• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.280-286
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• 2016

This study was conducted to evaluate the growth characteristics and dry matter yields of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam., IRG) cultivars for three years (2011~2013). The cold-resistance of domestic cultivars was stronger than other foreign varieties. Among early-maturing cultivars, dry matter (DM) yield of 'Kowinearly' was significantly higher (8,751 kg/ha) than other cultivars (p<0.05). In medium-maturing cultivars, DM yield of 'Kowinmaster' and 'Tam 90' was 9,394 and 7,461 kg/ha, respectively. Of the two, the former's DM yield was higher than the latter's (p<0.05). Among late-maturing cultivars, DM yield of 'Hwasan 104' (9,809 kg/ha) was similar to 'Hwasan 101' (9,354 kg/ha), but significantly higher than the other late-maturing cultivars (p<0.05). According to the results obtained from present study, early-maturing cultivars with cold-tolerance and high productivity is required for the paddy field cultivation of an Italian ryegrass cultivar after rice harvest in Cheonan region. Medium- and late-maturing cultivars are more advantageous for the dry field cultivation of the maximum quantity that is possible. In conclusion, to select which cultivar/s to grow, the climate of the growing area, weather conditions, and the cropping system must all be considered.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.97-102
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• 2010

This experiment was carried out to know the possibility for cultivation of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) by spring seeding in Grassland and Forages Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Cheonan from 2007 to 2008. In spring seeding cultivation, heading date of early maturity variety, 'Kospeed', was on 14 May, but late maturity variety, 'Hwasan 101', was not heading up to harvesting date. Dry matter yield of 'Kospeed' (6,819 kg/ha) was higher than that of 'Hwasan 101' (4,409 kg/ha) by 55%. Crude protein (CP) and total digestible nutrients(TDN) of 'Kospeed' were 15.6% and 62.1%, respectively and that of 'Hwasan 101' were 20.3%, and 67.5%. In these result, when cultivation of Italian ryegrass by spring seeding, selection of early maturity variety have a decided advantage for high productivity.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.131-136
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• 2015

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of moisture content on the haylage quality of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum). Seven levels of moisture content (60%, 55%, 50%, 45%, 40%, 35%, and 30%) were tested in this experiment. The results show that the feed value, crude-protein content, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and in vitro dry-matter digestibility were not significantly different as the moisture content decreased. The pH and lactic-acid content, however, decreased significantly as the moisture content decreased, whereas the content of acetic and butyric acid increased significantly. We concluded that a moisture content within a range from 60% to 40% is best for Italian-ryegrass haylage.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.43-48
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• 2004

As an initial step for future genetic manipulations to improve forage characteristics of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), an efficient tissue culture system was established and the factors affecting plant regeneration were evaluated. MS medium containing 5mg/L 2,4-D was optimal for embryogenic callus induction from mature seed and had a strong effect on successive plant regeneration. The plant regeneration frequency was observed at above 70％ when embryogenic calli induced were transferred to N6 medium supplemented with 1mg/L 2,4-D and 5mg/L BA. Among several basic media tested, MS and N6 medium were optimal for callus induction and plant regeneration, respectively. Genotype was an important factor in plant regenerability. 'Jeanne' showed the highest regeneration frequency of 73％. A short tissue culture period and high-frequency regeneration system established in this study will be useful for molecular breeding of Italian ryegrass through genetic transformation.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.391-397
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• 1993

Rye(Secale cereale cv. Chunchu), barley(Hordeum vulgare cv. Dusan 29#), and italian ryegrass(Lolium multiflorum cv. Barmultra) were treated at 0, 0.1, 0.3, and 0.6 % of NaCl solution for 30 days. Plant height, leaf length, and leaf area were decreased with increasing NaCl level, and leaf area was decreased mainly due to decrease of leaf length. Root length was decreased at higher NaCl levels, but root number was increased. Shoot dry weight was decreased by increasing NaCl levels in rye and italian ryegrass, but barley did not show significant change. Dry weight of root was more decreased than that of shoot at higher NaCl levels. Chlorophyll content was decreased, but electric contuctivty of shoots and roots was increased at higher NaCl levels. Na+ content in shoot and root was increased with increasing NaCl level but the degree was not same. Reducing power of roots was that three crops as affected by NaCl was not equal. Barley was the most tolerant to NaCl stress.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.303-308
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• 2001

To investigate the partitioning of newly absorbed N derived from NO$_3$- and NH$_4$$^{+}$, 6 mM $K^{15}$ NO$_3$ or 3 mM ($^{15}$ NH$_4$)$_2$ was fed continuously in Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflrum L.) for 7 days. Nitrogen metabolites (nitrate, amino acid, soluble- and insoluble protein) were analyzed at the end of $^{15}$ N feeding. Dry weight in shoot, stubble and root was not significantly different between NO$_3$$^{[-10]}$ and NH$_4$$^{+}$ feeding. Total nitrogen content in all three organs was significantly higher in NH$_4$$^{+}$ than NO$_3$$^{[-10]}$ feeding. Sum on N content in reduced N fractions (amino acids + proteins) in shoot, stubble and roots in NH$_4$$^{+}$ feeding increased by 13.3, 12.5 and 35.4 %, respectively, compared to NO$_3$$^{[-10]}$ feeding. The Relative Specific Activity (RSA, percentage of newly absorbed $^{15}$ N relative to total N in a sample) values of amino acids and insoluble proteins were significantly higher in NH$_4$$^{+}$ feeding. Total amount of newly absorbed $^{15}$ N in NO$_3$$^{[-10]}$ and NO$_3$$^{[-10]}$ feeding was 52.3 and 69.5 mg/plant on dry matter basis, respectively. In both NH$_4$$^{+}$ and NO$_3$$^{[-10]}$ grown plants, most of the N was allocated to the shoot, 67.5% in NH$_4$$^{+}$ feeding and 58.8% NO$_3$$^{[-10]}$ feeding, respectively. The $^{15}$ N amount incorporated in the reduced N compounds (amino acids and proteins) in NH$_4$$^{+}$ grown plants significantly increased by 74.8% compared to NO$_3$$^{[-10]}$ grown plants. The increase of the $^{15}$ N amount assimilated to amino acids in NH$_4$$^{+}$ grown plants was remarkably higher in roots as more than 7.25 times compared to NO$_3$$^{[-10]}$ feeding. These results indicated that Italian ryegrass was much efficiently utilized NH$_4$$^{+}$-N for the synthesis of reduced N compounds.reduced N compounds.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.107-112
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• 2011

This experiment was carried out to provide some information on the change of dry matter productivity and feed value (forage quality) according to growth stages of late-maturing variety, Hwasan 101, Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) in Grassland and Forages Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Suwon from 2000 to 2002. In Suwon, booting, first heading, full heading and flowering stages of cv. Hwasan 101 were May 8, 18, 28 and June 3, respectively. Dry matter (DM) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) yields of Hwasan 101 were tendency to be increased by the progress of growth. DM yield in first heading stage increased 50% more than DM 4,818 kg/ha of booting stage, and also DM yield in full heading stage was increased by 26% of DM 7,244 kg/ha of first heading. Crude protein content was decreased gradually by the progress of growth, which were 18.32, 15.12, 12.58 and 12.36% in booting, first heading, full heading and flowing stage, respectively. Acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber contents was increased and in vitro dry matter digestibility decreased gradually with progress of growth, but there was no difference between full heading and flowering stages. Considering DM yield and feed value of Italian ryegrass, the suitable cutting times seems between full heading and flowering stage.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.117-121
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• 1991

This experiment was conducted to identify the relationships of concentration with phytotoxic rate of dinitroamide and acid amide herbicides which have showed the longest residual period in soil. Four herbicides treated showed greater inhibition on roots than shoots, greater inhibition by herbicides was obtained for Italian ryegrass than for Radish. Nitralin, pendimethalin, and ethalfluralin at 0.01ppm gave about 20% inhibition of Italian ryegrass roots, whereas about 47% inhibition was obtained with napropamide. Fifty percent inhibition($I_{50}$) of roots and shoots of Italian ryegrass was 0.036 and 0.132ppm for nitralin. 0.063 and 0.097ppm for pendimethalin. 0.042 and 0.092ppm for ethalfluralin. 0.027 and 0.071ppm for napropamide respectively. On the other hand, $I_{50}$ of roots and shoots of Radish was 1.028 and over 10ppm for nitralin. 1.925 and 4.885ppm for pendimethalin, 2.669 and over 10ppm for ethalfluralin, and 0.515 and over 10ppm for napropamide respectively. There was positive correlation between the concentration of herbicides and growth inhibition of Italian ryegrass and radish.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.229-236
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• 2012

This experiment was conducted to evaluate agronomic characteristics and forage productivity of italian ryegrass cultivars at Seongju in the Kyeongbuk from 2010 to 2012. The experiment was arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications. Italian ryegrass cultivars were seeded on Oct. 12 in 2010 and Oct. 3 in 2011. The early-medium maturing cultivars were harvested on 29 Apr. and the medium late ones were harvested on 4 May in 2011. In 2012, the early-medium cultivars were harvested on 28 Apr. and medium late ones were harvested on 12 May. DM (dry matter) yield of the early-medium maturing cultivars 'Yeonbong3', 'Seongnong', 'Winter Hawk', 'Pride' and 'Kowinnearly' was 9,850, 9,778, 9,486, 9,363 and 9,267 kg/ha and DM yield of those were significantly higher (p<0.05) than other seven cultivars or ones. DM yield of the medium-late maturing cultivars 'Tetragold', 'Hwasan 101', 'Jumbo', 'Sungrazer', 'Master', 'SelectIV' and 'KB Royal' was 9,542, 9,492, 9,103, 8,981, 8,903, 8,870 and 8,681 kg/ha and DM yield of those were higher (p<0.05) than other three. Cold tolerance for 'Hwasan 101' was higher than others, in medium-late maturing cultivars. According to the results obtained from this study, it is suggested that early-medium maturing cultivars would be recommendable for DM production.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.235-242
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• 2004

A system for the production of transgenic plants has been developed for Italian ryegrass(Lolium mult리orum Lam.) via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of embryogenic callus. Mature seed-derived calli were infected and co-cultured with Agrobacterium EHA101 carrying standard binary vector pIG121Hm encoding the hygromycin phosphotransferase(HPT), neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPTII) and intron-oontaining $\beta$g1ucuronidase( intron-GUS) genes in the T-DNA region. The effects of several factors on transformation and the expression of the GUS gene were investigated. Inclusion of 200${\mu}M$ acetosyringone(AS) in inoculation and co-cultivation media lead to a significant increase in stable transformation efficiency. Increasing Agrobacterium cell density up to 1.0 in $OD_{600}$ during infection increased transfonnation efficiency of embryogenic calli. The highest transfonnation efficiency was obtained when embryogenic calli were incoulated with Agrobacterium in the presence of 0.1% Tween20 and 200${\mu}M$ AS. Hygromycin resistant calli were developed into complete plants via somatic embryogenesis. GUS histochemical assay and PCR analysis of transgenic plants demonstrated that transgenes were integrated into the genome of Italian ryegrass.