• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.17-22
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• 2009

To reduce the amount of chemical fungicides and the number of spray for the control of Alternaria blight of ginseng, biofungicides were used in order to reduce the residue and ensure the safety of ginseng plants. The control efficiencies were 68.34%$\sim$73.56% against Alternaria blight in 2 times alternate spray of biofungicides and chemical fungicide at 14 days interval whereas the control efficiencies were 87.00%$\sim$89.42% in 2 times alternate spray of 3 different kinds of chemical fungicides at 14 days interval. In case of treatment combination the control efficiencies were 74.53%$\sim$87.23% in alternate spray of mixture of biofungicides and chemical fungicides at 28 days interval in all combinations except 2 kinds of combinations (Com-12 and Com-17). Therefore, the alternate application of the biofungicides and chemical fungicides or alternate application of mixture of biofungicides and chemical fungicides could reduce the amount of chemical fungicide about 75.00%$\sim$83.33%.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.227-233
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• 2014

Effects of p-coumaric acid (p-CA), benzoic acid (BA), and salicylic acid (SA) on the activities of glutathione reductase and catalase were studied in in vitro grown tobacco plants. After culturing the tobacco plants in MS medium containing $10^{-5}$ mM of p-CA, BA, and SA, the increase in the activities of two enzymes, glutathione reductase and catalase, were compared from day 20 to day 50 day, with an interval of 10 days. The growth of the tobacco plants treated with p-CA, BA, and SA was the highest on day 50. Analysis of the effect of the three substances on the activity of glutathione reductase showed that BA and p-CA decreased the activity of the enzyme compared with a control, and SA increased the activity of the enzyme. All of them showed the highest activity on day 40. SA increased the activity of catalase, but BA and p-CA reduced the activity of this enzyme. In all the experimental groups, the activity was the highest on day 40. In conclusion, p-CA and BA appear to promote the growth of tobacco plants. The growth was the best on day 50, but the activity of the antioxidative enzyme was inhibited. On the contrary, SA seemed to inhibit the growth of the tobacco plants but to promote the activity of glutathione reductase and catalase. The growth of the plants treated with SA was best on day 40.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.65-68
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• 2005

Growth and development of a plant over a growing season is closely related to the daily accumulation of heat. Heat unit measured by accumulated growing degree days (GDD) is becoming increasingly popular to estimate the growth of a plant or even in insect. GDD or heat accumulation per day is measured by calculating average daily temperature and then subtracting the base temperature below which growth does not occur. Heat accumulation per day is added for the desired period and accumulated GDD is determined. The present study was conducted in five seasons in an established garden with K-2, S-36 and V-1 mulberry varieties belonging to Morus indica L. grown under completely irrigated condition at the farm of CSRTI, Mysore during 2001 - 2002. Plants were pruned in each season and the growth of the plant measured by total shoot length and fresh leaf yield was recorded at an interval of 5 days starting from 30 days of pruning (DAP) to 70 days when all the plants were pruned. The accumulated GDD for the corresponding days were recorded and used for analysis. Accumulated growing degree days (GDD) have been found to be perfectly correlated with both growth and yield in all the seasons in all the varieties studied. The high $R^2$ values indicated a strong relationship between the accumulated GDD and, growth and yield of mulberry.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society for Energy Engineering kosee Conference
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• 1999.05a
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• pp.171-176
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• 1999

Nondestructive inspection and accompanying life analysis based on fracture mechanics were the major conventional methods for evaluating remaining life of critical high temperature components in power plants. By using these conventional methods, it has been difficult to perform in-service inspection for life prediction. Also, quantitative damage evaluation due to unexpected abrupt changes in operating temperature was almost impossible. Thus, many efforts have been made for evaluating remaining life during operation of the plants and predicting real-time life usage values based on the shape of structures, operating history, and material properties. In this study, a core software for on-line life monitoring system which carries out real-time life evaluation of a critical component in power boiler(high temperature steam headers) is developed. The software is capable of evaluating creep and fatigue life usage from the real-time stress data calculated by using temperature/stress transfer Green functions derived for the specific headers and by counting transient cycles. The major benefits of the developed software lie in determining future operating schedule, inspection interval, and replacement plan by monitoring real-time life usage based on prior operating history.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.466-471
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• 2012

'Usul' is a traditional medicinal herb, which has anti-inflammatory activities is distributed in India, Nepal, China, Korea, Japan. Korea pharmacopeia listed 'Usul' as either a species of Achyranthes japonica (Miq.) Nakai or A. bidentata Blume. Recent taxonomic studies in China and Japan delimited these taxa as two varieties, A. bidentata Blume var. bidentata and var. japonica Miq. A multivariate morphometric study of Achyranthes bidentata complex was undertaken to assess the entities of taxa that usefully could be recognized. Five quantitative characters were reviewed and analyzed with 293 specimens from Korea. The univariate analysis of inflorescence length, interval between florets, angle between floret and floral axis indicated that ranges among all taxa were continuous. However, quantitative characters of membrane size and the number of hairs within 4 were useful to identify two varieties. In PCA, the first three principal components accounted for 89.4% of the total variance. PCA revealed that var. bidentata showed distinctions in morphological attributes from var. japonica entity. Therefore, continued recognition at the infraspecifc level for these taxa is supported.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.495-503
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• 2017

Operators of nuclear power plants may not be equipped with sufficient information during a loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA), which can be fatal, or they may not have sufficient time to analyze the information they do have, even if this information is adequate. It is not easy to predict the progression of LOCAs in nuclear power plants. Therefore, accurate information on the LOCA break position and size should be provided to efficiently manage the accident. In this paper, the LOCA break size is predicted using a cascaded fuzzy neural network (CFNN) model. The input data of the CFNN model are the time-integrated values of each measurement signal for an initial short-time interval after a reactor scram. The training of the CFNN model is accomplished by a hybrid method combined with a genetic algorithm and a least squares method. As a result, LOCA break size is estimated exactly by the proposed CFNN model.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.466-472
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• 1997

Vegetable perilla, "Ipdlkkae 1"(Perilla frutescens var japonica Hara), was tested about the flowering and maturing responce in summer and winter. In summer season, it was researched about those responses according to the change of seeding date from May 15th to Oct. 15th at one month interval in the field. "Ipdlkkae 1" flowered Oct. 2nd under the day length of eleven hours and fourty-one minutes, compared with Sep. 6th (day length of twelve hours and fourty-three minutes) of "Yepsildlggae". And those responses showed that vegetable perilla was have to seeded before July 15th for two reason. The first is a unique response of perilla to day length. If perilla stay under short-day condition for some days, perilla will flower after four weeks. The second is a weather, especially frost and cold. In the test of latest seeding at Oct. 15th, the plants flowered more late than normal flowering period and they were not able to mature for frost of early winter. And this result showed that any other species, which has the characteristic of later flowering than that of "Ipdlkkae 1", could not able to mature in the field. In winter time, this species was tested about the same responses according to the change of short-day treatments. In the case of the test from May 1st (above fourteen hours day length), even if the test plants were stayed under short-day condition for more than 10 days, they were not able to mature, but flowerd. From the test of Apr. 15th, day length of thirteen hours, the plants were showed variable reaction to the short-day treatment. In this test, 11days for short-day treatment was a basic day to decide whether flowering was delayed or not. In the test from Apr. 1st, perilla seeds were able to harvest at least 5 days short-day treatment. In the final test from Mar. 15th, it had no need to take short-day treatment for harvesting of normal seeds, because the day length of that are twelve hours, which is an enough time to induce flowering and maturing, previously reported.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.311-318
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• 2002

Planting date of soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is one of production components in cultural systems. The objective of the current study was to identify the components of soybean production and cultural practices encompassing planting dates and cultivars that respond to dry matter accumulation, harvest index and yield components. Three determinate soybean cultivars were planted on May 13 (early), June 3 (mid), and June 24 (late). Planting density was 60$\times$15cm with 2 seeds (222,000 plants per ha). Soybean plants were sampled every 10 days interval from the growth stages of V5 to R8 and separated into leaves including petioles, stems, pods, and seeds. Dry matter accumulations, harvest indices, and yield components were measured. Early planting had taken 55 days from VE to R2 and late planting taken 39 days indicating reduced vegetative growth. Early planting showed higher leaf, stem, pod and seed dry weights than late planting. However, late planting appeared to be higher harvest index and harvesting rate. Vegetative mass including leaf and stem increased to a maximum around R4/R5 and total dry weight increased to a maximum around R5/R6 and then declined slightly at R8. The highest seed yield was obtained with mid planting and no difference was found between early and late plantings. Cultivar differences were found among planting dates on growth characteristics and yield components. The results of this experiment indicated that soybean yield in relation to planting dates examined was mainly associated with harvest index and harvesting rate, and planting date of cultivars would be considered soybean plants to reach the growth stage of R4/R5 after mid August for adequate seed yield.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.22-29
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• 2020

In this study, combustion and smoke release characteristics of a non-class 1E cable for nuclear power plants were investigated according to aging period. The aging was reproduced through an accelerated aging method for interval of 10 years :10, 20, 30 and 40 year, which was applied the Arrhenius equation. The cable was subjected to accelerated aging. In order to understand combustion and smoke release characteristics, the cone calorimeter test was performed according to the standard code of KS F ISO 5660-1. Heat release rate, mass loss rate, average rate of heat emission and smoke production rate were examined through cone calorimeter test. Fire performance index, fire growth index and smoke factor were derived from test results for the comparison of quantitative fire risk. When comparing the fire performance index and the fire growth index, the early fire risk tends to decrease as aging progresses, which might be attributed from the fact that the volatile substances of cables were evaporated. However, when comparing the heat release rate, average rate of heat emission and mass loss rate, which represent the mid and late periods of the fire risk, the values of accelerated aging cables were much higher than those of non-aged cable, which signifies the unstable formation of the char layer resulted in the change in the performance of flame retardants. In addition, the results from the smoke characteristics show that the accelerated aging cables were lager than the non-aged cables in terms of overall fire risk. These results can be used as baseline data when assessing fire risk of cables and establishing fire safety code for nuclear power plants.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.264-273
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• 1992

Availability of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) has been limited due to its poor introduction to swards and lack of persistence under improper grazing management. This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of initial defoliation stage and defoliation interval on the growth of white clover varieties. Individual plants of Regal (large leaf), Louisiana S.1 (medium-large leaf), Grasslands Huia (medium-small leaf) and S184 (small leaf) were grown in containers (4.5 $\times$ 13.5 cm) containing a 1:2:1 soil:sand:Promix until reaching to the stage of 1, 4, or 8 trifoliolates, and then clipped to remove all fully expanded leaves every 7 or 28 days (d). For analysis of morphological parameters, plants were sampled on the final harvest date (0 d), and 7, 14, 21, and 28 d after the final harvest date. Harvested dry weight (dw) of all varieties declined as defoliation interval declined or initial defoliation was made earlier. That of Regal was the highest as initial defoliation was delayed. On the 7 d regrowth shoot and root dw were increased as initial defoliation was delayed or interval lengthened, whereas on the 28 d regrowth the trend was alleviated. Root dw and biomass of Regal were higher than the other varieties during the whole regrowing period, when the increase of biomass resulted from that of shoot dw. Leaf areas and petiole lengths of all varieties declined under 7 d defoliation interval. The area and the length declined with earlier initial defoliation on the 7 d regrowth but not on the 28 d regrowth. Stolon length and growing tips of S184 were the highest and increased more steeply during regrowth, while those of Regal were the lowest and did slightly. It is concluded that the continuous defoliation and the first defoliation at earlier growth stage have detrimental effects on growth of white clover, although larger leaf types are more productive but less persistent in a sward than smaller leaf types.