고, 구조를 파악하는데 유용한 역할을 하고 있었으며, 기호적 표현을 점진적으로 발전시키는 과정에서 수학적 개념을 표현 속에 함축시키고 정제시켜 정교한 기호(Harel & Paput. 1994)를 창출하려는 욕구를 발견할 수 있었다.

• 기술경영경제학회:학술대회논문집
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• 기술경영경제학회 1992년도 제2회 학술발표회
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• pp.97-118
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• 1992

To date, the implementation and adoption of new manufacturing technologies has been retarded despite their technical advances and strategic virtues such as flexibility and synergy effect. This phenomenon is partly attributable to the lack of commensurate development and widespread dissemination of adequate selection and justification procedures. Many strategically vital automation projects have been rejected and/or seemingly promising proposals have turned out to be fiascos since the justification process has been solely based on the traditional capital budgeting or engineering economy methods. As the degree of system automation/integration increases, a variety of benefit/cost attributes, both quantitative and qualitative, should be taken into account and more comprehensive and analytic justification methods should be applied in the justification process. This paper points out the distinct characteristics of advanced technologies and presents an illustrative set of procedures that can be used in the justification process. It outlines the algorithmic structure of each procedure and also describes the advantages/disadvantages of each procedure and the conditions under which it is most appropriate to employ. The selection of appropriate justification technique is situation-specific. In general, it is recommended that more complex and sophisticated procedures be used as the degree of integration increases. Nonetheless, traditional procedures may be used as well to make in-depth analyses of the local impact.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈C:초등수학교육
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.13-26
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• 2011

본 연구의 목적은 초등수학 영재 교육 대상 학생들의 기하 인지 수준과 그들이 증명을 전개하는 과정에서 논리적인 정당화의 특성을 분석하고 이를 기반으로 수학 영재 교육을 위한 시사점을 제시하는 것이다. 이를 위하여 서울특별시 A영재교육원에 재학 중인 5, 6학년 학생 18명을 대상으로 그들의 기하 수준을 확인하고 그들이 기하문제를 증명을 하고 설명하는 과정에서 어떤 논리적인 정당화를 해 가는지 분석하였다. 연구 결과 이들은 van Hieles의 기하 사고의 0수준부터 4수준 중에서 대부분 2∼3수준에 있었다. 그리고 증명의 정당화 과정에서 이 영재 교육 대상 학생들은 잘라 붙이기와 수치적 접근을 사용하려는 시도와 이미 선행으로 학습한 내용의 기억을 되살려 사용하는 예가 많았고, 독창적이고 일반적인 증명으로 이끌어가는 데는 어려움을 가지고 있었다. 따라서 초등수학 영재 교육 대상자들을 위한 교육은 이들의 수준에 맞는 보다 정교화된 과제로 이들이 자신들의 증명의 정당화 과정을 인지하면서 보다 창의적이고 연역적 사고의 수준으로 이끌어 줄 필요가 있다.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈C:초등수학교육
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.267-283
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• 2013

수학적 정당화란 일반적으로 적절한 근거에 기초하여 자신의 주장이 참임을 보이는 과정이라고 할 수 있다. 하지만 교실 실제에서의 수학적 정당화는 사회적 상호작용을 바탕으로 수학적 의사소통을 촉진하는 역할을 한다고 할 수 있다. 이에 본 연구는 수학적 정당화 활동이 학생들의 문제해결과 의사소통 과정에 미치는 영향을 조사하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 수학적 정당화 활동이 강조되는 문제해결 중심 수업을 실시하고 문제 이해 활동, 개별 탐구 활동, 소집단 토의 활동, 전체 논의 과정에서의 수학적 정당화 활동과 의사소통 과정을 분석하였다. 연구 결과 수학적 정당화 활동은 학생들이 다양한 문제해결 방법을 찾는데 도움을 주었고 의사소통 과정을 촉진하였으며, 다양한 표현 방법을 사용하도록 자극하였다. 또한 수학적 정당화 활동은 학생들의 이해를 평가하는 방법이 될 수 있으며, 교실에서의 사회적 관계 및 역동적인 교실 문화를 형성하는데 기여하였다.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈A:수학교육
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• 제51권4호
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• pp.377-393
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• 2012

The understanding demands the different degree of the understanding according to student's learning situation. In this paper, we investigate what is the foundation for the complete understanding for the generalization in the generalization-process and justification of some concepts or some theories, through a case. We discovered that the completeness of the understanding in the generalization-process and justification requires 'the meaningful-mental object' which can give the meaning about the concept or theory to students. Students can do the generalization-process through the construction of 'the meaningful-mental object' and confirm the validity of generalization through 'the meaningful-mental object' which is constructed by them. And we can judge the whether students construct the completeness of the understanding or not, by 'the meaningful-mental object' of the student. Hence 'the meaningful-mental object' are vital condition for the generalization-process and justification.

• 아동학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.49-69
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• 2014

The purposes of this study were (1) to investigate children's moral judgment, justification reasoning in terms of aggressive behavior, and (2) it examined the relationship to false belief understanding. Children aged between 3 to 5 years(N = 120) participated in this study. Each child was interviewed individually and responded questions designed to measure his/her moral judgment and justification reasoning and false belief understanding. The 12 pictorial tasks consisted of selfish and altruistic intentions and three different types of acts (physical, verbal, relational) as responses to aggressive behavior. The results indicated that the kind of moral judgment used was different according to the intention and the types of acts. There were significant differences in children's justification reasoning according to the age and the types of acts. There was a positive relationship between false belief understanding and moral judgment, justification reasoning. This paper also provided a detailed discussion of the results and recommendations in the context of more general cognitive developmental changes.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈C:초등수학교육
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.85-99
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• 2003

In this paper, firstly examined various proofs types that cover informal empirical justifications by Balacheff, Miyazaki, and Harel ＆ Sowder and Tall. Using these theoretical frameworks, justification activities by 5th graders were analyzed and several conclusions were drawn as follow: 1) Children in 5th grade could justify using various proofs types and method ranged from external proofs schemes by Harel & Sowder to thought experiment by Balacheff This implies that children in elementary school can justify various mathematical statements of ideas for themselves. To improve children's proving abilities, rich experience for justifying should be provided. 2) Activities that make conjectures from cases then justify should be given to students in order to develop a sense of necessity of formal proof. 3) Children have to understand the meaning and usage of mathematical symbol to advance to formal deductive proofs. 4) New theoretical framework is needed to be established to provide a framework for research on elementary school children's justification activities. Research on proof mainly focused on the type of proof in terms of reasoning and activities involved. But proof types are also influenced by the tasks given. In elementary school, tasks that require physical activities or examples are provided. To develop students'various proof types, tasks that require various justification methods should be provided. 5) Children's justification type were influenced not only by development level but also by the concept they had. 6) Justification activities provide useful situation that assess students'mathematical understanding. 7) Teachers understanding toward role of proof(verification, explanation, communication, discovery, systematization) should be the starting point of proof activities.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈A:수학교육
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.149-167
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• 2009

This study was aimed to examine problem-solving ability of fifth graders on two types of mathematical essay problems, and to analyze the process of mathematical justification in solving the essay problems. For this purpose, a total of 14 mathematical essay problems were developed, in which half of the items were single tasks and the other half were data-provided tasks. Sixteen students with higher academic achievements in mathematics and the Korean language were chosen, and were given to solve the mathematical essay problems individually. They then were asked to justify their solution methods in groups of 4 and to reach a consensus through negotiation among group members. Students were good at understanding the given single tasks but they often revealed lack of logical thinking and representation. They also tended to use everyday language rather than mathematical language in explaining their solution processes. Some students experienced difficulty in understanding the meaning of data in the essay problems. With regard to mathematical justification, students employed more internal justification by experience or mathematical logic than external justification by authority. Given this, this paper includes implications for teachers on how they need to teach mathematics in order to foster students' logical thinking and communication.

• 산경연구논집
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• 제11권8호
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• pp.39-49
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• 2020

Purpose: Current study aimed at exploring the roles of system justification in the effects of consumers' self-identification with the threatened social in-group on the within-domain versus across-domain consumption. It focused on whether there are positive effects of both of the self-definition and the self-investment on the in-group system justification, and also explored whether the system justification, in turn, could make positive effects on the consumption. Research design, data and methodology: The self-identification was approached in view of self-definition and self-investment when the in-group was threatened by members of their out group. The empirical study was performed with the single factor within-subject design based on the feeling of the consumers' being threatened when the in-group was criticized by the others. The in-group threatened was accessed from the memory of each of the undergraduate students participating in the empirical study by asking them to remember the events by which their important in-group was perceived to be threatened in their past life. Questionnaire data collected from the undergraduate students were used to verify research hypotheses by structural equation model in Amos 21.0 program. Results: First, the self-definition positively affected the within-domain versus across-domain consumption, but did not affect the in-group system justification. Second, the self-investment positively affected the in-group system justification. Third, the system justification made positive effects on the within-domain versus the across-domain consumption. Therefore, this article could contribute to the development of the theory related to compensatory consumption in the view that there could be the positive mediation roles of system justification in the effects of consumers' self-investment to their in-group on the within-domain versus across-domain consumption when the in-group is threatened. Conclusions: The results of this study could give managerial implications to brand or product marketing managers. How to vitalize consumers' self-definition with, and self-investment to, the threatened in-group is at issue to the marketers when consumers' important in-group was threatened by others. By evoking the in-group-based self-investment to consumers when the in-group was threatened, the marketers should increase the level of the system justification, and the marketers should promote the consumers to recognize that their products or brands are included into the within-self domain.