• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.628-635
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• 2014

The large amount of $CO_2$ emitted from mushrooms during incubation and developmental stages can be utilized in plant production systems as a $CO_2$ source. The objectives of this study were to measure the $CO_2$ emission and absorption rates of mushroom and lettuce, respectively, and to analyze the $CO_2$ concentrations at various ratios of mushroom and lettuce in a closed production system. The $CO_2$ emission rate of king oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus eryngii ( DC.) Qu$\acute{e}$l) and $CO_2$ absorption rate of lettuces (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Asia Heuk Romaine) were measured by using two closed acryl chambers ($1.0m{\times}0.8m{\times}0.5m$) in which indoor temperatures were maintained at $18^{\circ}C$ and $22^{\circ}C$, respectively. The lettuce was grown at a light intensity of PPF $340mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ and with nutrient solution at EC $1.2dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$. The air was periodically circulated between the two chambers using a diaphragm pump. The $CO_2$ emission rate of the mushroom increased until the $15^{th}$ day after scratching (DAS) and then decreased. The rate also increased with increased indoor temperature. In particular, the $CO_2$ emission rate per fresh weight of fruit body increased by about 3.1 times after thinning compared to before thinning. In terms of $CO_2$ balance, the $CO_2$ emission rates from a bottle (950 mL) of the mushroom at 9, 12, and 14 DAS were equivalent to those of 3, 4.5, and 5.5 lettuce plants at 7, 10, and 12 DAT (days after transplanting), respectively. This work shows that balance in $CO_2$ concentration could be achieved using an appropriate ratio of the two crops in a closed production system.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.673-683
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• 2014

This study was conducted to establish an efficient screening method to identify cucurbits resistant to powdery mildew. Powdery mildew fungus was obtained from a single lesion of infected cucumber leaf in 2010 at Daejeon. The fungus was identified as Podosphaera xanthii race 1 based on morphological characteristics and resistance responses of four melon differentials. Development of powdery mildew caused by the fungal isolate on 34 commercial cultivars of cucumber was investigated at three plant growth stages in a greenhouse. The degree of resistance of cotyledons of each cultivar to the fungus was not correlated with that of whole plant, but powdery mildew occurrence in the first true leaf was highly correlated with resistance at the level of the whole plant. Based on these results, the first true leaf of cucurbit cultivars can be used for screening of resistance to powdery mildew. In addition, variation of resistance of commercial 12 cucumber and 26 melon cultivars to the powdery mildew fungus due to different growing seasons was tested. In the case of cucumber, the resistance response in some cultivars was influenced by growing season. The resistant cultivars showed higher resistance in the warm season than in the cool season. By contrast, the resistant melon cultivars demonstrated strong resistance in all the tested growing seasons. Interestingly, the tested powdery mildew pathogen, a member of P. xanthii race 1, was not pathogenic on seven cultivars of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus). To follow up on this, diverse race 1 isolates of P. xanthii should be collected and tested.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.172-179
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• 2003

This study was carried out to find the preventive medical and therapeutic effects of Sarcodon asparatus on adult disease by employing several biological and biochemical assays. Nitrate scavenging ability(NSA) of Sarcodan asparatus extracts was displayed up to 99.9% at pH 1.2 in a dose-dependent manner. They also had 90.4% electron donating ability(EDA) at the concentration of 0.1 mg/mL. Extracts of Sarcodon asparatus were also able to function as a powerful antioxidant at all concentrations(0.01∼l.0 mg/mL). Furthermore, we observed that 1 mg/mL concentration of the extracts was more powerful than BHT, With respect to fibrolytic activity, Sarcodon asparatus showed 1,843.8 unit/g, which was higher than streptokinase(1,189 unit/g). The inhibitory effects of the extracts on angiotensin converting enzyme, measured by the normal and pretreatment methods, were 53 and 58%, respectively. We also performed cytotoxicity effect of Sarcodon asparatus extracts on a various cancer cell lines. The growth inhibitory effects of the extracts(5.0 mg/mL) on A549, HeLa, AGS, and SK-Hep-1 cells were 78.9, 55.3, 69.0, and 42.5 %, respectively. Interestingly, Sarcodon asparatusextracts induced mutation on Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 when Ames test was done.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.339-345
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• 2012

This experiment was carried out in order to separate bovine colostral whey protein from Imsil province and to test the effect of immunological activity on RAW 264.7 cells. The colostral whey protein contained TGF-${\beta}$ 7, 475 pg/g in total. We first tested the effect of the colostral whey protein on the proliferation of RAW 264.7 cells and it demonstrated cytotoxicity at concentrations greater than 20 mg/mL. Therefore, the immunological activities of colostral whey protein were investigated in maximum concentration of 10 mg/mL on LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Results indicated that colostral whey protein inhibited the LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in a dose-dependent manner. The colostral whey protein also suppressed the productions of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6) in a dose-dependent manner. In addition to the immunological activity, colostral whey protein led to the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in RAW 264.7 cells. In conclusion, colostral whey protein containing TGF-${\beta}$ inhibited the production of NO, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, and IL-6 via expression of HO-1.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.543-548
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• 2008

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of com distillers dried grain with soluble (DDGS) in American and Chinese on quality and amino acid of meat in finishing pigs. 120 pigs (Landrace$\times$Yorkshire$\times$Duroc, 64.50 kg average initial body weight) were used in 56 day growth assay. Dietary treatments were included CON (basal diet), ADS (basal diet + DDGS from American) and CDS (basal diet + DDGS from Chinese). The pigs were allotted into four pigs per pen with ten replicates per treatments by completely randomized design. Backfat thickness and lean percentage were not affected by treatment (p>0.05). For the meat color, redness was significantly increased in DDGS treatments compared to CON treatment (p<0.05). CDS treatment was higher than in ADS treatment (p<0.001). Water holding capacity was higher in CON and CDS treatments compared to ADS treatment (p<0.05). pH was greater in DDGS treatments than CON treatment (p<0.05), and ADS treatment was higher than in CON treatment (p<0.05). For the amino acid of meat, CDS treatment significantly increased their arginine, isoleucine, leucine and lysine compared to other treatments (p<0.05). DDGS treatment was higher than in CON treatment (p<0.001). Methinonine, phenylalanine, threonine and valine were significantly increased DDGS treatments than CON treatment (p<0.05). Cysteine was greater in CDS treatment than CON and ADS treatments (p<0.001). DDGS treatments was higher cysteine than in CON treatment (p<0.001). Proline significantly improved in CON treatment compared to CDS treatment (p<0.05). Tyrosine was greater in DDGS treatments than CON treatment (p<0.01). In conclusion, redness and amino acids of meat were affected by DDGS treatments.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.36-43
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• 1999

Background : Tumor growth is the net result of intrinsic proliferation and escape from active cell death. bcl-2 is a member of a new category of oncogenes that is not involved in influencing cell proliferation but is involved in regulating cell death(apoptosis). Based on this information, it seems to be reasonable to expect that there may be clinical prognostic significance of bcl-2 expression in non-small cell lung cancer. But its prognostic significance is not established. Methods: To investigate the role of bcl-2 in lung cancer, we performed immunohistochemical stain of bcl-2 on 57 biopsy specimens from resected primary non-small cell lung cancer. Thereafter, flow cytometric cell cycle analysis was done. And we analyzed the correlation between bcl-2 expression, clinical parameters, S-, $G_1$-phase fraction and survival. Results: bcl-2 were detected in 43.8% of total 57 patients(according to histology, squamous cancer 47%, adenocarcinoma 32%, according to TNM stage, I 28.6%, II 52.3%, III 45.5%. both differences were insignificant). By using the flow cytometric analysis, mean S-phase fraction of bcl-2(+) and (-) group were 14.1($\pm7.8$)%, 24.7($\pm10.5$)% (p<0.005), mean $G_1$-phase fraction of bcl-2(+) and bcl-2(-) group were 75.5($\pm10.8$)%, 65.5($\pm11.4$)%(p<0.05). 2yr, 3yr and 5yr survival and median survival time of bcl-2(+) group were 65%, 54%, 41%, 53 months, and those of bcl-2(-) group were 71%, 52%, 46%, 37 months. (p>0.05, Kaplan-Meier, log rank) Conclusion: bcl-2 was detected in 43.8% of primary non-small cell lung cancer. The S-phase fraction of bcl-2(+) group was less than bcl-2(-) group, and G1-phase fraction of bcl-2(+) group was more than bcl-2(-) group. But, expression of bcl-2 could not be a prognostic factor.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.62 no.1
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• pp.33-42
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• 2007

Background: Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is known to modulates the cellular functions, including cell proliferation and apoptosis. It is known that a high level of HO-1 expression is found in many tumors, and HO-1 plays an important role in rapid tumor growth on account of its antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects. Cisplatin is a widely used anti-cancer agent for the treatment of lung cancer. However, the development of resistance to cisplatin is a major obstacle to its use in clinical treatment. We previously demonstrated that inhibiting HO-1 expression through the transcriptional activation of Nrf2 induces apoptosis in A549 cells. The aim of this study was to determine of the inhibiting HO-1 enhance the chemosensitivity of A549 cells to cisplatin. Materials and Methods: The human lung cancer cell line, A549, was treated cisplatin, and the cell viability was measured by a MTT assay. The change in HO-1, Nrf2, and MAPK expression after the cisplatin treatment was examined by Western blotting. HO-1 inhibition was suppressed by ZnPP, which is a specific pharmacologic inhibitor of HO activity, and small interfering RNA (siRNA). Flow cytometry analysis and Western blot were performed in to determine the level of apoptosis. The level of hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) generation was monitored fluoimetrically using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate. Results: The A549 cells showed more resistance to the cisplatin treatment than the other cell lines examined, whereas cisplatin increased the expression of HO-1 and Nrf2, as well as the phosphorylation of MAPK in a time-dependent fashion. Inhibitors of the MAPK pathway blocked the induction of HO-1 and Nrf2 by the cisplatin treatment in A549 cells. In addition, the cisplatin-treated A549 cells transfected with dither the HO-1 small interfering RNA (siRNA) or ZnPP, specific HO-1 inhibitor, showed in a more significantly decrease in viability than the cisplatin-only-treated group. The combination treatment of ZnPP and cisplatin caused in a marked increase in the ROS generation and a decrease in the HO-1 expression. Conclusion: Cisplatin increases the expression of HO-1, probably through the MAPK-Nrf2 pathway, and the inhibition of HO-1 enhances the chemosensitivity of A549 cells to cisplatin.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.219-226
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• 1976

To meet the need of protein feed and fine more efficient ways of returning waste to resources, we have carried out the study of the production of yeast for foods and feeds from the corn starch cake. The present study includes the method for acid-hydrolysis, the selection of yeast capable of utilizing hydrolyzate of the corn starch cake, and culture condition of Candida tropicalis under the liquid culture and the semisolid culture. Obtained results were as follows. 1. Hydrochloric acid was more excellent on the hydrolysis of the corn starch cake than sulfuric acid, and the yield of sugar was maximum, 57.2%, when the corn starch cake was hydrolyzed with 1.0% of hydrochloric acid at 2.0kg/cm for 30 minutes. 2. As the acid solution content was increased, more sugar was liberatedfrom the mixture, until the acid solution-substrate ratio reached 10:1. Beyond this point, no further increase was observed. To prepare the cultural medium of semisolid fermentation, a acid solution to substrate ratio of 3:1 appeared to be optimum. 3. Out of 6 yeast strains, Candida tropicalis had excellent growth on the hydrolyzate of the corn starch cake, and optimum temperature and initial pH were $30^{\circ}C$ and 6.0 respectively. 4. Optimum liquid medium of Candida tropicalis is ures 0.3%, potassium phosphate monobasic 0.15g and magnesium sulfate 0.04g in 100ml of the hydrolyzate of the corn starch cake, while optimum semisolid medium is ammonium chloride 0.4g, potassium phosphate monobasic 0.1%, magnesium sulfate 0.04%. 5. Candida tropicalis could assimilate the sugar in the hydrolyzate up to more than 88.75%, and a yield of dry yeast reached 19.13% to the corn starch cake under the liquid culture. 6. Compared to the that of the untreated corn starch cake, the cellulose content of the semisolid fermented cake decreased by 3.76% to 14.7%, whereas dry yeast contents increased by 13.89%.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.191-217
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• 2014

The Purpose of this study is to find the effect factors of R&D investment in SMEs which plays an important role in the national economy, and the differences of the effect factors by the type of SMEs. The subject of this study is about 3,400 SMEs mentioned in "The survey of technical statistics on SMEs in 2007" by Korea Federation of Small and Medium Business. The effect factors are related with the size of business, the infrastructure of R&D and the activities of R&D which have been studied by many researchers. The methods of analysis are regression analysis, moderating effect analysis and the software package used is SPSS 12.0. The results of the study are as fallow. First, it was found that unlike in previous studies which show the effect of the elements of business's size, research infrastructure, research activities on R&D investment, one element alone can't be considered for meaningful result but the various elements have effect on R&D investment at the same time. In other words, the number of employees and the sales as the elements of business's size, the ratio of researchers, the technical ability, the ratio of equipment possession and the intellectual properties as the elements of R&D infrastructure, the activity of ideas and joint research as the elements of R&D activities have positive(+) effect, whereas the participation of CEO in the activity of R&D as the elements of R&D activities activity has negative(-) one. The number of employees, the ratio of researchers, and the sales had relatively high influence whereas equipment possession, technical ability, intellectual properties, the participation of CEO in the research, the activity of idea, joint research had relatively low influence. Next, it was also found that there are differences of the effect factors over the types of SMEs. SMEs were classified into 19 types by eight criteria such as start-ups and existing business by business age; small business and medium business by size; manufacturing business and service business by product type;independent business and subcontractor business by dealing type; businesses in the entering, growing, maturing and restructuring stage by growth stage; businesses with low, medium and high technology by technological level; pioneering business and non-pioneering business by industrial type; and businesses with state-of-the-art technology and non-advanced business by the level of business activities. The meaning of this study lies in the fact that it found the various effect factors should be considered at the same time when conducting study on SMEs' R&D investment, and the differences by the type should be acknowledged. This study surpassed the limitations of the previous studies which focused on a couple of factors and types. This study result can also be considered for other studies on achievement, organization, marketing and others. Moreover, it shows that a differential policy by business type is needed when formulating SME policy.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.3
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• pp.287-316
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• 1999

Cyberspace permits us to more beyond traditional face-to-face, mail and telephone surveys, yet still to examine basic issues regarding the quality of data collection: sampling, questionnaire design, survey distribution, means of response, and database creation. This article address each of these issues by contrasting and comparing traditional survey methods(Paper-and-Pencil) with Internet or Personal Computer networks-mediated (Screen-and-Keyboard) survey methods also introduces researchers to this revolutionary and innovative tool and outlines a variety of practical methods for using the Internet or Personal Computer Networks. The revolution in telecommunications technology has fostered the rapid growth of the Internet all over the world. The Internet is a massive global network and comprising many national and international networks of interconnected computers. The Internet or Personal Computer Networks could be the comprehensive interactive tool that will facilitate the development of the skills. The Internet or Personal Computer Networks provides a virtual frontier to expand our access to information and to increase our knowledge and understanding of public opinion, political behavior, social trends and lifestyles through survey research. Comparable to other technological advancements, the Internet or Personal Computer Networks presents opportunities that will impact significantly on the process and quality of survey research now and in the twenty-first century. There are trade-offs between traditional and the Internet or Personal Computer Networks survey. The Internet or Personal Computer Networks is an important channel for obtaining information for target participants. The cost savings in time, efforts, and material were substantial. The use of the Internet or Personal Computer Networks survey tool will increase the quality of research environment. There are several limitations to the Internet or Personal Computer Network survey approach. It requires the researcher to be familiar with Internet navigation and E-mail, it is essential for this process. The use of Listserv and Newsgroup result in a biased sample of the population of corporate trainers. However, it is this group that participates in technology and is in the fore front of shaping the new organizations of interest, and therefore it consists of appropriate participants. If this survey method becomes popular and is too frequently used, potential respondents may become as annoyed with E-mail as the sometimes are with mail survey and junk mail. Being a member of the Listserv of Newsgroup may moderate that reaction. There is a need to determine efficient, effective ways for the researcher to strip identifiers from E-mail, so that respondents remain anonymous, while simultaneously blocking a respondent from responding to a particular survey instrument more than once. The optimum process would be on that is initiated by the researcher : simple, fast and inexpensive to administer and has credibility with respondents. This would protect the legitimacy of the sample and anonymity. Creating attractive Internet or Personal Computer Networks survey formats that build on the strengths of standardized structures but also capitalize on the dynamic and interactive capability of the medium. Without such innovations in survey design, it is difficult to imagine why potential survey respondents would use their time to answer questions. More must be done to create diverse and exciting ways of building an credibility between respondents and researchers on the Internet or Personal Computer Networks. We believe that the future of much exciting research is based in the Electronic survey research. The ability to communicate across distance, time, and national boundaries offers great possibilities for studying the ways in which technology and technological discourse are shaped. used, and disseminated ; the many recent doctoral dissertations that treat some aspect of electronic survey research testify to the increase focus on the Internet or Personal Computer Networks. Thus, scholars should begin a serious conversation about the methodological issues of conducting research In cyberspace. Of all the disciplines, Internet or Personal Computer Networks, emphasis on the relationship between technology and human communication, should take the lead in considering research in the cyberspace.