• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.98-103
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• 2024

This paper revisits politeness expressions in English, exploring their linguistic characteristics and the underlying social dynamics they reflect. Grounded in pragmatic theories, politeness is examined as a phenomenon shaped by societal norms, wherein language users navigate the delicate balance between efficiency and maintaining positive social interactions. Through an analysis of various linguistic devices such as modal auxiliary verbs, progressive and past tenses, depersonalization, and the use of hedges, the study elucidates how speakers endeavor to mitigate potential burdens on listeners and foster smoother communication. By understanding and employing these linguistic strategies, English learners can better navigate the nuances of politeness expressions in the English cultural context. This exploration underscores the pivotal role of politeness in interpersonal communication and highlights its significance in facilitating effective interaction among language users.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.273-285
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• 2006

As the political arguments on international power concept has gradually been deepened, the role of international regimes, defined as principles, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures around which nation-actors' expectations converge in a given issue-area, has also been reinforced. There are many ways of understanding about international regimes. In terms of realistic theories, international regimes are one of methods of maintaining hegemonic power order of hegemonic nation and in terms of liberalistic theories, international regimes are understood as the products of mutual inter-dependence of nations in changing international society. As a matter of fact, if we take structural causes and regime consequences into severe consideration, we can find not a few characteristics of international regimes, such as security regime, world trade and fiance regime, ocean regime, environmental regime, human right regime, etc. This paper will examine the changing concept of power after World War II in three categories of hard power (military power), meta power (regime creating power), and soft power (advanced in cultural, diplomatical, and technological power). This paper will provide the evidence of why the changing power concepts will be strongly related with the emergence of international regimes. The UN convention on the law of the sea will chosen as a standard case of the ocean regime and it's regime structure and role will also be analysed in both realistic :md liberalistic theories. Futhermore, the nations' interests involved in the UN convention on the law of the sea will be analytically classified and finally a future prospectus of the UN convention on the law of the sea as an ocean regime will be tested.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• 제12권
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• pp.65-84
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• 1999

During the past few decades, we have witnessed three approaches to overcome the legal disparities between trading countries: - determining the individual governing law in accordance with the conflict of laws principle; - unifying and harmonizing private international law into uniform rules and substantive laws under the auspices of ICC, UNCITRAL, UNIDROIT and various NGOs ; and - drafting model laws like the UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce and promoting member countries to enact them. Against this backdrop, the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) and the process by which it was adopted, established the benchmark for the unification of commercial law. The CISG, completed in 1980, merged civil and common law concepts and came into force in 1988 after a certain number of countries endorsed the treaty. Besides the CISG, the U.N. Limitations Convention and the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Law, to name a few, have attempted to set cross-border legal norms and standards in the international business transactions. However, since the advent of computer-based commerce, there have emerged all-out efforts to establish uniform rules before national legal systems have been developed. As a consequence, the Model Law on Electronic Commerce has become a specimen legislation covering functional equivalents of paper-based writing and signature. For the credit enhancement exemplified by the Uniform Rules for Demand Guarantees (ICC Publication No.458), the UNCITRAL prepared the U.N. Convention on Independent Guarantees and Stand-by Letters of Credit, which was adopted by the U.N. General Assembly in 1995 but remains still not effective as only two countries have ratified this treaty so far. In this connection, two draft conventions underway at UNIDROIT and UNCITRAL deserve our attention as the probability of unification in the Korean Peninsula is mounting. They are to create security interests for commercial finance in moveable equipment and accounts receivable. The UCC-type security rights are regarded to be useful to enable the North Koreans with limited properties to borrow from the banks.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• 제53권3호
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• pp.43-64
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• 2022

Efforts to prevent IUU fishing began in 1996 as the IUU Antarctic Marine Living Resources Conservation Committee reported the multilateral efforts of the international community and related international organizations to prevent IUU fishing. Korea has recently been pointed out by the international community as to many problems regarding its will to eradicate IUU fishing. It is true that Korea has ever been designated as an 'IUU participating country' or a 'non-cooperative third country' by the international community and that there have been considerable difficulties in exporting seafood and using ports along with the deterioration of the national image. In 2020, with the efforts of related organizations and fisheries companies, Korea is now free from being known as a that Korea has recovered some degrees of trust from the international community through strengthening legal sanctions against IUU fishing and thorough implementation of follow-up measures is now free from non-cooperating country it cannot be said that the basic problems have been completely resolved just because it has emerged as a disgraceful country, and the current state of IUU fishing of Korea leaves a room for designation as a 'non-cooperative third country' again at any time in the future. Accordingly, there is an urgent need to examine the problems of the IUU fishing-related legal system in Korea and to come up with an improvement plan. Therefore, this paper reviews international norms for IUU fishing regulation (PSMA etc.) and domestic laws with the Distant Water Fisheries Development Act and Propose the improvement methods for related legal systems in Korea.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• 제11권10호
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• pp.93-100
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• 2021

With the spread of digital trade, the share of digital trade under the global trade environment is increasing. However, since there is no international digital trade standard, the discussion to establish a new trade rule has important significance. Countries around the world are implementing digital trade policies in consideration of their own interests, but different regulatory policies are causing trade conflicts. In order to provide safeguards against personal information infringement due to the free movement of data across borders, major countries around the world have taken measures to localize data, and the EU has enacted GDPR. And the United States regards the imposition of the digital tax as a trade barrier, and some countries oppose the implementation of the digital tax for fear of negative impact on their countries. However, discussions on the global digital tax, centered on the OECD and the G20 are making progress. As it is highly likely that a digital tax agreement will be drawn up within this year, countermeasures must also be prepared. Therefore, this study presents implications for the future direction of Korea's trade policy by examining recent trends in digital trade norms and analyzing major issues in digital trade.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제52권4호
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• pp.410-416
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• 2009

In Korea, overseas adoption has been practiced for more than 50 years. Initially, overseas adoption began with the objective to provide permanent homes for Korean war orphans, including mixed-blood children. From 1953 to 2007, about 160,000 Korean children were placed worldwide through overseas adoption and approximately 70,000 children were adopted in Korea. During that period, Korea developed into one of leading industrial countries in the world and the family norms changed dramatically. Since 1989, the Korean government has made diverse efforts to increase domestic adoptions and to support adopted families through the revisions to Korea's Child Welfare Law. However, it is not enough to reduce overseas adoptions rapidly because the Korean government's economic support for adopted families is not adequate and Korean sentiments regarding adoption have not changed. Being an international adoptee is a unique experience, involving dissimilarities of race, ethnicity, and culture. Clearly, it is very important for us to focus on placing Korean children in the best possible environment. Therefore, Korea must make diverse efforts to reduce overseas adoptions and to encourage domestic adoption. First, Korean society has to try to reduce the number of children who need out-of-home care. Second, the Korean government and people should make an effort to increase domestic adoptions, including adoptions of disabled and older children. Finally, the Korean government and adoption agencies have to provide professional pre-adoption and post-adoption services for international adoptees and adoptive parents.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• 제8권7호
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• pp.31-38
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• 2017

Purpose - This study aims to elucidate the status of women as consumers and observe their consumption trends in relation to culture. Research design, data, and methodology - Past studies of women as consumers were observed and their consumer behaviors were noted. The stigma of women in society and how it has impacted the market industries were examined. Additionally, the role of culture in consumerism for women were also reviewed and elucidated. Results - The stereotypical roles that are placed in women in society are still prevalent for the marketing industry and is reflected in their businesses. Additionally, the role of culture plays a significant role in the consumer behaviors of women and thus businesses should understand its intricate differences between countries. Fashion industry is one that plays a prominent role in women's consumerism and the impact of culture has a prominent impact on women's consumer habits as well. Conclusions - Additional studies should be conducted to understand the consumerisms of women in the marketing industry. Businesses should also be aware of the vastly different cultural norms of various countries and tailor to their preferences. Only through a thorough examination and understanding of the consumer behavior in women will markets be able to flourish and gain solid ground in global businesses.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.37-46
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• 2021

Purpose: The international business is affected by significant cultural factors that may impediment the operation and the ultimate performance of a business organization. The current study aims to investigate prior literatures works to find cross-cultural discrepancies such as the cultural distance that impacts international companies' operations and management and develop appropriate strategies for realizing high performance while overcoming these challenges. Research design, data and methodology: To find the required sources, the study employed the use of secondary data. Different search strategies were used to find the necessary materials from various sources. The data composed of an extensive review from multiple peer-reviewed journals and other existing research. Results: Based on literature analysis, the current study suggests novel seven strategies for multinational organizations. As a result, this study provides various pieces of literature to deduce meaningful information on the appropriate business strategies that a company can use to bridge the gap of the limitations of cross-cultural impacts on international businesses. Conclusion: An organization moving into a new cultural environment faces challenges including tastes and preferences, norms, language barriers, and beliefs. Organizations, therefore, have to devise the best strategies to align themselves with the prevailing cultural conditions to reap the benefits of internationalization.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제22권9호
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• pp.59-62
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• 2022

In the scientific research, the object of research is a complex of legal relations, which are formed by the use of modern digital technologies. The subject of this work is the novelties of Ukrainian and foreign legislation, norms of international law aimed at regulating social relations in the field of digital rights, as well as doctrinal provisions and materials of law enforcement practice. Within the framework of this work, two types of digital rights are distinguished, those that exist in the law of Ukraine, and the issues of law that apply to legal relations, regarding the turnover of each of them, are considered. Examples of law applied in foreign countries are given for comparison. On the basis of a comprehensive study of the legal framework and positions of scientists, the prospects for the development of legal regulation of digital rights were noted.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.154-161
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• 2022

The Korean government has recently invigorated the activities of public diplomacy. It is based on the Public Diplomacy Act enacted in 2016. However, there is a widespread concern that it was belatedly enacted and showed necessity to a revision. We believe that this paper contains three contributions which were not sufficiently addressed before. First, we identify the current state of public diplomacy-related legislation in Korea. Second, we argue the necessity to critically review the legal adequacy of Public Diplomacy Act with a consideration of rapidly changing external environment. Lastly, we propose several ways of revision for the future development of public diplomacy in Korea. When revising the Act, it is necessary to make clear a legal connection between the general law and the special law as in the case of the Korea Foundation Act and the Public Diplomacy Act. In this regard, it is worth examining the relationship between the Framework Act on International Development Cooperation and related norms. In addition, the role of the private sector and subnational governments should be expanded. For this purpose, a method and level of cooperation with the private sector should be clearly defined.