• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.681-688
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• 2004

For use of the thermal cycle of the biochemical fluid sample, the isothermal temperature source with a large surface area was designed, fabricated and its thermal characterization was experimentally evaluated. The comprehensive overview of the technology trend on the temperature control devices was detailed. The large surface area isothermal temperature source was realized by using the vapor chamber heat spreader. The cost-effectiveness and simple manufacturing process were achieved by using the metal-etched wick structure. The temperature distribution was quantitatively investigated by using IR temperature imaging system at equivalent temperatures to the PCR thermal cycle. The standard deviation was measured to be within 0.7$^{\circ}C$ for each temperature cycle. This concludes that the presented isothermal temperature source enables no temperature gradient inside bio-sample fluid. Furthermore it can be applied to the cooling of the electronic devices due to its slimness and low thermal spreading resistance.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.252-261
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• 1999

The 3-dimensional finite element program is developed to analyze the non-isothermal forming processes of aluminum-alloy sheet metals. Bishop's method is introduced to solve the heat balance and force equilibrium equations. Also, Barlat's non-quadratic anisotropic yield function depicts the planar anisotropy of the aluminum-alloy sheet. To find an appropriate constitutive equation, four different forms are reviewed. For the verification of the reliability of the developed program, the computational try-outs of the non-isothermal cylindrical cupping processes of AL5052-H32 and Al1050-H16 are carried out. As results, the constitutive equation relating to strain and strain-rate, in which the constants are represented by the 5th-degree polynomials of temperature, is in good agreement with measurement. The computational try-outs can predict optimal forming conditions in non-isothermal forming processes.

• Journal of Power System Engineering
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.20-25
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• 2000

In this study, methods for the characteristics measurement of pneumatic elements using isothermal chamber, the methods for the flow rate and dynamic characteristic measurement of pneumatic control valve, are proposed. An isothermal chamber is a chamber in which the steel wool is stuffed and isothermal condition can almost be realized. Therefore, the instantaneous flow rate could be measured only from the pressure response using the state equation of gas. Effectiveness and simplicity of the proposed method are confirmed by comparing the measured results obtained by proposed methods with the methods defined JIS and the ISO standards.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.52-56
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• 2018

The present study examines the transformation of dynamic DSC data into the equivalent isothermal data for the formation kinetics of a polyurethane elastomer. The reaction of 2'-dichloro-4,4'-methylenedianiline (MOCA) with a PTMG/TDI-based isocyanate prepolymer was evaluated. DSC measurement was performed in the dynamic scanning mode with several different heating rates to obtain the reaction thermograms. Then, the data was transformed into the isothermal data through a procedure based on Ozawa analysis. The main feature of this procedure was the transformation of $({\alpha}-T)_{\beta}$ curves from dynamic DSC into $({\alpha}-t)_T$ curves using the isoconversional $(t-T)_{\alpha}$ diagram. Validity was discussed for the relationship between the dynamic DSC data and the transformed isothermal results.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.486-497
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• 2019

The non-isothermal and isothermal pyrolysis properties of H lignin and P lignin extracted from different biorefinery processes (such as supercritical water hydrolysis and fast pyrolysis) were studied using thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) and pyrolyzer-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). The lignins were characterized by ultimate/proximate analysis, FT-IR and GPC. Based on the thermogravimetry (TG) and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) curves, the thermal decomposition stages were obtained and the pyrolysis products were analyzed at each thermal decomposition stage of non-isothermal pyrolysis. The isothermal pyrolysis of lignins was also carried out at 400, 500, and $600^{\circ}C$ to investigate the pyrolysis product distribution at each temperature. In non-isothermal pyrolysis, P lignin recovered from a fast pyrolysis process started to decompose and produced pyrolysis products at a lower temperature than H lignin recovered from a supercritical water hydrolysis process. In isothermal pyrolysis, guaiacyl and syringyl type were the major pyrolysis products at every temperature, while the amounts of p-hydroxyphenyl type and aromatic hydrocarbons increased with the pyrolysis temperature.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.28 no.9
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• pp.522-527
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• 2018

This study investigates the effects of isothermal holding temperature and time on the microstructure, hardness and Charpy impact properties of medium-carbon bainitic steel specimens. Medium-carbon steel specimens with different bainitic microstructures are fabricated by varying the isothermal conditions and their microstructures are characterized using OM, SEM and EBSD analysis. Hardness and Charpy impact tests are also performed to examine the correlation of microstructure and mechanical properties. The microstructural analysis results reveal that granular bainite, bainitic ferrite, lath martensite and retained austenite form differently in the specimens. The volume fraction of granular bainite and bainitic ferrite increases as the isothermal holding temperature increases, which decreases the hardness of specimens isothermally heat-treated at $300^{\circ}C$ or higher. The specimens isothermally heat-treated at $250^{\circ}C$ exhibit the highest hardness due to the formation of lath martensite, irrespective of isothermal holding time. The Charpy impact test results indicate that increasing isothermal holding time improves the impact toughness because of the increase in volume fraction of granular bainite and bainitic ferrite, which have a relatively soft microstructure compared to lath martensite for specimens isothermally heat-treated at $250^{\circ}C$ and $300^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.103-108
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• 2016

In recent years, TRIP steels which are composed of ferrite, bainite, and retained austenite have drawn much attention for automotive sheets due to excellent combination of strength and ductility. The effect of two-step isothermal heat treatment of bainitic transformation on microstructures, especially retained austenites and tensile properties in the conventional TRIP steel was investigated. A two-step isothermal heat treatment, in which 50% bainitic transformation occurred at high temperature, followed by bainitic transformation at low temperature, improves tensile properties, resulting from enhanced mechanical stability of retained austenite against external plastic deformation due to refinement of retained austenites, compared to single-step isothermal heat treatment.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.677-684
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• 1991

A numerical analysis is performed about the effects of aspect ratio on natural convective heat transfer from a vertical isothermal cylinder of 0.deg. C immersed in cold pure water. The results of analysis include velocity profiles, temperature profiles and mean Nusselt number of the steady flow region. As aspect ratio of vertical cylinder increases, the flow and heat transfer characteristics of vertical isothermal cylinder approach to those of vertical isothermal flat plate. Numerical solutions obtained for Rayleigh number and aspect ratio indicate the cylinders can be classified as short cylinder and long cylinder. In the cases of short cylinder and long cylinder, new heat transfer correlations are presented. Here, the coefficient values C of new heat transfer correlations are presented as the function of density extremum parameter $R^*/. Numerical results show that theoretical results are in close agreement with experimental results.ts.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.72-78
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• 2014

Isothermal transformation behavior of a 10% Cr heat resistant steel fabricated by centrifugal casting process was investigated. Normalized specimen at $1100^{\circ}C$ for 1 hour was isothermally annealed at temperature range between $600^{\circ}C$ and $700^{\circ}C$ with various time. The annealed specimen had eutectoid structure which was generated along austenitic grain boundary during isothermal annealing. Areal fraction of eutectoid structure increased up to 25% after holding at $700^{\circ}C$ for 20 hours. It was observed that austenitic matrix was transformed to ferrite structure and fine $M_{23}C_6$ carbides with increase of annealing time. Time-temperature-transformation diagram of the centrifugally cast 10% Cr steel with 0.18 wt% C was plotted based on the results of isothermal transformation behavior.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.303-308
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• 2000

The ring gears of automobile parts are manufactured generally process chart of which is as follows : forging ${\rightarrow}$ annealing or normalizing ${\rightarrow}$ rough machining ${\rightarrow}$ hardening(Quenching-Tempering or carburizing process) ${\rightarrow}$ finish machining. Isothermal annealing process after forging is most effective in the side of improvment of machinability. On this study we selected two kinds of steel;SCM415, SCM435 of most universal and investigated microstructures to find out most suitable condition of heat treatment in proportion continuous cooling and isothermal annealing. As the cooling rate is $5^{\circ}C$ per minute in continuous cooling process, martensite and bainite are coexisted with ferrite and pearlite in SCM435 steel. If the cooling rate is slower than $5^{\circ}C$ per minute, microstructure were only ferrite and pearlite but formation of band structure can't be avoid. On the other hand, microstructure is only ferrite and pearlite regardless of cooling rate because carbon content of SCM415 steel is low. Moreover formation of band structure isn't exposed by faster cooling rate. Most optimal temperature of the isothermal annealing is from $650^{\circ}C$ to $680^{\circ}C$ in SCM435 steel. When holding time is 60 minute with $650^{\circ}C$, the identical ferrite and pearlite microstructures can be obtained.