• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.43
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• pp.201-238
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• 2009

The purpose of this paper is to describe the contents and issues of the draft legislation of Part VI the Carriage by Air of Korean Commercial Code in respect of the domestic carriage of cargo by air, comparing to the related provisions of the Montreal Convention of 1999 for the unification of certain rules for international carriage by air and the related provisions of Korean Commercial Code in respect of the carriage by land and sea. The Montreal Convention in respect of the international carriage by air was adopted in 1999, and Korea has ratified the Montreal Convention in 2007. However, there is now no national legislation in respect of the carriage by air in Korea. Thus, the Ministry of Justice has prepared the draft legislation of Part VI the Carriage by Air of the Korean Commercial Code in July 2008, and the draft legislation is now being reviewed by the National Assembly. The draft provisions of Part VI the Carriage by Air are basically adopting most of the related provisions of the Montreal Convention in respect of the carriage of cargo by air and some draft provisions are applying the related provisions of the Korean Commercial Code in respect of the carriage of cargo by land and sea. In respect of the carriage of cargo by air, the contents of the draft legislation of Part VI the Carriage by Air are composed of the provisions in respect of the liability of the carrier, the rights of the consignor and consignee, the transport document and others. In respect of the carriage of cargo by air, the issues on the draft legislation of Part VI the Carriage by Air are the problems with respect to the extinguishment of the liability of the carrier, the application for the non-contractual claim, the liability limit of the servants or agents of the carrier, the right of disposition of cargo, the effect of breach of the provision in respect of the air transport document, the prescription of claim of the carrier, the immunity reasons from liability of the carrier for the loss or damage of the cargo, the making out of the air waybill, and the effect of the statement of the air transport document. In conclusion, the national legislation of Part VI the Carriage by Air of the Korean Commercial Code will protect the right and interest of the consignor and consignee, and clarify the right and duty of the parties to the air transport. Also it will contribute to the development of the air transport industry in Korea.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.37-45
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• 2000

In recent years two reflection methods, i.e. GPR and seismic Impact-Echo, are usually performed to obtain the information about tunnel lining structures composed of concrete lining, shotcrete, water barrier, and voids at the back of lining. However, they do not lead to a desirable resolution sufficient for the inspection of tunnel safety, due to many problems of interest including primarily (1) inner thin layers of lining structure itself in comparison with the wavelength of source wavelets, (2) dominant unwanted surface wave arrivals, (3) inadequate measuring strategy. In this sense, seismic physical modeling is a useful tool, with the use of the full information about the known physical model, to handle such problems, especially to study problems of wave propagation in such fine structures that are not amenable to theory and field works as well. Thus, this paper deals with various results of seismic physical modeling to enable to show a possibility of detecting the inner layer boundaries of tunnel lining structures. To this end, a physical model analogous to a lining structure was built up, measured and processed in the same way as performed in regular reflection surveys. The evaluated seismic section gives a clear picture of the lining structure, that will open up more consistent direction of research into the development of an efficient measuring and processing technology.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.220-228
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• 2017

Since the fine particulate matters occurred from mainly combustion in industry and road transport effect to human respiratory health, the interest and importance are getting increased. In 2013, the World Health Organization (WHO) concluded that outdoor air pollution is carcinogenic to humans, with the particulate matter component ($PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$) of air pollution most closely associated with increased cancer incidence, especially cancer of the lung. Therefore, many researches have been studied in the quantification and data development of fine particulate matters. Currently, the Ministry of Environment and cities/regions are developing the fine particulate matter data and air emission information. Particularly just $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ data is used in the fine particulate matters warning and alert. The data of NOx, SOx, $NH_3$, which have the particulate matter formation potential are not well considered. Also, the researches related with particulate matter formation potential and respiratory effects by industrial sectors and cities/regions are not conducted well. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate and calculate particulate matter formation potential and respiratory effects in 11 industrial sectors and cities using NOx, SOx, $PM_{10}$, $NH_3$ data (developed by Ministry of Environment and National Institute of Environmental Research) in 2001 and 2013. The results of this study will be provided the particulate matter formation potential and respiratory effects and will be used for future the fine particulate matter researches.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.85-99
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• 2003

Since the experience of major landscape change during last half of the century due to war and rapid urbanization, the traditional character has been weakened, and it is necessary for a reconsideration to improve the landscape for the future. To review these relationships, the importance of a comprehensive understanding of nature has been suggested. Therefore identification of a new concept based on the 'socio-cultural influence of landscape' and 'sense of place' which are related to peoples' previous experience, is required. Furthermore more practical definitions and criteria to reveal the relationship are necessary. Among the terms suggested to describe sense of place such as 'home', 'place identity', 'place-based meaning' and 'settlement identity' etc., the 'home' is selected to represent our surrounding landscape. For more practical classification of home landscape, additional terms are suggested and defined based on both the relationships between human beings and nature, and between memory derived from previous experience and shared values with in the community. The additional terms which are the most important in the role of landscape character related to humans' are; ⅰ) Personal Landscape: Landscape of an individual human, which derives from previous personal experience; involves distinguishable character for a given person, and it is emotional and flexible depending on circumstances. ⅱ) Ordinary Landscape： Landscape of the 'common interest' between members of a community, which is acceptable as a surrounding for everyday daily life, it produces the richness and variety of landscape. ⅲ) Kernel Landscape： Landscape of the 'common ground' which is acceptable to the majority members of the community, and it provides variety and stability for periods of time, and it could strongly represent community attitudes toward nature. ⅳ) Prototype Landscape: Landscape as the 'common denominator' of overall community from past to present and towards the future, which encompasses all the kernel landscape throughout history. It provides a sense of place, balances the homogeneity of character throughout overall communities. Some part of this can be shared throughout history to shape an overall sense of place. It can also represent short terms fashions. For a prototype landscape to reveal sense of place, there are a couple of points which we should underline the commencing point. Firstly, understanding the relationship between humans and nature should be based on a given character of surroundings. Secondly, reoccurring landscape elements which have sustained in history can lead to sense of place, and should be reviewed the influences between nature and humans.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.105-112
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• 2015

Purpose - There is a recent social trend that is focused on the revitalization of business-founding. Business-founding now has an important impact on the progress of the national economy because of youth unemployment and an increase in baby-boom generation retirees. However, the support and infrastructure required for business-founding of the disabled are very insufficient. Since most supporting policies are on youth or middle-aged business-founding, business-founding by the disabled and the socially weak is losing competitiveness. Accordingly, this study diagnosed the issues by analyzing the current status of business-founding by the disabled and suggested a fostering direction for the advance of business-founding by the disabled. An idea for the founding of various business items is required for the competitiveness of business-founding by the disabled and the establishment of a growth-model based on marketing is required so that business-founding by the disabled would advance toward commercialization with growth potential. Research design, data, and methodology - Regarding the study method, the existing study literature on the status and issues in business-founding was mainly explored. In addition, the existing literature on the status and issues in business-founding by the disabled was also studied. The support on business-founding by the disabled by policy enforced by the 'Welfare Service Agency for the Disabled'and the support of related agencies including financial support on the commercialization of business-founding by the disabled were also examined. Results - Existing studies on business-founding by the disabled are very insufficient. It is very difficult to study a viable business-founding by the disabled fostering policy without thorough learning on the difficulties of business-founding by the disabled. Therefore, this study suggested a direction for the resolution of various issues such as market, funds, item, operational matters, and service by analyzing the difficulties in business-founding by the disabled until now. Particularly, this study suggested that building a commercialization model from the aspect of marketing strategy and the effort to change the growth aspect of the disabled into competitiveness are essential. Conclusions - This study examined the aspect of developing an item-development process for the growth and founding of disabled-owned businesses and the requirement of a government support system by multiple policies. Since the number of studies on business-founding by the disabled is very small, it is expected that this study would become an important study in the field of business-founding by the disabled. The revitalization of business-founding by the disabled substantially contributes to the progress of the state of the economy and continuous interest is required from the viewpoint of equal advance in the society. Success models in business-founding by the disabled should be created continuously and active publicizing of them to the disabled business-founders by analyzing the success cases would also be required. In addition, it is believed that a market entry strategy by way of a win-win strategy and cooperative relation with big companies should be also developed in the future.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.617-622
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• 2018

Air is essential for human beings to survive, but urban air is polluted with soot and harmful gases, due to the increase in industrial development and the population. Thus, air pollution in large cities is of increasing interest in the research community. One of the plausible solutions to this problem is supplying sufficient oxygen to indoor spaces. The main principle of the oxygen generator is to separate oxygen from air using synthetic zeolite. Various synthetic zeolites have been applied to public indoor spaces with the focus being placed on the oxygen exchange quality. Among the characteristics of zeolites which can be applied to oxygen generators is their ability to adsorb nitrogen from the air and, in this way, generate only oxygen. Thus, we investigated the degree of nitrogen adsorption by five kinds of natural zeolite and LTA zeolite 3A, 4A, and 5A (two different sizes). Using the PSA method, the higher the degree of nitrogen adsorption, the higher the oxygen saturation concentration, it was found that the nitrogen adsorption degree of the 5A zeolite was the highest. 6% on average. It was also found that the size of the zeolite had a significant effect on the degree of nitrogen adsorption.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.11
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• pp.653-662
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• 2017

This study was conducted to provide basic data for the prevention and management of precocious puberty by investigating the relevance of physical parents characteristics and behavioral characteristics of girls with precocious puberty. The research period was June 1, 2016 to February 25, 2017. The subjects were 312 girls matched depending on gender and age which were composed of 104 female patients of precocious puberty visiting H oriental medicine clinic and S one in Seoul, 104 girls of A control group and 104 girls of B control group attending elementary school in gun. A total of 312 of each group were compared though t-test, $X^2$-test, and ANOVA to examine the physical parent characteristics and behavioral characteristics between girls with precocious puberty and normal girls, after which influence factors for precocious puberty were analyzed through multinomial logistic regression. The main influencing factor was found to be the height of their own and mothers' menarcheal age in terms of body and parent characteristics. Other factors influencing behavioral characteristics included the frequency of meat intake and eating-out in terms of eating habits. Additionally, watching TV, hours of using smart phone and number of private institute girls attending were also found to be influencing factors. Thus, interest in school and society in increasing precocious puberty in girls is important and extensive investigation of the causes and frequency of precocious puberty is necessary.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.11
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• pp.78-87
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• 2017

Recently, the quality of a product or system has becoming increasingly important as it means customer satisfaction. The function, which is recognized as a nature of this quality, means how it functions well so it is the closest to the customer satisfaction. On the other hand, it is becoming more important as safety is closely related to destruction or human injury from accidents for engineers who handle large-scaled structures, such as ships. This study analyzed the function using quality function development (QFD) and considering the function and safety, which are being recognized as important in the structure. In addition, the safety and the quality analysis method based on the customers' needs was analyzed using failure mode and influence analysis (FMEA). In addition, the supplementary materials that are important in terms of the aspect of safety and function for the quality enhancement of a hatchway system were determined by applying a bulk carrier and hatchway. As a result, there are commonly understood items in important supplementary materials and parts, which are determined individually in terms of function and safety, because they can enhance both the function and safety simultaneously. This study shows that designers can improve the quality of products and systems by enhancing these supplementary materials and parts with greater interest.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.1239-1249
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• 2013

According to development of weather radar, researches about observation, analysis or forecast of weather phenomena such as tornado, flash-flood etc. were encouraged by reducing frequency interferences, transmission noises, attenuations of radar signal. In contrast, there is a growing interest in the visualization and expression methods for weather radar data but weather radar manufacturers or the organs of government for weather are just busy interpreting expressed weather images projected on GIS. We propose an effective high definition weather radar information visualization method able to apply various GIS platforms to observe and take actions against rapid local weather changes effectively. In this paper, first we change information acquired from weather radar to raster or vector type high definition data structures using specific algorithms. And then, we quadrate our processed raster/vector type weather data with various GIS platforms accurately to make observers can recognize and check weather situations over exact geographical positions and elevations intuitively. Experimental results verify that our method make observers can recognize and analyze weather changes, tornados, local downpours or flash floods accurately by analyzing high definition weather radar data combined with GIS platform including detailed target locations and elevations.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.483-492
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• 2020

In this study, we compared and analyzed the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and Trade Specialization Index (TSI) based on ballast water management systems (BWMS) trade data, which are related to the International Maritime Organization (IMO) Ballast Water Management Convention to suggest the current status of Korea's industrial competitiveness and suggest future development directions for the BWMS industry. As international interest in eco-friendly vessels is expanding, the IMO is engaged in dramatic discussions and agreement-making related to marine emissions of pollutants from ships. IMO member states that must implement this convention are striving to develop technology and secure industrial competitiveness as major industries in the eco-friendly shipping sector, with the BWMS industry experiencing a high market entry barrier and the possibility of the leading market entrants gaining leadership. The Republic of Korea accounts for 17 (approximately 38 %) of the 45 BWMS that received final approval as of October 2019. Based on trade data relating to product codes HS842219, HS84212, and HS89, the RCA index and TSI were calculated and compared. The findings revealed that the Republic of Korea has relative inferiority compared to countries such as Germany and Denmark. Despite this, Korea's favorable industrial environment, which includes several IMO-approved BWMS technologies and the possession of domestic certification institutions, is likely to strengthen its competitiveness in the BWMS market.