• Journal of the Korean Statistical Society
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.439-451
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• 1995

Ranked data are widely used in the area of social sciences, for instance in polls and preference surveys, in which a number of objects (or stimuli) are evaluted and ranked by a panel of judges (or subject) according to their preference. We propose a graphical method for ranked data by quantifying objects and judges. In a plot for judges, the interpoint distances can be interpreted as Spearman or Kendall distance between two rankings given by respective judges. Similarly, we also construct a plot for objects with a sensible relationship to the previous plot for judges.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.1-18
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• 2017

The anchoring effect can be found when a decision shows cognitive prejudice towards the initial information given. Several studies have argued that such an effect is present even for judges in the courtroom. This paper seeks to find a relationship between judges' decisions on penalty sentences and the sentences recommended by prosecutors. In this study, 2,773 actual court cases are considered in the analysis, and quantile regression is used to show that the sentencing decisions judges make are anchored by the recommendations of prosecutors. However, this reliance on recommendations differs according to the seriousness of the crime committed. Specifically, at the lowest penalty levels, a one-month increase in the prosecutors' sentencing recommendation results in a 0.25-month increase in the judges' sentence, while at the highest sentence level, the judges' sentences increase by 0.78 months under an identical condition. The results of this research indicate the need to create more objective and clear sentencing guidelines in the future in an effort to mitigate the psychological pressure experienced by judges with regard to serious offences or heinous crimes.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.637-644
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• 2011

Partially ranked data refers to the situation in which there are p distinct objects; however each judge specifies only first s (s < p) choices. The group theoretic formulation for partially ranked data analysis was set up by Critchlow (1985). We propose a graphical method for partially ranked data by quantifying objects and judges. In a plot for judges, the interpoint distances can be interpreted as Spearman or Kendall distances between two rankings given by respective judges. Similarly, we also construct a plot for objects with a sensible relationship to the previous plot for judges. This study extends the Han and Huh (1995) quantification method of fully ranked data using Gabriel's (1971) biplot technique for multivariate data matrix.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.235-242
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to develop a scale for the evaluation of the subjective fabric hand. In order to find out the appropriate method for the evaluation, bipolar adjectives were compared to unipolar adjectives. One hundred female university students we.e selected as judges. They assessed 9 fabrics using the 9 point scale system for both bipolar and unipolar adjectives. When using the bipola. scale, judges responded more consistently showing smaller deviation among their responses. The Judges seemed to understand the meanings of adjectives in the bipolar scale more clearly than in the unipolar scale. Unipolar scale has twice the number of questions than bipolar scale does. Therefore. judges often felt bored responding to the questions using unipolar adjectives. If the appropriate antonym can be found through verified method, bipolar scale seems to have more advantages than unipolar scale.

• Korean Journal of Forensic Psychology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.23-52
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• 2022

In this study, focused group interviews with 24 incumbent judges were conducted on how they conceptualize public opinion and what attitude they take toward it in relation to judicial trials. The contents of the interviews were analyzed through grounded theory and topic modeling (STM). According to the grounded theory results, judges distinguished concepts such as social rules, socially accepted ideas, legal emotion, and public mood from public opinion, and subdivided public opinion into temporary and emotional reactions to specific legal cases and consistent attitudes toward law and policies. In addition, it was found that judges' attitudes toward public opinion and social norms differed depending on the type of cases or legal issues. Topic modeling results significantly corresponded to the grounded theory results. In this model, the effects of the types of cases dedicated to participants on topical prevalence were statistically significant.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.59-84
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• 2005

Three studies were conducted to examine the degree to which three common heuristics, anchoring heuristic, framing effect and representative-ness heuristic, influence the decision-making precesses of actual judges and 5-persons mock juries. With scenarios regarding various issues that are commonly raised in actual criminal and civil trials, study 1 examined the 158 actual judges' decisions. In study 2, the decisions of 80 mock jury groups that consisted of college students were examined with similar scenarios. And individual decisions were examined in study 3 to compare with the group decisions in study 2. The decision processes of the actual judges and the mock jury groups alike were found to be influenced by "anchors". But the biases by the anchoring heuristic were more pronounced in the group decisions than in the decisions of the actual judges. With respect to framing effect, the actual judges were found to be resistant, while a small effect was found in the decisions of mock jury groups. Representative-ness biases weren't found in the decisions of both the actual judges and mock juries. The implications of the results for judicial systems were discussed.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.564-579
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• 2013

The purpose of Maritime Safety Tribunal is that experts about ship operation investigate and reveal causes of marine disasters and suggest plans to prevent recurrence in Korean Maritime Safety Tribunal which is a kind of administrative court. Despite the fact that 72% of marine disasters is fishing vessel accidents and 75% of collision accidents between vessels which most occur is related to fishing boats, it is the very serious problem that there is no any person with licenses of marine technicians for fishing vessels in judges and investigators of Korean Maritime Safety Tribunal. The operational characteristics of fishing vessels, their sizes, and shift patterns of duties in wheelhouses are completely and incommensurably different from those of merchant vessels. By the way, if the investigators and judges who just consist of merchant vessel experts investigate and judge marine accidents about fishing vessels, there could be errors in establishment of policies to investigate and reveal their causes and prevent recurrence of accidents. Especially, in case of collision accidents between fishing vessels and merchant vessels, it is thought that the marine accident interested provides causes which can be doubtful about fairness of judges. Therefore, it is thought that the ratio of judges and investigators is most desirable to compose it to be similar to the occurrence frequency of marine accidents. For this, the following solution plans are suggested. First, qualification for appointment requires first class marine technicians. But there is the only one vessel which needs the first class in fishing vessels. Therefore, it is thought that the provisory clause should be added so that the second class marine technicians can be used instead of the first class ones. Second, the marine accidents of fishing vessels reach 72% but the fact that there is no any judge and investigator with licenses of marine technicians for fishing vessels is thought to go against the purpose of establishment of Korean Maritime Safety Tribunal. Therefore, it is thought that there is, at least, one more judges and investigators in the central and local Korean Maritime Safety Tribunals. The same method should be applied to judge assistants and investigation assistants.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.9-18
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• 2017

Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify kinematic variables that govern successful performance and judges' scores and to establish correlative relationships among those of Yurchenko layout with a full twist in female vaults. Method: Four video cameras with sampling rate of 60 Hz collected 32 motion data of Yurchenko vaults from twenty-two female participants (age: $18.6{\pm}3.6years$, height: $153.0{\pm}6.5cm$, mass: $44.7{\pm}7.3kg$) during national competition. Posting processing and calculations of kinematic variables were performed in Kwon 3D XP and $Matlab^{(R)}$ programs. Correlation and regression analyses were applied to find the relationships between the obtained scores and kinematic variables. Deterministic model (Hay & Reid, 1988) was used to investigate the strength of correlative relationships among kinematic variables. Results: The obtained scores from the judges' decision were mainly affected by post-flight peak height, horse contact time, knee angle at landing, and horse takeoff angle. Strong blocking during horse contact was required to get successful performance and obtain high scores. Modified deterministic model showed that round-off entrance and takeoff angles and resultant velocity of the center of mass (CM) during the roundoff phase were the starting variables affecting performance in the following kinematics. Knee angle at landing, a highly influential variable on the obtained point, was only determined by judges' decision without significant correlative relationship with previous kinematic variables. Conclusion: The obtained scores highly depended on kinematic variables of post-flight and horse contact phases that were affected by those from the previous phases including round-off postures and resultant velocity of the body center of mass.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.235-245
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• 2020

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences between visual search, eye fixation positions, and eye fixation position on whole body regions while judging final matches of dance sports. Method: Ten experienced judges (male 6, female 4) and six dance sports couples belonging to the top Korean leagues in the Korea Dance sports Federation were participated. Wearable eye trackers were used for data collection. The independent t-test was conducted to examine the effects of gender, and the two-way ANOVA was conducted to examine the effects of judges' gender, dance event, and ranking. Results: It was found that the movement of male contestants was preferred, and the gaze fixation was high for torso movements in the judges' evaluations. Moreover, attention was focused on the upper body rather than the lower body; this was maintained for about seven seconds to evaluate each couple. Conclusion: This find was the relative comparison between the two couples was the determining factor in winning or losing.

• Journal of the Korean Society for information Management
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.143-163
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• 1996

Relevance judgments play a very important role in evaluation of information systems since the degree of success of the information retrieval depends on the relevance judgments. This article reviews the theoretical background of the concept of 'relevance' associated with information retrieval evaluation and tries to identify whether there is any factor that affects relevance judgments. By reviewing previous researches done in the information retrieval evaluation field, four variables have been identified as impacting factors, such as document surrogates presented to judges, the order of presentation, measuring devices of relevance judgments and judges.