• Title/Summary/Keyword: iron and manganese

Search Result 360, Processing Time 0.026 seconds

Characteristic of Inorganic Contaminants and Conservation Treatment Materials for the Three-Storied Stone Pagoda of Bulguksa Temple in Gyeongju (경주 불국사 삼층석탑(석가탑)의 무기오염물과 보수물질 특성)

  • Lee, Gemma;Kim, Sa Duk;Park, Sungchul;Kim, Derk Moon
    • Journal of Conservation Science
    • /
    • v.34 no.5
    • /
    • pp.421-431
    • /
    • 2018
  • Analyses of the three-storied stone pagoda at the Bulguksa temple in Gyeongju were carried out in order to identify the cause for material characteristics of inorganic contaminants and conservation treatment materials. Results indicated that foreign soil or weathering soil caused yellow discoloration of the pagoda, reddish-brown contaminants were formed by goethite (FeOOH), an iron oxide mineral, and black pollutants were formed by manganese (Mn) oxide, leading to discoloration of the rock. Among the restoration materials used in the past, cement mortar could cause whitening by reacting with the external environment. The results were used as basic standards to evaluate the material characteristics of the surface contaminants and identify a set of effective conservation treatments. Nevertheless, continuous monitoring is required, as there is a high possibility of regeneration of pollutants in the future because of the continuous exposure of the pagoda to the external environment.

Reactor Neutron Activation Analysis by a Single Comparator Method

  • Lee, Chul
    • Nuclear Engineering and Technology
    • /
    • v.5 no.2
    • /
    • pp.137-149
    • /
    • 1973
  • A method of activation analysis, based on the irradiation and counting of an iron wire which contains manganese impurity as the single comparator. has been elaborated by critical evaluation of nuclear data involved in activation and activity measurement. The variation of effective cross section is investigated as a function of the spectral index and other parameters such as a measure of the proportion of epithermal neutrons in the reactor spectrum. The errors induced by shifts in the neutron spectrum in the irradiation positions are discussed. The known amount of each element is irradiated simultaneously together with the single comparator, and the obtained values are compared with the known amount of each element. The results show that en general the random errors are not greater than those obtained by using the conventional relative method, but the systematic errors were up to about 20%. This method is applied to the determinations of fourteen rare earth elements in monazite as well as other seven elements in the standard kale powder. The satisfactory reproducibility of the present method makes possible the determination of the elements with an accuracy attainable with the conventional relative method.

  • PDF

Nutrient Contents of Bracken (Pteridium aquilinum L.) and Soil Chemical Properties of Its Habitat in the Coastal Area (남서해안 고사리 생육지의 토양화학적 특성과 고사리식물체의 무기성분 함량)

  • Lee, Soo-Young;Park, Kang-Yong;Park, Yang-Ho
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
    • /
    • v.43 no.5
    • /
    • pp.631-636
    • /
    • 2010
  • One experiment was carried out to investigate the soil chemical properties of bracken growth and the inorganic element contents of plant. To the results of soil analysis in native bracken (Pteridium aquilinum L.) growth, soil pH was 5.2, organic matter was 19 g $kg^{-1}$ and available phosphate was 20 mg $kg^{-1}$, and exchangeable potassium, calcium, magnesium were 0.32, 2.0 and 1.3 $cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$, respectively. In the bracken cultivation soil, pH was 5.7, organic matter was 13 g $kg^{-1}$ and available phosphate 367 mg $kg^{-1}$, and exchangeable potassium, calcium and magnesium were 0.81, 4.0 and 1.4 $cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$, respectively. The soil pH, available phosphate and exchangeable calcium were much lower in bracken native soil than those of cultivation soil, while organic matter was a little higher in native soil than that of cultivation soil. In native bracken plants, three major elements of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, were 4.40, 0.55 and 3.40%, calcium and magnesium were 0.22 and 0.32%, and microelements of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and boron were 126, 210, 23, 75 and 11 mg $kg^{-1}$, respectively. In cultivation bracken, three major elements of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, were 5.50, 0.73 and 3.55%, calcium and magnesium were 0.17 and 0.28%, and microelement contents of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and boron (B) were 120, 252, 19, 72 and 20 mg $kg^{-1}$, respectively.

Dietary Intakes, Serum Concentrations, and Urinary Excretions of Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Se, Mo, and Cr of Korean Young Adult Women (일부 젊은 성인여자의 Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Se, Mo 및 Cr의 식사섭취, 혈청농도 및 소변배설)

  • Kim, Kyune-Hee;Lim, Hyeon-Sook
    • Journal of Nutrition and Health
    • /
    • v.39 no.8
    • /
    • pp.762-772
    • /
    • 2006
  • This study was conducted to investigate dietary intakes, serum concentrations, and urinary excretions of iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), selenium (Se), molybdenum (Mo), and chromium (Cr) of Korean young adult women. A total of 19 apparently healthy young adult women aged in their twenties or thirties participated voluntarily. One-tenth of all foods they consumed for 3 consecutive days were collected, all urine excreted for the same 3 days was gathered, and fasting venous blood was withdrawn for the trace mineral analyses. Of the food, blood, and urine samples, the contents of Zn, Cu, Mn, Se, Mo, and Cr were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) and that of Fe by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) after wet digestion. The intake of Fe, $6.94{\pm}2.18mg$, did not meet the estimated average requirement (EAR) for Korean women aged 20-29 years old. On the contrary, the intakes of Zn ($9.35{\pm}4.95mg$), Cu ($1.18{\pm}0.26mg$), and Mn ($3.69{\pm}0.69mg$) were sufficient for each respective EAR. However, some of the subjects did not take the EAR for Zn. The Se intake, $41.93{\pm}9.28{\mu}g$, however, was almost similar to the EAR for Se. Although there are no references for Mo and Cr, the intakes of these minerals ($134.0{\pm}49.1\;and\;136.5{\pm}147.9{\mu}g$, respectively) seemed to be excessively sufficient. Serum Fe concentration, $88.7{\pm}36.8{\mu}g/dL$, seemed to be a little bit lower than its reference median but within its normal range. Approximately one-fourth of the subjects were in anemic determined by Hb and Hct and below the deficiency serum level of Fe, $60{\mu}g/dL$. In addition, serum Se concentration, $3.73{\pm}0.60{\mu}g/dL$, was also below its reference median and normal range. However, serum concentrations of Zn ($99.6{\pm}30.6{\mu}g/dL$) and Mo ($0.25{\pm}0.10{\mu}g/dL$) were fairly good compared to each reference median. The status of Cu could be determined as good although its serum concentration ($91.6{\pm}14.6{\mu}g/dL$) was slightly below its reference median. Since there are no decisive reference values, it was not easy to evaluate serum concentrations of Mn ($0.93{\pm}0.85{\mu}g/dL$) and Cr ($8.60{\pm}7.25{\mu}g/dL$). But Mn and Cr status seemed to be adequate. Urinary Fe excretion, $4.48{\pm}1.98{\mu}g/dL$, was pretty much lower than its reference and that of Se, $2.45{\pm}1.17{\mu}g/dL$, was also lower than its average. On the other hand, those of Zn ($42.95{\pm}20.47{\mu}g/dL$) and Cu ($5.68{\pm}1.50{\mu}g/dL$) were flirty good. In case of Mn, urinary excretion, $0.31{\pm}0.09{\mu}g/dL$, was much greater than its reference. Urinary excretions of Mo ($7.48{\pm}2.95{\mu}g/dL$) and Cr ($1.37{\pm}0.41{\mu}g/dL$) were very higher compared to each reference. The results of this study revealed that Korean young adult women were considerably poor in Fe status, a bit inadequate in Se status, partly inadequate in Zn status, and flirty good in Cu, Mn, Mo and Cr status. However, there was a problem of excessive intakes of Mo and Cr. It, therefore, should be concerned to increase the intakes of Fe, Se and Zn but to decrease Mo and Cr consumption for young adult women.

The study of characterization of extracted vanadium in waste catalyst for vanadium redox flow battery (폐촉매에서 추출한 바나듐 레독스 흐름전지용 바나듐의 특성 연구)

  • Kang, Ung Il
    • Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
    • /
    • v.19 no.10
    • /
    • pp.598-602
    • /
    • 2018
  • This study examined the characteristics of the waste catalyst used in the petroleum refinery operations. The total pore volume, specific surface area, and average pore size of the spent catalyst used in the petroleum refinery operations were 3.96cc/g, 13.81m2/g, and 1.15A, respectively. The weight loss observed in the range from $25^{\circ}C-700^{\circ}C$ for the spent catalysts using TG and DTA was approximately 23 wt. %. EDS analysis of the waste catalyst sample showed that the five major components were vanadium, nickel, manganese, iron, and copper. The extraction system is attractive for liquid-liquid extraction. In this study, Cynex 272 was used to extract vanadium from waste catalyst. The electrochemical characteristics of the extracted vanadium solution were measured by cyclic voltammetry (CV). As a result, an oxidation / reduction peak appeared, indicating the potential of an electrolytic solution.

VOCs Oxidation Characteristics of Transition $Metals/\gamma-Al_2O_3$ Catalyst (전이금속/$\gamma-Al_2O_3$ 촉매의 VOCs 산화특성)

  • Kim, Bong-Soo;Park, Yeong-Seong
    • Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
    • /
    • v.29 no.4
    • /
    • pp.444-451
    • /
    • 2007
  • Catalytic oxidation characteristics of benzene as a VOC was investigated using a fixed bed reactor system over transition $metals/\gamma-Al_2O_3$ catalysts. As transition metals, eight metals including copper, nickel, manganese, iron etc. were adopted. The parametric tests were conducted at the reaction temperature range of $200\sim500^{\circ}C$, benzene concentration of $1,000\sim3,000$ ppm, and space velocity range of $5,000\sim60,000\;hr^{-l}$. The property analyses such as BET, SEM, XRD and the conversions of catalytic oxidation of VOC were examined. The experimental results showed that the conversion was increased with decreasing VOC concentration and space velocity. It was also found that $Cu/\gamma-Al_2O_3$ catalyst calcinated at $500^{\circ}C$ showed the highest activity for the oxidation of benzene and 15% metal loading was the optimum impregnation level.

Nondestructive Analysis on the bell of Boshin-gak (보신각종(普信閣鐘)의 비파괴조사(非破壞調査))

  • Kwon, Hyuknam;Yu, Heisun
    • Conservation Science in Museum
    • /
    • v.6
    • /
    • pp.3-10
    • /
    • 2005
  • In the course of preparing for the transfer of the Boshin-gak Bell, which was designated as Treasure No. 2, due to the transfer of the National Museum of Korea, the current internal cracks and defects in the founding of the bell were examined in order to verify its solidity through γ-ray penetration via 60Co. The bell's compositions were also examined with x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. The result showed that the bell had 65.2% cracks when viewed from the horizontal direction and 62.5% cracks when viewed from the vertical direction. The cracks had approximately 5cm depth. In addition, the result of examining the composition of the bell revealed that it was made of 89~92% copper and 7.5~10.5% tin as well as traces of impurities including 0.1~0.3% lead and not more than 0.1% iron, manganese, etc.

Ingredients and cytotoxicity of MTA and 3 kinds of Portland cements (MTA와 포틀랜드 시멘트의 구성성분분석과 세포독성에 관한 연구)

  • Chang, Seok-Woo;Yoo, Hyun-Mi;Park, Dong-Sung;Oh, Tae-Seok;Bae, Kwang-Shik
    • Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
    • /
    • v.33 no.4
    • /
    • pp.369-376
    • /
    • 2008
  • The aim of this study was to compare the compositions and cytotoxicity of white ProRoot MTA (white mineral trioxide aggregate) and 3 kinds of Portland cements. The elements, simple oxides and phase compositions of white MTA (WMTA), gray Portland cement (GPC), white Portland cement (WPC) and fast setting cement (FSC) were measured by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). Agar diffusion test was carried out to evaluate the cytotoxicity of WMTA and 3 kinds of Portland cements. The results showed that WMTA and WPC contained far less magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) than GPC and FSC. FSC contained far more aluminum oxide ($Al_2O_3$) than WMTA, GPC, and WPC. WMTA, GPC, WPC and FSC were composed of main phases. such as tricalcicium silicate ($3CaO{\cdot}SiO_2$), dicalcium silicate ($2CaO{\cdot}SiO_2$), tricalcium aluminate ($3CaO{\cdot}Al_2O_3$), and tetracalcium aluminoferrite ($4CaO{\cdot}Al_2O_3{\cdot}Fe_2O_3$). The significance of the differences in cellular response between WMTA, GPC, WPC and FSC was statistically analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis Exact test with Bonferroni' s correction. The result showed no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05). WMTA, GPC, WPC and FSC showed similar compositions. However there were notable differences in the content of minor elements. such as aluminum (Al), magnesium, iron, manganese, and zinc. These differences might influence the physical properties of cements.

Heavy Metal Contents in Dfferent Bran Layers of Rice (미곡중(米穀中) 도정부위별(搗精部位別) 중금속함량(重金屬含量))

  • Kim, Myung-Chan;Shim, Ki-Hwan;Chung, Duck-Hoa;Cho, Ki-Taik
    • Applied Biological Chemistry
    • /
    • v.23 no.3
    • /
    • pp.141-149
    • /
    • 1980
  • Contents of heavy metals in various bran layers of rice collected from Kyeong Nam province in 1978, were determined. The components of crude prote in, crude fat, crude cellulose, and ash in all the rice samples were found to be most concentrated in the rice of each layer of brown, 70% polished, and 90% polished, but the contents of crude protein (9.22%), crude fat (1.16%), crude cellulose (1.01%), and ash (0.38%) in polished rice decreased rapidly. On the other hand, the amounts of nitrogenfree extract in the rice were showed increasingly toward the inner layer and those of polished rice were 75.54%. The contents of lead, zinc, nickel, cadmium, and arsenic in bran layer of rice decreased in order of that of 90% polished, 70% polished, brown, and polished rice. Their amounts in polished rice were lead, $0.054{\sim}0.610ppm$; zinc, $9.830{\sim}19.093ppm$; nickel, trace-1.776ppm; cadmium, trace-0.039ppm; arsenic, ND-0.170ppm. It was shown that copper was more concentrated in the layer of 90% polished rice $(0.581{\sim}1.476ppm)$, and iron more in brown rice $(27.971{\sim}66.569ppm)$ than in any other portion, whereas mercury $(0.006{\sim}0.072ppm)$, chromium $(1.538{\sim}7.822ppm)$, and manganese $(57.371{\sim}179.252ppm)$ were much contained in the layer of 70% polished rice. Their amounts in polished rice were copper, $0.218{\sim}0.858ppm$; iron, $1.480{\sim}9.573ppm$; mercury, $0.006{\sim}0.027ppm$; chromium, ND-1.520ppm; and manganese, $6.730{\sim}11.562ppm$.

  • PDF

Approach to the Extraction Method on Minerals of Ginseng Extract (추출조건(抽出條件)에 따른 인삼(人蔘)엑기스의 무기성분정량(無機成分定量)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究))

  • Cho, Han-Ok;Lee, Joong-Hwa;Cho, Sung-Hwan;Choi, Young-Hee
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
    • /
    • v.8 no.2
    • /
    • pp.95-106
    • /
    • 1976
  • In order to investigate chemical components and mineral of ginseng cultivated in Korea and to establish an appropriate extraction method, the present work was carried out with Raw ginseng(SC), White ginseng(SB) and Ginseng tail(SA). The results determined could be summarized as follows : 1. Among the proximate components, moisture content of SC, SB and SA were 66.37%, 12.61% and 12.20% respectively. The content of crude ash in SA was the highest value of three kinds of ginseng root: SA 6.04%, SB 3.52% and SC 1.56%. The crude protein of Dried ginseng root(SA and SB) was about 12-14%, which was more than two times compared with that of SC(6.30%) The content of pure protein seemed to be in similar tendency with that of crude protein in three kinds of ginseng root: 2.26% in SC, 5.94% in SB and 5.76% in SA. There was no significant difference in the content of fat among the kinds of ginseng root. $(1.1{\sim}2.5%)$ 2. The highest Ginseng extract was obtained by use of Continuous extractor which is a modified Soxhlet apparatus for 60 hours extraction with 60-80% ethanol. 3. Ginseng and the above-mentioned ginseng extract (Ginseng tail extract: SAE, White Ginseng extract : SBE, Raw Ginseng extract: SCE) were analyzed by volumetric method for the determination of Chlorine and Calcium, by colorimetric method for that of Iron and Phosphorus, by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer for that of Zinc, Copper and Manganese. The results were as follows : 1. The content of phosphorus in SA, SB and SC were 1.818%, 1.362%, 0.713% respectively and phosphorus content in three kinds of extract were in low level (SAE: 0.03%, SBE: 0.063%, SCE: 0.036%) 2. In the Calcium content, SA, SB and SC were 0.147%, 0.238%, 0.126% and the Calcium contents of Ginseng extracts were 0.023%, 0.011% and 0.016%. The extraction ratio of Calcium from SA was the highest value (15.6%), while that in the case of SB was 4.6%. 3. The Chlorine content of SA was 0.11%, this was slightly higher than others(SB: 0.07%, SC: 0.09%) and extraction ratio of SA and SB were 36.4%, 67.1% while that of SC was 84.4%. 4. The Iron content of SA, SB and SC were 125ppm, 32.5ppm and 20ppm but extraction ratio was extremely low (SAE: 1.33%, SBE: 0.83%, SCE: 1.08%), 5. The Manganese content of SA, SB and SC were 62.5ppm, 25.0ppm and 5.0ppm respectively but the Manganese content of extract could not determined, Copper content of SA, SB and SC were 15.0ppm, 20.0ppm and those of extract were 7.5ppm, 6.5ppm, 4.5ppm while those of extraction ratio were 50%, 32.5% and 90% respectively, Zinc was abundant in Ginseng compared with other herbs, (SA: 45.5ppm, SB: 27.5ppm and SC: 5.5ppm) and the extracted amount were 4.5ppm, 1.25ppm 1.50ppm respectively.

  • PDF