• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제55권11호
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• pp.4274-4281
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• 2023

Blanket is of vital importance for engineering application of the fusion reactor. Nuclear heat deposition in materials is the main heat source in blanket structure. In this paper, the three-dimensional method for thermal-hydraulics/neutronics coupling analysis is developed and applied for the full-scale module of the helium-cooled ceramic breeder tritium breeding blanket (HCCB TBB) designed for China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor (CFETR). The explicit coupling scheme is used to support data transfer for coupling analysis based on cell-to-cell mapping method. The coupling algorithm is realized by the user-defined function compiled in Fluent. The three-dimensional model is established, and then the coupling analysis is performed using the paralleled Coupling Analysis of Thermal-hydraulics and Neutronics Interface Code (CATNIC). The results reveal the relatively small influence of the coupling analysis compared to the traditional method using the radial fitting function of internal heat source. However, the coupling analysis method is quite important considering the nonuniform distribution of the neutron wall loading (NWL) along the poloidal direction. Finally, the structure optimization of the blanket is carried out using the coupling method to satisfy the thermal requirement of all materials. The nonlinear effect between thermal-hydraulics and neutronics is found during the blanket structure optimization, and the tritium production performance is slightly reduced after optimization. Such an adverse effect should be thoroughly evaluated in the future work.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.509-519
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• 2013

Through the study on judgment of Body form and settle Energy flow(立形定氣) before diagnose the patients, the results are as follows. The observation of the body form is to determine prosperity and deficiency of each internal organ. It is necessary to distinguish Body form loss(形脫) and Body form fullness(形充). Fat man(肥人), Thin man(瘦人), Creamy man(膏人), Muscular man(肉人), Small Fat man(脂人) are discriminated by fat distribution, fat content, and muscle mass. The observation of the body form means the observation of structure disorder, color change, develop part at body, head and face. The observation of the body form that is to determine prosperity and deficiency of each internal organ is from the limited knowledge of the anatomy. The observation of face color is considered by blood perfusion, blood oxygenation and accumulation of carotinoid, bilirubin and change of melanin in the facial skin. The prosperity and the deficiency of energy flow is considered by symptom combined with growth (<40 years) and aging (>40 years). The prosperity of energy flow includes the anger, anxious emotion and the deficiency of energy flow includes the fear, depressive emotion. The breathing type is expiratory exhalation like asthma patients in the prosperity of energy flow. The deficiency of energy flow is weakness to overcome the disease. The prosperity and the deficiency of energy flow are considered by body metabolic ratios (Basal metabolic Rate: BMR, Resting metabolic rate: RMR, Physical activity ratios: PASs). Development of subcutaneous fat is good in the person of prosperous energy flow. The person of prosperous energy flow is hard to overcome to heat weather than cold weather. The person of deficiency of energy flow has tendencies of low blood pressure, insufficiency of blood flow in the peripheral and being shocked. The person of deficiency of energy flow has tendencies of chronic fatigue syndrome or automatic nerve disorder. If the patient who has deficiency of energy flow has severe weight loss should be checked for the presence of disease. The observation of small and large of bone is to check the development and disorder of bone growth and aging. The observation of thickness and weakness of muscle is to check the development of muscle, particularly biceps, gastrocnemius, and rectus abdominal muscle. The observation of thickness and weakness of skin is to check the ability of regulating body temperature by sweating.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.314-322
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• 2003

콘크리트 구조물의 수화열 저감 방안으로 사용되는 파이프 쿨링 시스템을 적용할 경우 파이프 관 주변의 내부유동에 의한 열전달이 발생하게 된다. 이와 같은 내부유동에 의한 열전달 효과를 정확히 규명하기 위해서는 유수대류계수를 산정하여야 한다. 파이프 쿨링 효과의 규명에 필요한 유수대류계수의 영향인자로는 냉각수의 층난류 여부, 냉각수의 유동속도, 관의 형상 및 열특성 등이 있다. 본 연구에서는 유수대류계수를 산정하기 위한 실험장치를 개발하였으며, 이를 이용하여 강재 및 PVC 파이프에 대한 실험을 수행하였다. 이들 실험결과를 토대로 관의 내부표면이 매끈한 원형관이며 난류흐름을 갖는 내부유동에 대한 유수대류계수 모델식을 제안하였으며, 제안된 모델식은 냉각수의 유속뿐만 아니라 유동관의 재질 및 형상을 고려할 수 있다. 유수대류계수는 관을 흐르는 냉각수의 대류에 의한 열전달 효과를 나타내는 값으로 관의 열전도율 및 관의 직경과는 비례관계에 있으며, 관의 두께와는 반비례관계를 갖는다. 본 연구에서 개발된 유수대류계수 모델식은 이러한 영향을 잘 반영하고 있으나, 강재 파이프에 대해서만 관의 두께 및 직경에 관한 보정계수를 제시하였다. 제안된 모델식에 의한 유수대류 계수와 실험으로부터 구한 유수대류계수를 비교한 결과, 제안된 모델식이 실험값을 정확히 추정하고 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.61-65
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• 1986

홍옥(紅玉)을 시료(試料)로 하여 건조조건(乾燥條件)을 다르게하여 건조특성(乾燥特性), 수분이동현상(水分移動現像), 건조중(乾燥中) 시료온도(試料溫度) 및 내부수분(內部水分)의 분포(分布)를 조사하였다. 사과의 수분확산계수(水分擴散係數)는 $1.1470{\sim}2.2148{\times}10^{-5}cm^2/sec$, 확산활성화(擴散活性化)에너지는 6.6 kcal/g mole 이었으며 Fick's law에서 아래의 식을 유도할 수 있었다. $${\In}\;{\Delta}t=In\;{\Delta}to-{\frac{D{\pi}^2{\theta}}{4d^2}}$$ 건조중(乾燥中) 내부수분분포(內部水分分布)의 이론치(理論値)와 실측치(實測値)는 거의 일치하였다.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제20권7호
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• pp.462-469
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• 2008

A regenerative evaporative cooler has been fabricated and tested for the evaluation of cooling performance. The regenerative evaporative cooler is a kind of indirect evaporative cooler comprised of multiple pairs of dry and wet channels. The air flowing through the dry channels is cooled without any change in the humidity and at the outlet of the dry channel a part of air is redirected to the wet channel where the evaporative cooling takes place. The regenerative evaporative cooler fabricated in this study consists of the multiple pairs of finned channels in counterflow arrangement. The fins and heat transfer plates were made of aluminum and brazed for good thermal connection. Thin porous layer coating was applied to the internal surface of the wet channel to improve surface wettability. The regenerative evaporative cooler was placed in a climate chamber and tested at various operation condition. The cooling performance is found greatly influenced by the evaporation water flow rate. To improve the cooling performance, the evaporation water flow rate needs to be minimized as far as the even distribution of the evaporation water is secured. At the inlet condition of $32^{\circ}C$ and 50%RH, the outlet temperature was measured at $22^{\circ}C$ which is well below the inlet wet-bulb temperature of $23.7^{\circ}C$.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2007

본 연구에서는 수분 함유량이 높은 하수 슬러지 처리를 위한 열 건조기를 포함하는 100kg/hr급 소용량 사이클론 소각시스템의 소각 성능을 평가하였다. 국내에서 발생하는 하수 슬러지의 물성치를 바탕으로 소각시스템을 설계하였다. 슬러지 수분 정도, 슬러지 투입량, 보조연료량 등 동작조건의 변화에 따른 성능실험을 통하여 소각시스템의 특성을 분석하였다. 정상 운전 시 전체시스템의 압력 손실은 700mmAq로 비교적 적게 나타났으며, 소각기 내부의 연소에 의한 온도분포도 $1000^{\circ}C$미만으로 유지되었다. 수분 86.1%의 슬러지 100kg을 소각하는 경우 $4.7{\ell}/hr$ 정도의 보조 연료가 필요하다. 소각기 내부의 온도가 $1000^{\circ}C$ 미만으로 유지되기 때문에 측정된 대부분의 NOx는 연소과정에 발생된 열적인 NOx 보다는 슬러지 중에 포함된 N 성분의 산화에 의하여 발생되는 연료적 NOx인 것으로 예측된다. 배출된 소각재의 성분 분석 결과, 소각재 속에는 유기물이 전혀 검출되지 않았으며, 이로부터 소각기에서 완전 연소가 이루어진 것으로 예상된다.

• 한국방재학회 논문집
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.45-52
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• 2011

고강도 콘크리트의 폭렬현상을 억제하여 내화 성능을 개선하기 위한 방법으로 고온에서 수증기가 콘크리트 표면으로 이동할 수 있도록 경로를 제공하여 주는 섬유를 혼입하는 방안이 있다. 본 연구에서는 섬유혼입 고강도 콘크리트 기둥에 대한 재하 내화 실험을 수행하였고, 내부 철근의 온도분포 예측을 위한 열전달 모델과 고온에서 콘크리트 기둥의 역학적 거동에 대한 재료모델을 제시하였다. 화재 시 콘크리트 내부의 물리적인 현상과 콘크리트의 열적 특성을 고려하여 선행 연구의 재료모델을 수정하였다. 수정한 모델을 이용한 섬유혼입 고강도 콘크리트의 유한요소 해석을 실행하였고, 재하 내화실험과의 비교를 통하여 재료모델을 제안하였다.

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보통신학회 2016년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.823-824
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• 2016

일반적으로 배전반, 분전반, 전동기제어반(Motor Control Center;MCC)은 집단거주지역, 빌딩, 학교, 공장, 항만, 공항, 상하수 처리장, 변전소, 중공업 플랜트 등의 광범위한 전력 수용가에 설치되어 특고압의 전력을 해당 설비들에 요구되는 전압으로 변환하여 공급하는데 사용된다. 이와 같은 배전반, 분전반, MCC에 포함되는 전기설비의 사고는 부스바 접속부의 열화에 의한 사고, 부스바의 접점 및 연결 부위에서의 접촉 불량에 의한 사고, 부스바 접속부의 과열 현상에 의한 사고로 구분된다. 본 논문에서는 부스바 접촉부의 볼트 및 너트의 풀림상태, 접촉부 열화 측정이 가능하며, 배전반 내부온도와 부스바 온도를 측정하여 추이변화에 대한 감시기능이 있는 부스바 접촉부 체결상태 모니터링 시스템을 제안한다. 제안된 시스템은 정량적인 부스바 체결상태 검출과 부스바 현재온도 검출의 이중적인 센싱에 의해 부스바 접촉부 정상여부 판별이 가능하여 전기설비 사고를 줄일 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.25-43
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• 2020

Although ready meals have recently increased their market share in the Korean food industry, a literature review found that the use of ready meals triggers feelings of guilt in homemakers. Such guilt arises as a result of several factors apparently related to consumers' health. Consequently, levels of guilt might be expected to vary depending on consumers' perceived health locus. The present study aims to examine (a) how health locus affects guilty feelings about ready-meal consumption, (b) how the effect varies in relation to the consumption of different types of ready meal, and (c) the relationship between consumers' guilty feelings and willingness to buy ready meals. Three dimensions of health locus of control (HLC) -internal HLC (IHLC), powerful-others HLC (PHLC), and chance HLC (CHLC)- were presumed to influence consumers' feelings of guilt in association with ready meals. Data were collected via an online survey, and participants were randomly assigned to either of two groups: one group was instructed to heat meals in a microwave (ready-to-heat [RTH] group, n=104) and the other cooked using a pan with additional ingredients (ready-to-cook [RTC] group, n=101). The study found that guilty feelings about consuming RTH meals increased in line with increased external HLCs, namely, PHLC and CHLC. For the RTC group, guilt increased in line with increased PHLC. IHLC had no significant effect on guilty feelings in either group. Willingness to buy ready meals decreased for both groups as consumers' feelings of guilt increased. Even RTC meals, which require more time and energy in food preparation, did not reduce guilty feelings among consumers with higher PHLC. RTC meals are preferable for consumers with higher CHLC, since their sense of greater involvement in the cooking process alleviates their feelings of guilt. Cooking with already prepared and uncooked ingredients brought fun and joy, both for the participants and their significant others. This interpretation may be developed into a strategic plan by ready-meal producers to strengthen their marketing strategy.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.550-557
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• 2009

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of Bi-Su as a pattern identification (PI) index in stroke patients. Methods : The subjects were 424 hospitalized stroke patients within 1 month from onset and diagnosed with the same PI subtypes (dampness & phlegm, qi deficiency, fire & heat, eum deficiency, and blood stasis) by agreement of two clinical experts. Bi-Su type is a kind of body shape (Bi : fat, Su : lean). Bi-Su type and degree (Bi-Su score) were decided by clinical expert. Body mass index (BMI) and waist-hip ratio (WHR) were used as an obesity index. Correlation analysis between Bi-Su score and obesity index (Spearman) and variance analysis for Bi-Su score, BMI, and WHR among PI subtypes (ANOVA) and sex were carried out. Results : While there was partial correlation between Bi-Su type and BMI($r^2$=0.634, p<0.001), the distribution of the BMI group based on the Bi-Su group showed the broadest range. The Bi-Su score in the dampness & phlegm group was higher than in the other groups (p<0.001). BMI in the dampness & phlegm groups was also higher but the BMI differences among PI subtypes was low (p=0.002). The Bi-Su score in the dampness & phlegm group was similar in both sexes, although the hand score in the eum deficiency group was the lowest, especially in males. Conclusions : Although BMI is not an objective enough tool for evaluating Bi-Su type, Bi-Su type is more appropriate than BMI as PI index. Therefore Bi-Su type could be used as one of the PI indices for dampness & phlegm or eum deficiency group in stroke patients.