• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.102-110
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• 1988

This study was designed to find out whether the water quality of Lake Daeho would be suitable for Sgricultural purposes during 1984-1988 perird. Thr results were as follows ; 1. There was an apparent seasonal temperature fluctuation$(6-25^{\circ}C)$ above the entrance of the culvert at the depth of 14m, but the temperature below remained constant at $11,9^{\circ}C$. 2. The yearly water qualities observed at the deepest site by the seadike were 7.4-7.5 pH, 16,800-1,472 ${\mu}mhos/cm$ EC, 9.2-10.8ppm DO, 1.3-2.5ppm DOD, 2.4-5.3ppm COD, 0.22-2.29ppm T-N, 0.01-0.10ppm T-P. 3. The average values of water qualities at the epilimnion in 1988 were 7.6 pH, 1,745umhos/cm EC, 10.8ppm DO, 1.8ppm DOD, 2.4ppm COD, 0.52ppm T-N, 0.05ppm T-P. 4. The salinity of the epilimnion at a 6m depth was 29,000ppm before the final closure of the seadike. It was 11,000 ppm in March 1984, 4,300ppm in March 1985, 2,000ppm in March 1986 and 1987, and 900ppm in March 1988. The salinity of the whole water column decreased from 29.000ppm to 1,200 ppm in March 1988. The average salinity above and below the culvert in 1987 was about 1,300ppm, and 30,000ppm respectively reaching that of seawater. 5. The highest salinity was observed at the epilimnion by the seadike, showing about 5,835ppm in 1984. 6. The seasonal salinity fluctuation was 2,000ppm in May, 800ppm in October, and 485ppm in September 1987. 7. The halocline was observed at the depth of 14m where the entrance of the culvert was located. Therefore, the epilimnion water is suitable for agricultural purposes, and the intake of water from Lake Sapkyo seems to be unnecessary.

• Archives of design research
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• v.19 no.2 s.64
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• pp.99-108
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• 2006

Based on the results from the already published 'A study on factors that make busy of street space' and 'A study on street the image evaluation of streetscape', this study is an attempt to explore factors, other than the structural factors, that compose the street space and affect the image of street to be more lively. First of all, this study was mainly concentrated on the structure of street space that fits the theory of the previous two theses, stating that the structural ratio ($D/H=0.5{\sim}2$) gives the street an interesting image. The next study subject was the street space that exhibits the amenity and busy of image according to the space structure ratio. I defined that exhibiting amenity and busy means the activation of the street space, and I attempted to extract the activation factors from the component elements. The street space that shows amenity and busy image after the activation was named as 'lively street space' in this study. Furthermore, I selected 20 street spaces, after classifying the whole, according to nations and local characteristics as the previous theses had done and looked for the 'lively street space', whose structural ratio was not in the range of $D/H=0.5{\sim}2$ and the factors that contributed to the Image. As the result, I founded that in case of the business areas with the ratio of $D/H=0.5{\sim}2$, street activation factors were hydroponic facilities, sidewalks, and wayside buildings and In case of the commercial areas, the factors were sidewalk, wayside buildings, hydroponic facilities, and illumination facilities. Especially, 5 commercial areas in Korea and 1 business areas in Japan did not have the structural ratio of $D/H=0.5{\sim}2$, but still exhibited lively image as streets. This was because aside from the structural element, other street activation factors such as facilities also had major contribution in these streets. In other words, in commercial areas in Korea have wayside buildings, sidewalks, and hydroponic facilities as activating factors, whereas in street spaces in business areas in Japan, hydroponic facilities, wayside buildings, and sidewalk factors are influential to the activation of street spaces.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.220-227
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• 2004

This study showed that thermophilic anaerobic acid fermentation of food wastes had an enhanced hydrolysis capability and improvement of acidification efficiency. Influence of pH on the anaerobic hydrolysis and acidogenesis was investigated to determine the proper alkalinity in the thermophilic fermentation of food wastes. The results of putting NaOH as alkali to evaluate hydrolysis and acid fermentation efficiency In acid fermentation process of food wastes showed that the food wastes pretreated with 0.05 g NaOH/g TS had the maximum 12,600 mg/L of VFAs concentration during HRT 3 days in $55^{\circ}C$ thermophilic condition and the maximum 9,700 mg/L of VFAs concentration during HRT 5 days in $35^{\circ}C$ mesophilic condition. The accomplishment of high VFAs concentration resulted from that the main component of food wastes such as cellulose, lignin and etc. is performed active chemical decomposition by alkali in thermophilic condition. The major components of VFAs produced from the thermophilic acid fermentation process of food wastes were the short chain fatty acids such as acetic acid, butyric acid, and propionic acid.

• Archives of design research
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.231-241
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• 1999

This study propose to analyze the design method and the form elements of museums, of works by Richard Meier, and through the analysis, spacial characteristics of museums will be understood. The museum works of Richard Meier, as an exhibition space, not only display the art works efficiently, but they also offer visitors the opportunity to experience the art of architecture, as a cultural space. Richard Meier, when working on the projects, has utilized the design methods and the architectural language, learned from Mies van der Rohe and Le Corbusier, resourcefully. Having the structural grid as basis, the rational rectangular forms were intended for exhibition space, while the circular and partial circular forms of geometry were utilized in formative space. This was able to maintain the balance between functional and formative space. In the museums of his works, the ramp and the glass wall separated from the structure become very important means of expression. The ramps, not only make people to enjoy the interior and exterior of museum, but also able them to see the works of art from different distances and angles repeatedly and the large glass wall reveals the various shapes of interior to exterior. In comparing with the design method and language of two masters mentioned, the design principles and elements, developed by Meier were applied to the site plans, exhibition space planning and elevations to manifest its originality. The design concept, derived from the urban fabric and historical buildings around, gave harmony to the museum with its surroundings, and employing the deformed axis brought variation and the effect of diversion to the site plan. The exhibition space is much vitalized by the well arrangement of various exhibition fixtures in the museum. The exhibion fixtures, which the partitions, shelves, miches, and stages were put together in flexibility, play multiple roles as partitions dividing spaces, as furniture displaying art works, and as elements creating forms. The systematically arranged fixtures, also produce several visual axes and centers, which have visitors appreciate the works of art in various perspectives, hence create a unique environment.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.281-287
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• 2011

BACKGROUND: According to Korean regulations, bottled waters (BWs) can not be treated with chemical disinfectants like chlorine, so UV and ozone disinfection is applied. During the past several years, chemicals were detected in some BWs, and the public was concerned about the safety of BWs. METHODS AND RESULTS: Mineral waters were stored for 180 days at $25^{\circ}C$ and $50^{\circ}C$, tested acetaldehyde and formaldehyde by HPLC. When mineral waters were put in a PET bottles, the formaldehyde level ranged from 5 to $66{\mu}g/L$ during 180 days at $50^{\circ}C$. While the acetaldehyde level ranged from 31 to $221{\mu}g/L$, it was low than $16{\mu}g/L$ in glass bottle. CONCLUSION(s): This result showed that formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were detected higher in PET bottles than glass bottles, these also increased depending on the time of storage. Concentration of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde could be significantly influenced by the time of storage and temperature.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2008

The main purpose of this study is to accumulate the fundamental data representing groundwater of plastic film houses by means of water quality and its multivariate statistical analysis. Groundwater samples were collected in every two years since 2000 to 2004 from total 211 sites. According to the result of water quality analysis, ground water quality was suitable for irrigation purpose averagely. Correlation analysis showed that EC was highest positively correlated with $Mg^{2+}$ to 0.810(p<0.01), 0.776(p<0.01) in April and July, respectively. $NO_3-N$ was highest positively correlated with T-N to 0.794(p<0.01) in October. This result shows that it can lead to a different result even in similar case sometimes. Four factors were extracted through factor analysis in April and July, but five factors were extracted in October. The proportions of cumulative variance by the factor were 64.9, 60.2, and 70.7 in April, July, and October, respectively. The first factor was highly related to anions and cations such as $Ca^{2+},\;Mg^{2+},\;Cl^-,\;{SO_4}^{2-}$, and EC in contrast to that of stream water. According to the cluster analysis, 211 sites are classified into four groups. Common type of ground water quality was shown in group A. The pH and $PO_4-P$ were highest in Group B. The anions and cations were highest in Group C. $COD_{Cr}$ was highest in Group D.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.168-177
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• 2007

By using DEM and digital actual vegetation map with MGE GIS software program, topographic features (altitude, slope, latitude, etc.) quantitatively were analysed and their data integrated as the index of climatic conditions (WI, CI, air temperature, etc.) in South Korea. Warmth Index (WI) decreases $5.27^{\circ}C{\cdot}month$ with latitudinal $1^{\circ} degree, and $3.41^{\circ}C{\cdot}month$ with attitudinal 100 m increase. The relationship between CI and WI values is expressed as a linear regression, $WI=116.01+0.96{\times}CI,\;R^2=0.996$. The distributional peaks of different plant communities along Warmth Index gradient showed the sequence of Abies nephrolepis, Taxus cuspidata, Abies koreana, Quercus mongolica, Carpinus laxiflora, Q. dentata, C. tschonoskii, Q. serrate, Pinus densiflora, Q. aliena, Q. variabilis, Q. acutissima, P. thunbergii, Q. acute, Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii, Camellia japonica, Machilus thunbergii community from lower to higher values. The Quercus mongolica forest occurred frequently on E-NW and SE slope aspect within WI $70{\sim}80^{\circ}C{\cdot}month$ optimal range at mesic sites, NW and SE slope than xeric sites S and SW slope. The Q. serrata forest showed the most distributional frequency in NW and W slope aspect within WI $90{\sim}100^{\circ}C{\cdot}month$ range, Q. variabilis and Q. acutissima forest showed the high frequency of distribution in SE slope in WI $95{\sim}100^{\circ}C{\cdot}month$ range. By the slope gradient analysis, five groups were found: 1. Abies nephrolepis, Machilus thunbergii, 2. Taxus cuspidata, Abies koreana, Quercus mongolica, Q. dentata, Q. serrata, Q. variabilis, Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii 3. Pinus densiflora, Q. aliena, Q. acutissima, P. thunbergii, Q. acuta 4. Carpinus laxiflora, Camellia japonica 5. C. tschonoskii from steep slope to gentle slope sequence.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.275-287
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• 2013

The Japanese anchovy Engraulis japonicus is a widespread species in the western North Pacific and major fishery resource. To understand the spatio-temporal variation of anchovy prey items in the coastal waters of southern Korea, the stomach contents of anchovy and the structure of the zooplankton community were analysed at three sites (Jindo, Yeosu and Tong-yeong) from July 2011 to February 2012. The main prey items in Yeosu and Jindo were cyprid stage of barnacle (>35%) and copepod Calanus sinicus (>22%) in July, respectively, while, predominant ones in Tongyeong were small copepods, Paracalanus parvus s.l. (41%) and Corycaeus affinis (22%). During this period, the dominant zooplankton were cladoceran Evadne tergestina (39%) in Yeosu, small copepod, P. parvus s.l. (28%) in Jindo and cladoceran E. tergestina (14%) in Tongyeong. The dominant prey items were barnacle larvae and copepods in summer, phytoplankton and Pseudodiaptomus marinus in autumn and P. parvus s.l. and cold water copepod, Centropages abdominalis in winter. Anchovy prefer the prey item C. sinicus (3%) over E. tergestina (39%), which was a dominant species in the catching site in summer. P. marinus (0.5%) and C. abdominalis (0.9%) were preferred over P. parvus s.l. (30%, 21%) in autumn and winter, respectively. Prey items varied with area and season in the coastal waters of southern Korea. These results suggest that the prey selectivity of anchovy showed high flexibility and adaptability in the study waters.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.153-163
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• 2002

In vitro matured porcine oocytes have very small volume of perivitellinspace (PVS). In these respect, the effect of sucrose and polybrene on the efficiency of gene transfer was investigated. As a gene (hGH) transfer vehicle, vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein pseudotyped retroviral vector (VSV-G) was used. Sucrose treatment has no detrimental effect on the rates of cleavage and resulted in the enlargement of PVS for the efficient introduction of retroviral vector stocks. Introduction rates of retrovirus in 0.5, 1, 2, 3 % sucrose treatment group were higher than that of the non-treatment group (39.3, 43.3, 35.7, 40.7 % vs. 8.3 %), respectively. In addition, we observed that sucrose pretreatment during injection procedure significantly reduce the frequency of polyspermy. In general, polybrene is a polycation essential for retrovirus transduction. The groups with the addition of 0.5, 5, 50$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ polybrene exhibited a significant effect on gene transfer compared to that of the non-addition group (56.5, 50.0, 57.1 % vs. 34.6 %), respectively But, when the oocytes were co-injected with retrovirus and 50$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ polybrene, the rates of cleavage and blastocyst development were 43.3 and 4.6%, respectively. This rates were lower than those of the non-addition group (70.0 and 17.3 %). In conclusion, sucrose pretreatment have increased efficiency of retroviral mediated gene transfer in porcine oocytes with no damage on in vitro fertilization and embryo development. In addition, sucrose pretreatment was beneficial in polyspermy inhibition. Presence of polybrene during microinjection showed a beneficial effect on the gene transfer in porcine oocytes, in low concentration. And these results will provide an useful tool for production of transgenic pigs by retroviral mediated gene transfer.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.799-810
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• 2004

This study was conducted to determine effects of spent composts of Se-enriched mushrooms (Se-SMC) as the dietary selenium source on carcass characteristics, plasma glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px) activity and Se deposition in finishing Hanwoo steers. In combination with both Se-SMC and normal SMC, experimental treatment diets were formulated to contain 0.1, 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 ppm of Se on a dry matter basis. A total of 20 finishing Hanwoo steers (average BW = 613 kg, average age = 20 to 24 mo) were allotted to treatments in four groups of five steers per pen for 12 wk preceding slaughter. While the experiment is employed, blood samples were taken to analyze Se concentration and GSH-Px activity, and muscle and liver samples were collected for analyses of Se contents in their tissues after slaughter. DMl and BW gain were not affected by dietary Se level and any toxic symptoms in treatments with a higher level of Se were not observed. No differences were noted for carcass characteristics. Se concentration in whole blood and plasma GSH-Px activity were linearly increased with the increasing level of dietary Se (P < 0.01). Se content in the hind leg for Se-SMC supplemented groups significantly increased (P < 0.05) upon dietary Se level, with 0.27, 0.37, 0.40 and 0.46 !1g1g dry, respectively. However, Se content in the loin was not affected by dietary Se levels. Se content in the liver was significantly increased(P < 0.05) as dietary Se increased, with 0.79, 1.40, 2.39 and 3.10 !1g1g dry, respectively. These results suggested that Se in the Se-SMC was highly bioavailable, and Se-SMC might be used not only as an inexpensive way of providing Se for ruminants but also as another way of producing Se-fortified beef.