• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.13-21
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• 2014

This study generated regression models to quantify storage and annual uptake of carbon from five native landscape tree species through a direct harvesting method, and established essential information to estimate carbon reduction effects from urban greenspaces. Tree species for the study included the Chionanthus retusus, Prunus armeniaca, Abies holophylla, Cornus officinalis, and Taxus cuspidata, which are usually planted in cities of middle Korea, but for which no information on carbon reduction is available. Ten tree individuals for each species were sampled reflecting various stem diameter sizes at a given interval. The study measured biomass for each part including the roots of sample trees to compute total carbon storage per tree. The annual carbon uptake per tree was quantified by analyzing the radial growth rates of stem samples at breast height or ground level. Regression models were developed using diameter at breast height (dbh) or ground level (dg) as an independent variable to easily estimate storage and annual uptake of carbon per tree for each species. All the regression models showed high fitness with $r^2$ values of 0.92~0.99. Storage and annual uptake of carbon from a tree with dbh of 10 cm were greatest with C. retusus (20.0 kg and 5.9 kg/yr, respectively), followed by P. armeniaca (17.5 kg and 4.5 kg/yr) and A. holophylla (13.2kg and 1.8 kg/yr) in order. A C. officinalis tree and T. cuspidata tree with dg of 10 cm stored 9.3 and 6.3 kg of carbon and annually sequestered 3.2 and 0.6 kg, respectively. The above-mentioned carbon storage equaled the amount of carbon emitted from gasoline consumption of about 23~35 L for C. retusus, P. armeniaca, and A. holophylla, and 11~16 L for C. officinalis and T. cuspidata. A tree with the diameter size of 10 cm annually offset carbon emissions from gasoline use of about 6~10 L for C. retusus, P. armeniaca, and C. officinalis, and 1~3 L for A. holophylla and T. cuspidata. The study breaks new ground to easily quantify biomass and carbon reduction for the tree species by overcoming difficulties in direct cutting and root digging of urban landscape trees.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.667-678
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of addition of functional material(T1; pine needle powder, 0.4%, T2; perilla leaves powder, 0.4%, T3; green tea powder, 0.4%) on the quality characteristics of emulsion-type sausages. The samples were stored at $9{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ for 40 days and analyzed with an interval of 10 days. The pH of all emulsion-type sausages increased as storage period increased. Water holding capacity(WHC) of all treatments were slightly increased as storage period increased and rapidly decreased on 40 days of storage. In texture analysis, hardness, chewiness, gumminess and brittleness were increased with storage in all treatments group. TBARS values of T3 was lower than those of other treatments at 1 days of storage, while that was the slightly higher in T4 at 40 day of storage. The L* values was decreased as storage period increased. The a* values was highest in C, while it was the lowest in T2 and T3. The residual nitrite content of all samples were in very safe range during the whole storage period. During the storage period 40 days, the Lactobacilli spp. of C were higher($10^7$CFU/g) than those of 3 treatments. In sensory evaluation, the score of overall acceptability were higher in the order of C(5.5-6.5)>T1(4.8-6.0)>T2(4.8-5.8)>T3(4.3-4.8). In the manufacture of functional sausage containing pine needle, perilla leaves and green tea powder, further studied are needs on addition type/ratio of functional materials and the use of added spices.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.328-335
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• 2012

In order to use in the classification of minor crop for the mutual application of safe use guideline, it was investigated the residue property of fungicide dimethomorph and pyraclostrobin in green onion, a stem-crop. After pesticides were applied 2 times with 1 week interval in that day of harvest, 3 days, 7 days, 10 days and 14 days before harvest, a green onion was harvested. The residue of dimethomorph in a green onion was 26.31 and 39.08 mg/kg in that day of harvest, however, in according to elapse time, it was reduced to 6.86 and 9.34 mg/kg in 14 days before harvest. In case of pyraclostrobin, it was also reduced from 13.46 and 39.08 mg/kg to 3.57 and 5.21 mg/kg. Based on the residue in that day of harvest, the deposit of spray solution in a green onion was calculated. The deposit of spray solution of dimethomorph was 274.35~345.84 mL/kg, in case of pyraclostrobin, it was calculated 213.65~343.33 mL/kg. When the amount of the deposit of both pesticides was compared in a green onion, it was so similar. On the other hand, it was estimated the predicted dissipation curve of pesticides in the green onion during cultivation. The half-life of dimethomorph was 6.95~7.45 days, in case of pyraclostrobin, 7.15~7.45 days. When both pesticides were compared with the residue property, the deposit of spray solution and half-life of dissipation were so similar.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.98-108
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• 2012

In order to use in the classification of minor crop for the mutual application of safe use guideline, it was investigated the residue property of fungicide boscalid and fludioxonil at the same time harvest leafy-vegetables, such as spinach, ulgaribaechu, vitaminchae and cheongkyungchae. After pesticides were applied 2 times with 1 week interval in that day of harvest, 2 days, 5 days and 7 days before harvest, vegetables were harvested, and the residue of pesticides was investigated. Base on the residue in that day of harvest, the deposit of spray solution in vegetables was calculated. The deposit of spray solution of boscalid was 253.9 mL/kg in spinach, 83.0 mL/kg in ulgaribaechu, 97.8 mL/kg in vitaminchae, and 88.3 mL/kg in cheongkyungchae, respectively. In case of fludioxonil, it was calculated 157.6 mL/kg in spinach, 67.6 mL/kg in ulgaribaechu, 64.8 mL/kg in vitaminchae, and 66.6 mL/kg in cheongkyungchae, respectively. When the amount of the deposit of both pesticides was compared in leafy-vegetables, it was the highest in the spinach. On the other hand, it was estimated the predicted dissipation curve of pesticides in leafy-vegetables during cultivation. The half-life of boscalid was 5.9 days in spinach, 7.4 days in ulgaribaechu, 4.6 days in vitaminchae, and 4.3 days in cheongkyungchae, respectively. Also, it was estimated half-life in fludioxonil, it was 3.0 days in spinach, 4.0 days in ulgaribaechu, 3.2 days in vitaminchae, and 3.5 days in cheongkyungchae, respectively. The half-life was the longest in the ulgaribaechu. When both pesticides were compared with the residue property, the deposit of spray solution and half-life of dissipation of boscalid were more than those of fludioxonil.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.294-301
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• 2012

In order to use in the classification of minor crop for the mutual application of safe use guideline, it was compared a green onion with a scallion on the residue property of insecticide bifenthrin and chlorfenapyr. After pesticides were applied 2 times with 1 week interval in that day of harvest, 3 days, 7 days, 10 days and 14 days before harvest, vegetables were harvested, and the residue of pesticides was investigated. Base on the residue in that day of harvest, the deposit of spray solution in vegetables was calculated. The deposit of spray solution of bifenthrin was 123.0 mL/kg in a green onion, and 74 mL/kg in a scallion. In case of chlorfenapyr, it was calculated 126.5 mL/kg in a green onion, and 70.0 mL/kg in a scallion. When the amount of the deposit of both pesticides was compared a green onion with a scallion, it was higher in a green onion. On the other hand, it was estimated the predicted dissipation curve of pesticides in a green onion and a scallion during cultivation. The dissipation curve of bifenthrin was y = 1.0334 $e^{-0.0602x}$ ($R^2$= 0.8606) in a green onion, and y = 0.7693 $e^{-0.1823x}$ ($R^2$= 0.9756) in a scallion. In case of chlorfenapyr, it was y = 2.2603 $e^{-0.0519x}$ ($R^2$= 0.9043) in a green onion, and y = 1.2940 $e^{-0.1051x}$ ($R^2$ = 0.9782) in a scallion. The half-life of bifenthrin was 11.51 days in a green onion, and 3.80 days in a scallion, respectively. Also, it was estimated half-life in chlorfenapyr, it was 13.35 days in a green onion, and 6.59 days in a scallion, respectively. The half-life of both pesticides in a green onion was longer than in a scallion. When both vegetables were compared with the residue property, the deposit of spray solution and half-life of dissipation in a green onion were more than those in a scallion.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.51-58
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• 1993

We tried to establish the theoretical basis of clinical use of combined modality of hyperthermia and radiation therapy. For this purpose, we made an in vitro experiment in order to get the synergistic and/or additive effects on the cell killing of hyperthermia combined with radiation therapy by using the microwave-hyperthermia machine already installed at our department. In our experiment, we use two human cell lines: MKN-45 (adenocarcinoma of stomach) and K-562 (leukemia cell lines). In cases of combined treatments of hyperthermia and gamma-irradiation, the therapeutic effect was the highest in the simultaneous trial. Hyperthermia after gamma irradiation showed slightly higher therapeutic effect than that before irradiation without significant difference, but its effect was the same in the interval of 6 hours between hyperthermia and irradiation. The higher temperature and the longer treatment time were applied, the higher therapeutic effects were observed. We could observe the thermoresistance by time elapse at $43^{\circ}C$. When hyperthermia was done for 30 minutes at the same temperature, thermal enhancement ratio (TER) at DO. 01 (dose required surviving fraction of 0.01) were $2.5{\pm}0.08,\;3.75{\pm}0.18$, and $5.0{\pm}0.15\;at\;436{\circ}C,\;44^{\circ}C,\;and\;45^{\circ}C$ respectively in K-562 leukemia cell lines. Our experimental data showed that more cell killing effect can be obtained in the leukemia cell lines, although they usually are known to be radiosensitive, when treated with combined hyperthermia and radiation therapy. Furthermore, our data show that leukemia cell lines may have various intrinsic radiosensitivity, especially in vitro experiments. The magnitude of cell killing effect, however, will be less than that of MKN-45.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.13-18
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• 2003

This study was carried out to investigate the expression patterns of foreign gene that controlled by tuber-specific patatin promoter in transgenic potatoes. Potato leaf disc cultured in vitro were transformed by the Agrobacterium strain LBA4404 containing pBl121 or pATGUS from potato cv. Desiree. In order to select the transgenic lines, gene-specific primers deduced from the NPTII were synthesized and used for polymerase chain reaction. The down part of the putative transgenic potatoes was transplanted weekly onto sucrose-enriched medium to accelerate the microtuber formation. RNA gel blot analysis was performed on the total RNAs obtained from tuber that had been harvested at a week interval. Also, histochemical assay was observed in the explants transformed with either pBI121 or pATGUS. Results showed that the transgenic plant containing pATGUS expressed GUS transcripts mainly at the tuber, not in stem, with the highest expression level in 5 weeks-grown microtubers. In contrast to pATGUS plants, the transformed plants with pBI121 showed an equal expression pattern throughout the whole developing stages. Consistent with RNA gel blot analysis, histochemical GUS staining and enzyme activity exhibited pATGUS transcripts were at the highest level in 5 weeks cultures. From these results, we suggest that the best stage to analyze the foreign gene introduced by patatin promoter into potato plants is at 5 weeks cultures after tuber formation.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1598-1603
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• 1969

A field expeperiment has been conducted in order to explore possibilities of efficient and economical irrigation methods for the rice cultivation through which irrigation water may be saved and rice paddies may keep water for longer period of time, resulting in an increased yield of rice. Some of the major findings from the experimentation are summarized in the following. 1. There is slightly significant difference among experimental plots in the weight of rice straw. 2. The 9cm-lined plot proves to be the best in terms of the thickness. In this connection, however, it seems to by 3cm. 3. The wheat straw-lined plot is found superior in yield. However, this may be resulted in by the application of more fertilizer, and how long the plot could be durable may be problematic. Since every two or three years the straw-lining work has to be done, more labour may be required of the plot. 4. It would be inappropriate to expect any meaningful experimental results for the first year, since surface soil and deep soil are mixed up in the course of work. There is not observed any meaningful difference in the number of ears per stalk and in the number of grains per ear. However, in the lined plots, the number of tillers is slightly increased. 5. Irrigation has been applied by means of ordinary method after lining. When irrigation is applied at the interval of five to six days, irrigation water is saved by 44.9 per cent in the case of 9cm-lined plot, 39.7 per cent in the case of 6 cm-lined plot, and 36.3 percent in the case of 3 cm-lined plot. 6. An increased yields arenoted in the wheat straw-lined plot by 23.8 per cent, in the 9 cm-lined plot by 20.1 per cent, in the 3 cm-lined plot by 12 per cent. and in the case of vinyl-lined plot by 12.5 per cent. 7. The rate of maturity of grains is proved better, and the husking rate also found better(75%), that is, the quality of rice grains is improved.

• Neonatal Medicine
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.163-171
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was conducted to determine the incidence, causative pathogens, risk factors and mortality for early onset sepsis in the first three days in very low birth weight infants. Methods: The medical records of 1,124 very low birth weight infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit of Samsung Medical Center between November 1994 and December 2008 were retrospectively reviewed. The incidence, causative pathogens, risk factors, and mortality for early onset sepsis in the first 3 days of life in very low birth weight infants were evaluated. Results: Early onset sepsis, as confirmed by positive blood cultures, was present in 17 of 1,124 infants (1.5%). Sixty-four percent of the isolated pathogens were gram-positive bacteria and 35% of the isolated pathogens were gram-negative bacteria. The dominant pathogens of early onset sepsis included Staphylococcus aureus (23.5%), Esherichia coli (23.5%), and Enterococcus (17.6%). Vaginal delivery (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 3.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3-10.3; P=0.01) was associated with early onset sepsis. The overall mortality (adjusted hazard ratio, 3.0; 95% CI, 1.4-6.5; adjusted P=0.0039) and mortality within 72 hours of life (adjusted hazard ratio, 6.5; 95% CI, 2.2-18.9; adjusted P=0.0005) of infants with early onset sepsis were higher than that of uninfected infants. Conclusion: Early onset sepsis remains an uncommon, but potentially lethal problem among very low birth weight infants. Knowledge of the likely causative organisms and risk factors for early onset sepsis can aid in instituting prompt and appropriate therapy, in order to minimize mortality.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.61-71
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• 2009

Most deciduous trees in temperate zone are dormant during the winter to overcome cold and dry environment. Dormancy of deciduous fruit trees is usually separated into a period of rest by physiological conditions and a period of quiescence by unfavorable environmental conditions. Inconsistent and fewer budburst in pear orchards has been reported recently in South Korea and Japan and the insufficient chilling due to warmer winters is suspected to play a role. An accurate prediction of the flowering time under the climate change scenarios may be critical to the planning of adaptation strategy for the pear industry in the future. However, existing methods for the prediction of budburst depend on the spring temperature, neglecting potential effects of warmer winters on the rest release and subsequent budburst. We adapted a dormancy clock model which uses daily temperature data to calculate the thermal time for simulating winter phenology of deciduous trees and tested the feasibility of this model in predicting budburst and flowering of Niitaka pear, one of the favorite cultivars in Korea. In order to derive the model parameter values suitable for Niitaka, the mean time for the rest release was estimated by observing budburst of field collected twigs in a controlled environment. The thermal time (in chill-days) was calculated and accumulated by a predefined temperature range from fall harvest until the chilling requirement (maximum accumulated chill-days in a negative number) is met. The chilling requirement is then offset by anti-chill days (in positive numbers) until the accumulated chill-days become null, which is assumed to be the budburst date. Calculations were repeated with arbitrary threshold temperatures from $4^{\circ}C$ to $10^{\circ}C$ (at an interval of 0.1), and a set of threshold temperature and chilling requirement was selected when the estimated budburst date coincides with the field observation. A heating requirement (in accumulation of anti-chill days since budburst) for flowering was also determined from an experiment based on historical observations. The dormancy clock model optimized with the selected parameter values was used to predict flowering of Niitaka pear grown in Suwon for the recent 9 years. The predicted dates for full bloom were within the range of the observed dates with 1.9 days of root mean square error.