• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제14권1호
• /
• pp.54-60
• /
• 2001

A study was conducted to assess the nutritive value of two diets based on a low-energy variety of wheat, RAC C1 and their effects on intestinal mucosal structure and function in broiler chickens. The diets were fed with or without microbial enzyme supplement to male and female broiler chickens. The digesta viscosity was reduced (p<0.001) through supplementation with a microbial enzyme in male and female chicks. Enzyme supplementation also improved the dietary apparent metabolizable energy content (p<0.001) and had slight but non-significant positive effects on chick growth and feed conversion ratio. Intestinal mucosal structure and enzyme function were not affected by microbial enzyme supplement. Male chicks consumed more feeds (p<0.001), attained higher final body weight (p<0.001) and were more efficient at feed utilization (p<0.01) than the female chicks. Except for duodenal villus surface area and ileal protein content, intestinal mucosal structure and enzyme activities were similar between the two sexes and dietary treatment groups. The study showed an improvement in the nutritive value of the diets in the presence of the microbial enzyme supplement.

• 한국해양바이오학회지
• /
• 제2권1호
• /
• pp.11-22
• /
• 2007

This aims to review natural products transformed by mimic intestinal metabolisms with microorganisms and hydrolytic enzymes, which exhibit enforced biological activity, higher extraction yield and identification of active components. In the process, transformation to the smaller active compounds with enzymes and microbes mimics the pharmacological action of natural products by intestinal bacteria. In order to establish conditions for the fermentation and enzyme reaction, it is required to choose several natural products for biotransformation and investigate the optimal conditions for the fermentation or the enzyme reaction such as composition, temperature, pH, inoculum, and cultivation time. It is expected an increase of the internal absorption of the active materials without regard to the intestinal microbes or its ability through biosynthesis of the active materials by the microbes and enzymes. And this techniques can be applied to biotransformation of natural products such as sesaminol, resveratrol, 1-deoxy nojirimycin, naringenin, quercetin, and baicalin and to the metabolism study using the animal model.

• 생약학회지
• /
• 제38권4호
• /
• pp.363-371
• /
• 2007

Schizandrae Fruits has been used as a traditional Oriental medicine for treatment of many stress-induced diseases. In the present study, we investigated inhibitory activity of enzymatic hydrolysate of Schizandrae fructus (SC-EX) in growth of tested intestinal microorganism and activity of bowel inflammation related enzyme. SC-EX was added to the proteose peptone-yeast extract-fildes (PYF) media to investigation the effect on the growth of type culture of intestinal microorganism. The growth of lactic acid bacteria such as Bifidobacterium species and Lactobacillus species was accelerated by more than 3% concentration of SC-EX. But, growth of harmfulness bacteria such as E.coli, Clostridium sp. Staphylococcus sp. Streptococcus sp. was inhibited by more than 3% concentration of SC-EX. Also, SC-EX was exhibited a concentration-dependent inhibitory activity of the bowel inflammation related enzymes. The SC-EX was showed 76% and 92% inhibitory activity of 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooygenase at 5% additional concentration respectively. Our results indicated that SC-EX may possess improvement effect on the intestinal flora and Anti-inflammatory effect on the bowel.

• 현장농수산연구지
• /
• 제6권1호
• /
• pp.90-101
• /
• 2004

Se is essential for a number of enzymes that perform important metabolic functions necessary for good health. However, people in many countries do not appear to consume adequate amounts of Se to support the maximal expression of the selenoproteins and Se retention in the body of animals and humans is dependent on the ingested Se source such as organic and inorganic Se. Therefore, this review was discussed to explore metabolic characterization regarding intestinal absorption, bioavailability and selenoprotein synthesis according to animal species such as monogastrics including human beings and ruminants. Generally, organic Se provided to animals is more effective than inorganic Se in body retention for the animal owing to the difference of manner for intestinal absorption. But, Se absorption in ruminants depending on its chemical form still remained questioned by several microbial actions and feeding regimen in the rumen. And Se absorbed through small intestine is utilized for the synthesis of selenoproteins and/or retained as selenoamino acids in the body. Retained Se in the body may be recycled to synthesize selenoproteins as lacked of dietary Se. In conclusion, desirable forms of Se ingestion in the animal may be useful for Se fortification in animal products as well as well being for humans and animals.

• 미생물학회지
• /
• 제44권4호
• /
• pp.358-361
• /
• 2008

미나리(Oenanthe stolonifera) 발효액이 장내 병원성 미생물과 유익균의 생육, 그리고 장내 세균효소에 미치는 영향을 in vitro 에서 조사하였다. 고상 배지 (Agar plate) 에서의 clear zone 형성에 의한 생육저해를 측정한 결과, Vibro, Salmonella 등의 유해 미생물에 대해서 강한 생육저해 효과를 보였으며 Bifidobacterium longum 에 대해서는 생육저해 효과가 크지 않았다. 액체배지에서의 최소저해농도(MIC) 측정에서도 고장배지에서와 같은 경향을 보여 상대적으로 B. longum 에 대한 생육저해가 가장 적었다. 발효 기간에 따른 영향을 보면 발효 기간이 길수록 적은 양으로도 유해한 균들의 생육을 잘 저해할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 장내 세균 효소인 ${\beta}$-glucuronidase와 tryptophanase의 활성에 대해 미나리 발효액은 발효하지 않은 액에 비해 저해효과가 컸으며 발효기간이 길수록 저해효과도 증가하였다. 이상의 실험 결과로서 미나리 발효액은 유해세균에 대한 생육저해능이 크고 상대적으로 유익균인 B. longum에 대한 저해는 적어, 음용 시 정장 효과가 있을 것으로 추정된다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• 제62권2호
• /
• pp.159-173
• /
• 2020

A 4×2 factorial feeding trial was designed to investigate the effect of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with cottonseed meal (CSM) in wheat/sorghum/SBM-based diets fed with or without microbial enzymes in diets on the performance, visceral organ development and digestibility of nutrients of broiler chickens. Four graded levels of CSM - none (0%), low (4%, 8%, and 12%), medium (5%, 10%, and 15%), and high (6%, 12%, and 18%) of complete diets in starter, grower and finisher, respectively were fed with or without 100 mg/kg of xylanase and β-glucanase blend. Eight isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets were formulated using least-cost method to meet the nutrient specifications of Ross 308 male broilers. Each treatment was randomly assigned to 6 replicates (10 birds per replicate). There were CSM-enzyme interactions (p < 0.05) on feed intake (FI) and weight gain (WG) in the starter phase. Enzyme supplementation improved (p < 0.05) feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the grower and finisher phases, and increased WG in growing and finishing birds. CSM inclusion reduced (p < 0.05) the weight of gizzard and proventriculus in starter chicks, while these organs were bigger (p < 0.05) in the grower phase. The test ingredient decreased (p < 0.05) small intestinal weight in starter and grower birds. The CSM increased the absolute weight of thighs (p < 0.05) while breast meat was increased (p < 0.01) by enzyme addition. Starch digestibility was improved (p < 0.01) by enzyme inclusion and decreased (p < 0.01) by CSM. Enzyme supplementation improved (p < 0.05) the ileal digestibility of gross energy and protein. The results demonstrate that CSM can substitute up to 90% SBM in broiler chicken diets without compromising performance, and the nutritive value of CSM-containing diets can effectively be improved by enzyme supplementation.

• 한국식품과학회지
• /
• 제27권4호
• /
• pp.598-604
• /
• 1995

원지, 양파 및 쑥을 추출물, 즙 또는 분말로 하여 기준식이에 5 및 10% 첨가하여 흰쥐에게 14일간 먹여 대장내용물에서 주요균의 변화와 ${\beta}-glucosidase$와 ${\beta}-glucuronidase$의 효소활성 및 인돌과 volatile basic nitrogen의 생성량을 조사하였다. 실험쥐들의 사료섭취량과 체중증가량은 쑥의 물추출물 5% 섭취구를 비롯하여 시료 첨가구들에서 대체로 높았으나, 원지물추출물 5%와 쑥의 에탄올추출물 10% 섭취구에서는 체중이 감소하였다. 쑥의 물 또는 에탄올추출물 첨가구에서 유익균인 bifidobacteria가 대조구에 비해 높았고, clostridia와 E. coli는 낮았다(p<0.05). 그외 양파즙 10% 첨가구에서도 유익균의 증가와 유해균의 감소와 같은 유리한 균총변화를 보였다. 한편 쑥분말 5% 첨가구에서 대장내용물중 ${\beta}-glucosidase$와 ${\beta}-glucuronidase$ 활성은 대조구와 비교해 통계적인 유의성이 없으나, 인돌함랑과 pH는 대조구에 비해 낮았다(p<0.05). 그러나 원지물추출물과 양파를 10% 첨가구에서는 ${\beta}-glucosidase$ 활성이, 쑥추출물들의 첨가구에서는 ${\beta}-glucuronidase$ 활성이 높았다(p<0.05). 인돌함량은 단백질 함량이 높은 원지물추출물과 쑥에탄올추출물 첨가구에서 높았다(p<0.05). 한편 휘발성 염기태 질소화합물의 함량은 처리구들에서 유의적인 차이가 없었다.

• 한국가금학회지
• /
• 제41권2호
• /
• pp.105-113
• /
• 2014

본 시험은 커피박 첨가 사료가 육계의 사양 성적, 소장 점막 세포와 혈액의 생화학 성분, 소장 점막 세포의 효소 활성도 및 맹장 미생물의 균총에 미치는 영향에 대하여 조사하기 위하여 실시되었다. 실험 설계로서 3일령 육계 162수를 각 처리구당 54수씩(n=6, 9수/케이지), 대조군(CON), 커피박 0.5%(CM I) 및 1.0%(CM II) 등 3 처리군에 완전임의 배치하였으며, 커피박 분말은 육계 후기 사양 기간(22~35일령)에 2주 동안 급여하였다. 사양 시험 결과, 커피박 0.5 및 1.0% 첨가는 사양 성적에는 유의적 영향을 미치지 않았다. 소장 점막 세포의 glucose 농도는 커피박 0.5% 및 1.0% 첨가군에서 대조군에 비해 유의하게 감소되는 것으로 나타났으나(P< 0.05), 혈액에서는 처리군 간에는 차이가 없었다. 혈액 중 aspartate aminotransferase(AST)는 커피박 1.0% 군에서 대조군에 비해 유의적으로 높았으나(P<0.05), ${\gamma}$-glutamyl trans- peptidase(${\gamma}$-GTP)는 처리군간 차이가 없었다. 소장 점막 세포에 존재하는 maltase, leucine aminopeptidase(LAP) 및 alkaline phosphatase(ALP) 활성도는 차이가 없었으나, sucrase 활성도는 커피박 첨가 수준에 비례하여 활성도가 현저히 감소되었다(P<0.05). 맹장의 미생물 균총을 분석한 결과, 대조군에 비해 커피박 첨가군(0.5 및 1.0%)에서 유산균에는 차이가 없었지만, 대장균 균총은 현저히 감소되었다(P<0.05). 결론적으로 커피박 1.0% 첨가 사료는 소장 점막세포의 glucose와 sucrase 활성도 감소와 혈액 AST의 농도를 증가시켜 부정적인 영향이 크므로 0.5% 커피박 첨가군이 생리적 지표에 미치는 영향이 적고, 맹장에서 대장균의 성장을 억제하는 항균 효과가 있으므로 육계 사료의 기능성 소재로서 바람직한 적정한 수준이 될 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• 제22권6호
• /
• pp.838-848
• /
• 2012

Orally administered herbal glycosides are metabolized to their hydrophobic compounds by intestinal microflora in the intestine of animals and human, not liver enzymes, and absorbed from the intestine to the blood. Of these metabolites, some, such as quercetin and kaempherol, are mutagenic. The fecal bacterial enzyme fraction (fecalase) of human or animals has been used for measuring the mutagenicity of dietary glycosides. However, the fecalase activity between individuals is significantly different and its preparation is laborious and odious. Therefore, we developed a fecal microbial enzyme mix (FM) usable in the Ames test to remediate the fluctuated reaction system activating natural glycosides to mutagens. We selected, cultured, and mixed 4 bacteria highly producing glycosidase activities based on a cell-free extract of feces (fecalase) from 100 healthy Korean volunteers. When the mutagenicities of rutin and methanol extract of the flos of Sophora japonica L. (SFME), of which the major constituent is rutin, towards Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 98, 100, 102, 1,535, and 1,537 were tested using FM and/or S9 mix, these agents were potently mutagenic. These mutagenicities using FM were not significantly different compared with those using Korean fecalase. SFME and rutin were potently mutagenic in the test when these were treated with fecalase or FM in the presence of S9 mix, followed by those treated with S9 mix alone and those with fecalase or FM. Freeze-dried FM was more stable in storage than fecalase. Based on these findings, FM could be usable instead of human fecalase in the Ames test.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제32권11호
• /
• pp.1734-1744
• /
• 2019

Objective: In this study, two glycosidases (XMosidases), ${\beta}$-xylosidase and ${\beta}$-mannosidase, were investigated on their in vitro hydrolysis activities of feed and on the improvement of growth performance in vivo in weanling pigs. Methods: Enzyme activities of XMosidases in vitro were evaluated in test tubes and simulation of gastric and small intestinal digestion, respectively, in the presence of NSPase. In vivo study was performed in 108 weaned piglets in a 28-d treatment. Pigs were allotted to one of three dietary treatments with six replicate pens in each treatment. The three treatment groups were as follows: i) Control (basal diet); ii) CE (basal diets+CE); iii) CE-Xmosidases (basal diets+ CE+${\beta}$-xylosidase at 800 U/kg and ${\beta}$-mannosidase at 40 U/kg). CE was complex enzymes (amylase, protease, xylanase, and mannanase). Results: In vitro XMosidases displayed significant activities on hydrolysis of corn and soybean meal in the presence of non-starch polysaccharide degrading enzymes (xylanase and ${\beta}$-mannanase). In vitro simulation of gastric and small intestinal digestion by XMosidases showed XMosidases achieved $67.89%{\pm}0.22%$ of dry matter digestibility and $63.12%{\pm}0.21%$ of energy digestibility at $40^{\circ}C$ for 5 hrs. In weanling pigs, additional XMosidases to CE in feed improved average daily gain, feed conversion rate (p<0.05), and apparent total tract digestibility of crude protein (p = 0.01) and dry matter (p = 0.02). XMosidases also altered the gut bacterial diversity and composition by increasing the proportion of beneficial bacteria. Conclusion: Addition of a complex enzyme supplementation (contained xylanase, ${\beta}$-mannanase, protease and amylase), XMosidases (${\beta}$-xylosidase and ${\beta}$-mannosidase) can further improve the growth performance and nutrient digestion of young pigs.