• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.721-730
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• 2005

Recently, epidemiological evidence has raised concerns that moderate elevation in body iron stores may increase oxidative stress and the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer. Onion flesh or peel contains antioxidant such as flavonoids and alk(en)ylcysteine sulphoxides. This study was conducted to examine the effect of onion flesh or peel feeding on antioxidative capacity in aged rats supplemented with high dietary iron. Thirty-two Sprague-Dawley male 16-month-old rats weighing $618{\pm}6g$ were acclimated for 10 days with medium-iron diet (35ppm in diet), and blocked into 4 groups according to their body weights and raised for 3 months on either control diets (adequate iron-35ppm or high iron-350ppm) or experimental diets containing onion flesh/peel (5% w/w in diet) with high iron (350ppm). Rats fed high iron-onion peel diet had significantly high quercetin and isorhamnetin levels in plasma whereas rats fed high iron-onion flesh diet did not show. Plasma TBARS level was lowered by onion flesh or peel diet with high iron supplementation. However, there was no significant difference in cellular DNA damage in brain and kidney tissue among all experimental groups. We concluded that high iron diet (10 times higher than requirement) tend to increase oxidative stress and it is plausible that onion flesh or peel feeding enhances antioxidative capacity in the elderly even with iron supplementation.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.409-411
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• 1998

The effects of iron and EDTA on the growth of Chlorella sp. KR-1, a highly$CO_2$tolerant fresh water micro alga, have been determined. The algal growth was significantly affected not only by iron concentrations in the medium but by the ratio of iron to EDTA. The linear growth rate and the final cell concentration are increased with the supplementation of EDTA. Enhanced growth of Chlorella sp. KR-1 by the supplementation of EDTA was mainly due to the fact that the supply of iron to the algal culture had been possible for a longer time. When Chlorella sp. KR-1 is cultured in the medium of iron-15H-EDTA, the linear growth rate and the final cell concentration are at their maximum, 0.88 g/l${\cdot}$day and 9.1 g/l, respectively. The results show that Chlorella sp. KR-1 may be used for mass cultivation to fix$CO_2$from stack gases.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.262-269
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• 2003

The effect of dietary supplementation of the two oriental medicinal prescriptions, Sypjeondaebotang or Jahyulyanggeuntang, on iron bioavailability was evaluated in rats which were depleted of iron by being fed an irondeficient diet for 4 weeks. Seventy two iron-depleted rats were randomly divided into 3 groups (n = 24) , and fld one of the following experimental diets for 4 (n = 8), 12 (n = 8), and 25 days (n = 8) : Control diet (CD), Sypjeondaebotang-supplemented diet (SD), Jahyulyanggeuntang -supplemented diet (JD). The CD contained 20 mg Fe/kg diet as FeSO4, and the SD or JD was identical except that the respective oriental medicinal prescription extract was included at the level of 4 g/kg diet. Animals fed the SD and JD for 25 days consumed significantly less food (p＜0.001), but showed no change in food efficiency ratio compared to those that were fed the CD. Serum iron concentration and transferrin saturation values were significantly higher in rats fed the SD for 25 days compared to those that were fed the CD for the same period (p < 0.05). The values of serum UIBC (p < 0.05) and TIBC (p > 0.05) were lower in rats fed the SD compared to those fed the CD. Dietary supplementation of Sypjeondaebotang during the period of iron repletion significantly increased blood levels of hemoglobin (p < 0.05) and hematocrit (p < 0.01) measured at day 12, and increased mean corpuscular volume (p < 0.05) measured at day 25, compared to the values for the CD rats. Regression analyses of hemoglobin-repletion bioassay data from rats fed the SD and JD showed the relative biological values of 123% and 99%, respectively, calculated against the slope for the CD rats. Apparent iron absorption and retention values were also significantly lower (p < 0.05) in rats fed the SD for 25 days than those for the CD rats. Based on the results from diverse biochemical indices of iron status and the chemical balance study, the effect of Jahyulyanggeuntang on iron bioavailability appears to be less prominent than that for Sypjeondaebotang. Taken together, these results indicate that Sypjeondaebotang has a positive effect in restoring iron depletion by increasing the iron bioavailability in rats.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.297-306
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• 2022

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) when added to sows' diet on their reproductive performance and growth performance and on the hematology parameters of the sows and their piglets. Sixteen multiparous sows (Yorkshire × Landrace) were allotted into two treatment groups and fed basal diets (CON, piglets were injected with iron dextran) or the basal diet containing 0.1% ALA (ALA, piglets were not injected with iron dextran) from day 100 of gestation to day 28 of lactation. Supplementation of ALA had no effect on the body weight (BW), backfat thickness (BFT), or litter sizes of sows in the present experiment. However, the average daily feed intake (ADFI) of the sows was significantly improved (p < 0.05) in the ALA group. Supplementation of ALA had no effect on the growth performance or survival of suckling piglets but had a significant effect on the birth weight (p < 0.05). With regard to the blood profiles, serum concentrations of iron were unaffected in sows and piglets as compared to the control group. Red blood cell (RBC) counts were significantly improved (p < 0.05) in sows during late gestation to the time before farrowing period and in piglets at weaning. In summary, these results suggest that dietary supplementation of ALA can have positive effects by improving growth performance and blood RBC in sows and suckling piglets.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.83-86
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• 2006

Effect of iron on the extracellular proteolytic activity of live Uronema marium was determined by fluorescence polarization (FP) method. Supplementation of 0.5 and 5.0 μM iron significantly increased caseinolytic activity of live U. marinum. In contrast, supplementation of 50 μM iron showed no significant differences in FP values compared to the control. The present result suggests that iron in cultured water or skin tissue of olive flounder may influence on the penetration and establishment of U. marinum, correlating with modulation of extracellular protease activity of the ciliates.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.1355-1360
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• 2008

Effects of dietary ${\delta}$-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) supplementation on serum iron status, blood characteristics, egg production and quality were examined in laying hens in an 8-week feeding trail. Two hundred and forty (Hy-line brown, 40-week-old) layers were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments with ten replications (six layers in adjacent three cages). Dietary treatments included: 1) CON (basal diet), 2) ALA1 (CON+ALA 5 ppm), 3) ALA2 (CON+ALA 10 ppm) and 4) ALA3 (CON+ALA 15 ppm). All nutrient levels of diets were formulated to meet or exceed NRC (1994) recommendations for laying hens. During the entire experimental period, differences of serum iron concentration and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) were significantly increased in ALA1 supplemented treatment (quadratic effect, p<0.05). The difference of total protein between 8 and 0 weeks was significantly higher in ALA2 treatment than CON treatment (quadratic effect, p<0.05). No significant effects were observed on hemoglobin, WBC, RBC, lymphocyte and albumin concentrations. Egg production and egg weight were not influenced by the ALA supplementation. Egg yolk index was also significantly higher in ALA3 treatment than CON treatment at the end of 4 and 8 weeks (linear effect, p<0.05). Haugh unit was increased in ALA3 treatment compared to CON and ALA1 treatments at the end of 8 weeks (linear effect, p<0.05). However, egg shell thickness, breaking strength and yolk color unit were not affected by the ALA supplementation. In conclusion, dietary ALA supplementation at a level of 5 ppm can affect iron concentration in serum while higher levels (10 or 15 ppm) have some beneficial influences on blood profiles and egg quality.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.3 no.5
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• pp.715-721
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• 1998

This study was performed to investigate how milk supplementation can benefit the elderly by increasing bone density but possibly harming the iron status concomitantly. Forty one elderly subjects over 65 years of age(male : 9, female : 32) participated. All subjects were apparently healthy, home staying and attending meal service for lunch at the welfare center. They were from low income area of Puchon city. One cup of milk per day was served for 10 months. The mean intake of calcium was significantly increased for females after milk supplementation. Males showed significantly increased means of triceps skinfold thickness, suprailiac skinfold thickness and waist circumference. Females showed significantly increased measurements fo three kinds of skinfold thickness, waist circumference, and hip circumference. There were no significant change in the mean bone density of lumbar spine$(L_2~L_4)$, femoral neck, ward's triangle and torchanter, but the proportion of osteopenia estimated by the T score of lumbar spine bone density was lowered from 50.0% to 34.6% for females. The mean Hb level was significantly for males. The proportion of anemia estimated by Hb(<12g/dl), Hct(<36%) and serum ferritin(<15mg/ml) were increased from 17.2% to 51.7%, from 20.7% to 44.8% and from 10.3% to 17.2%, respectively for females. It looks like milk supplementation can effect the intakes of several nutrients considered to be commonly deficient in the Korean diet fo elderly people, increase some anthropometric measurements, and decrease the proportion of osteopenia. However it can have adverse effects on iron status of females.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.3-10
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• 2011

Women's nutrition has received little attention in nutrition programming, even though clinical trials and intervention trials have suggested that dietary improvement or supplementation with several nutrients may improve their health, especially in low-income settings, the main focus of this paper. Most attention so far has focused on how improvements in maternal nutrition can improve health outcomes for infants and young children. Adequate vitamin D and calcium nutrition throughout life may reduce the risk of osteoporosis, and calcium supplementation during pregnancy may reduce preeclampsia and low birth weight. To reduce neural tube defects, additional folic acid and possibly vitamin $B_{12}$ need to be provided to non-deficient women before they know they are pregnant. This is best achieved by fortifying a staple food. It is unclear whether maternal vitamin A supplementation will lead to improved health outcomes for mother or child. Iron, iodine and zinc supplementation are widely needed for deficient women. Multimicronutrient supplementation (MMS) in place of the more common iron-folate supplements given in pregnancy in low-income countries may slightly increase birth weight, but its impact on neonatal mortality and other outcomes is unclear. More sustainable alternative approaches deserve greater research attention.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.7
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• pp.887-898
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• 1993

In order to determine the effect of iron depletion and subsequent supplementation on the muscle capacity for peroxisomal (PO) and mitochondrial(MO) $\beta$-oxidation during high fat feeding, weanling rats were fed a 44% (HF) or 2.5% (LF) fat diet with (+Fe) or without (-Fe) iron for 6 or 9 weeks. After 1 week rats fed HF+Fe or HF-Fe had 50-100% more PO and MO in heart, soleus, psoas and gastrocnemius than did rats fed low fat, but after 3 weeks rats fed HF-Fe had lower muscle PO and MO. In muscles of iron depleted rats PO and MO were not increased by supplementation with iron for 3 weeks. After 6 weeks MO and PO in skeletal muscles of rats fed HF+Fe were lower than after 3 weeks. It is concluded that adequate iron is necessary for miaximum response of muscle PO and MO to high fat feeding. However, after 6 weeks both PO and MO have returned to levels similar to those of rats fed low fat diets, hence, the elevated catalase activities seen at this time do not reflect peroxisomal $\beta$-oxidation.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.169-178
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of early low-dose iron supplementation in term breast-fed infants. Methods: Eighty-seven healthy term infants were divided into 3 groups: A, formula-fed; B, breast-fed only; S, breast-fed with iron supplementation (5 mg/day from 2 months of age). We measured ferritin, iron, total iron binding capacity (TIBC), transferrin saturation rate (TFSAT), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and red cell distribution width (RDW) at birth, 6 months of age, and 12 months of age. Results: 1) At 6 months of age, ferritin, iron, TFSAT, and Hb in Group B were the lowest among the 3 groups, whereas TIBC and RDW were the highest. The incidences of iron deficiency (ID) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in Group B were 33% and 30%, respectively, significantly higher than those seen in Groups A (5% and 8%, respectively) and S (7% and 5%, respectively). 2) At 12 months of age, ferritin, TFSAT, Hb, MCV, and MCH in Group B were the lowest among the 3 groups, whereas TIBC and RDW were the highest. Iron and Hct did not differ among the 3 groups. The incidences of ID and IDA in Group B were 64% and 50%, respectively, again significantly higher than those seen in Groups A (4% and 3%, respectively) and S (9% and 7%, respectively). Conclusion: The prevalences of ID and IDA were higher in breast-fed infants than in formula-fed infants, even at 6 months of age. Early and low-dose iron supplementation in breast-fed infants improved iron status and lowered the incidence of iron deficiency anemia in early infancy.