• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2002.04a
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• pp.118-121
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• 2002

The kinetics and stoichiometry of the reduction of hexavalent chromium (Cr(Ⅵ)) with ferrous iron (Fe(II)) were examined in systems with and without aquifer solids. Cr(Ⅵ) reduction was rapid in the absence of solids, but demonstrated slower and more complex kinetics in the presence of aquifer solids. The aquifer solids removed Fe(II) from solution and a portion of the reducing capacity of Fe(II) was transferred to the aquifer solids. The solid phases were then able to continue to remove Cr(Ⅵ). This suggests in-situ treatment of Cr(Ⅵ) by Fe(II) injection would be feasible in the aquifer environment. In general, re-oxidation of reduced chromium by molecular oxygen was not observed in our systems over time periods of nearly one year.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2003.09a
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• pp.87-90
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• 2003

This research examines the feasibility of using laboratory-synthesized nano scale zero-valent iron particles to remove arsenic from aqueous phase. Batch experiments were performed to determine arsenic sorption rates as a function of the nano scale zero-valent iron solution concentration. Rapid adsorption of arsenic was achieved with the nano scale zero-valent iron. Typically 1 mg $L^{-1}$ arsenic (III) was adsorbed by 5 g $L^{-1}$ nano scale zero-valent iron below the 0.01 g $L^{-1}$ concentration within 7min. The kinetics of the arsenic sorption followed pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics. Observed reaction rate constants ( $K_{obs}$) varied between 11.4 to 129.0 $h^{-1}$ with respect to different concentrations of nano scale zero-valent iron. A variety of analytical techniques were used to study the reaction products including HGAAS (hydride generator atomic adsorption spectrophotometer), SEM (scanning electron microscopy) and TEM (transmission electron microscopy). Our experimental results suggest novel method for efficient removal of arsenic Iron groundwater.r.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2006.04a
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• pp.123-126
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• 2006

Reduction kinetics and intermediates behaviour of three high explosives (HMX, RDX, and TNT) were studies in batch reactors using either nano or micro size zero valent iron(ZVI) as reducing agent. The kinetics constants normalize to the mass of iron($k_M$) or to the surface area ($k_{SA}$) were measured and compared along with the changes of intermediate concentrations of each explosive. Results showed that $k_M$ and $k_{SA}$ values neither correlated each other nor explained the behaviour of intermediates of each high explosive in the batch reactor, in which initial intermediates decreased rapidly with nano ZVI treatment whereas the intermediates accumulated and stayed longer in the micro ZVI treated reactor.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.55-61
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• 2007

Metolachlor may pose a threat to surface and ground water qualities due to its high solubility in water, Zerovalent iron (ZVI) releases $e^-$ which can degrade the organochlorinated compounds. The objective of this research was to evaluate the kinetics of metolachlor degradation as affected by ZVI sources [Peerless unannealed (PU) and Peerless annealed (PA)] and ZVI levels (1 and 5%) under batch conditions at different metolachlor concentrations (200 and 1000 mg/l) and temperatures (15, 25, and $35^{\circ}C$). The effectiveness of ZVI on metolachlor degradation was assessed by characterizing the dechlorinated metolachlor byproduct molecules. Metolachlor degradation by ZVI followed the first-ordered kinetics with a higher rate constant at higher level of ZVI treatment. At 5% (w/v) of PU and PA treatment, the half-lives of metolachlor degradation were 9.93 and 6.51 h and all of the initial metolachlor were degraded in 72 and 48 h, respectively. Rate constants (k) of metolachlor degradation were higher at the lower initial metolachlor concentration. The metolachlor degradation by ZVI was temperature dependent showing that the rate constant (k) at 15, 25, and $35^{\circ}C$ were 0.0805, 0.1017, and 0.3116 /h, respectively. The ZVI-mediated metolachlor degradation yielded two byproduct molecules identified as dechlorinated metolachlor $(C_{13}H_{18}NO)$ and dechlorinated-dealkylated metolachlor $(C_{12}H_{17}NO)$. The PA ZVI was more effective than PU ZVI in metolachlor degradation.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.26 no.7
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• pp.859-868
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• 2017

In this study, the reductive dechlorination of triclosan using zero-valent iron (ZVI, $Fe^0$) and modified zero-valent iron (i.e., acid-washed iron (Aw/Fe) and palladium-coated iron (Pd/Fe)) was experimentally investigated, and the reduction characteristics were evaluated by analyzing the reaction kinetics. Triclosan could be reductively decomposed using zero-valent iron. The degradation rates of triclosan were about 50% and 67% when $Fe^0$ and Aw/Fe were used as reductants, respectively, after 8 h of reaction. For the Pd/Fe system, the degradation rate was about 57% after 1 h of reaction. Thus, Pd/Fe exhibited remarkable performance in the reductive degradation of triclosan. Several dechlorinated intermediates were predicted by GC-MS spectrum, and 2-phenoxyphenol was detected as the by-product of the decomposition reaction of triclosan, indicating that reductive dechlorination occurred continuously. As the reaction proceeded, the pH of the solution increased steadily; the pH increase for the Pd/Fe system was smaller than that for the $Fe^0$ and Aw/Fe system. Further, zero-order, first-order, and second-order kinetic models were used to analyze the reaction kinetics. The first-order kinetic model was found to be the best with good correlation for the $Fe^0$ and Aw/Fe system. However, for the Pd/Fe system, the experimental data were evaluated to be well fitted to the second-order kinetic model. The reaction rate constants (k) were in the order of Pd/Fe > Aw/Fe > $Fe^0$, with the rate constant of Pd/Fe being much higher than that of the other two reductants.

• 한국전기화학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.9-9
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• 2001

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.349-354
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• 2005

It is interesting to discover the reaction kinetics of the newly developed molybdenum containing catalysts. The dissociation/adsorption of nitrogen on molybdenum surface is known to be structure sensitive, which is similar to that of nitrogen on iron surface. The rates over molybdenum nitride catalysts are increased with the increase of total pressure. This tendency is the same as that for iron catalyst, but is quite different from that for ruthenium catalyst. The activation energies of the molybdenum nitride catalysts are almost on the same level, although the activity is changed by the addition of the second component. The reaction rate is expressed as a function of the concentration of reactants and products. The surface nature of $CO_3Mo_3N$ is drastically changed by the addition of alkali, changing the main adsorbed species from $NH_2$ to NH on the surface. The strength of $NH_x$ adsorption is found to be changed by alkali dopping.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.113-117
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• 2014

The mechanisms by which iron is absorbed are similar to those of divalent metals, particularly manganese, lead, and cadmium. These metals, however, show different toxicokinetics in relation to menarche or menopause, although their interaction with iron is the same. This review focuses on the kinetics of these three toxic metals (manganese, lead, and cadmium) in relation to menarche, pregnancy, and menopause. The iron-manganese interaction is the major factor determining sex-specific differences in blood manganese levels throughout the whole life cycle. The effects of estrogen overshadow the association between iron deficiency and increased blood lead concentrations, explaining why women, despite having lower ferritin concentrations, have lower blood lead concentrations than men. Iron deficiency is associated with elevated cadmium levels in premenopausal women, but not in postmenopausal women or men; these findings indicate that sex-specific differences in cadmium levels at older ages are not due to iron-cadmium interactions, and that further studies are required to identify the source of these differences. In summary, the potential causes of sex-specific differences in the blood levels of manganese, lead, and cadmium differ from each other, although all these three metals are associated with iron deficiency. Therefore, other factors such as estrogen effects, or absorption rate as well as iron deficiency, should be considered when addressing environmental exposure to toxic metals and sex-specific differences in the blood levels of these metals.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.1-7
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• 1976

The dissolving and growth kinetics of intermetallic compounds for the reaction between solid iron and molten zinc were studied under nitorgen atmosphere over the temperature range between470$^{\circ}C$ and 680$^{\circ}C$. The rates of dissolution of solid iron into molten zinc were obtained under a static conditon, The amount of dissolution of sold iron and the growth of intermetalic compounds could be determined by means of microscopy. The thickness of intermetallic compound at a given temperature increases with increasing time, whereas for a given time decreases with increasing temperature . The rate of dissolution is controlled by the diffusion process of iron in the effective boundary layer of molten zinc over the temperature range 470$^{\circ}$-530$^{\circ}C$, 570$^{\circ}$-620$^{\circ}C$, and 650$^{\circ}$-665$^{\circ}C$, while by the surface reaction over the range 530$^{\circ}$-570$^{\circ}C$ and 620$^{\circ}$-650$^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.136-146
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• 2011

This study provides first-hand proteomic data on the survival strategy of Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 when subjected to long-term iron-starvation conditions. 2D-gel electrophoresis followed by MALDI-TOF/MS analysis of iron-deficient Anabaena revealed significant and reproducible alterations in ten proteins, of which six are associated with photosynthesis and respiration, three with the antioxidative defense system, and the last, hypothetical protein all1861, conceivably connected with iron homeostasis. Iron-starved Anabaena registered a reduction in growth, photosynthetic pigments, PSI, PSII, whole-chain electron transport, carbon and nitrogen fixation, and ATP and NADPH content. The kinetics of hypothetical protein all1861 expression, with no change in expression until day 3, maximum expression on the $7^{th}$ day, and a decline in expression from the $15^{th}$ day onward, coupled with in silico analysis, suggested its role in iron sequestration and homeostasis. Interestingly, the up-regulated FBP-aldolase, Mn/Fe-SOD, and all1861 all appear to assist the survival of Anabeana subjected to iron-starvation conditions. Furthermore, the $N_2$-fixation capabilities of the iron-starved Anabaena encourage us to recommend its application as a biofertilizer, particularly in iron-limited paddy soils.