• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.359-368
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to develope and apply NIE programs related to sub-chapter 'The Change of Weather and Circulation of Water' in 2nd grade science text book of middle school, and thereby to investigate the effects of NIE approach on science-related attitude and teaming achievement of students, and interaction between treatment methods and students' learning ability. Subjects consisted of 2nd grade students of four classes in a girls middle school located at the southern part of Seoul. Four classes were divided into experimental and control groups by two classes randomly. The experimental groups have been instructed on the related-general concepts for six times and then received seven NIE programs developed by researcher for seven times. The control groups have received the instruction through the conventional teaching method. The NIE learning has been progressed following the steps using in the Iowa Chautaugua Program, e.g. invite, explore, propose explanation and solutions, and take action. NIE programs, e.g. project studying, topic studying and a crossword puzzle have been developed and applied using 'science first' approach of the STS instruction. Twenty questions related to social implications of science and leisure interest in science within seven frameworks of TOSRA have been used in this study as an evaluation instrument of science-related attitude. Learning achievement has been evaluated using an instrument developed by researcher. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. (1) NIE approach was more effective in progressing learning achievement of middle school students than conventional teaching method (p<.01). (2) Experimental groups show statistically significant improvement on science-related attitude than control groups (p<.01). There were no significant interactions between treatment methods and students' learning ability on learning achievement and leisure interest in science. The NIE approach were more effective than the conventional one on social implications of science, especially to low ability students.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.290-303
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• 2006

Tooth eruption is a complex and tightly regulated process that involves cells of the tooth organ and the surrounding alveolus. Osteoclast precursors must be recruited into the dental follicle prior to the onset of eruption. This function of dental follicle may be regarded as the ability of bone remodeling characterized by the interaction of osteoclasts and osteoblasts. This is because tooth eruption is a localized event in which many of the genes required for eruption are expressed in the dental follicle. RANKL is a membrane-bound protein that is a member of the TNF ligand family. which is present on bone marrow stromal cells and osteoblasts, and induces osteoclast formation and activation from precursor cell. The biologic effect of RANKL is inhibited by OPG and, in bone, the relative ratio of RANKL and OPG modulates osteoclastogenesis. To evaluate the roles of RANKL and OPG in tooth eruption and the relations with the expression pattern of Runx2, in situ hybridization was performed with mandibles of mice at postnatal stage 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11. mRNA of RANKL, OPG, and Runx2 are expressed in dental follicle and surrounding tissue from P1 to 11. To determine the sites of osteoclastic activity during tooth eruption, mandibles were dissected. Peak osteoclastic activity in alveolar bone along the occlusal and basal regions was observed from P5 to 9, with osteoclasts in these regions being large and strongly TRAP-positive The specific spatio-temporal expression patterns of RANKL, OPG, and Runx2 in our study suggest that tooth eruption could be progressed through the interactions of molecular signaling among dental follicle, dental organ and alveolar bone, furthermore it means that dental follicle is quite important in tooth eruption In addition, it indicates that these genes (RANKL, OPG, and Runx2) play critical roles in tooth eruption.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.287-294
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to use basic data of dental hygiene curriculum with a new technique called motivational interviewing of communication skill to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method of oral health care. In this study, we performed oral health care program that has been made in dental hygiene department to university students. It was assigned to the control group and 66 and 32 experimental group based on the date of the first visit time. It conducted motivational interviewing of a total of three times in the experimental group. The analytical results of the measurements obtained in the oral examination and questionnaires. The results were as follows: The experimental group measured value was reduced after the intervention compared to before the PSR to evaluate the state of periodontal, gingival index, calculus index, plaque control record (PCR; O'Leary plaque index), simple plaque scor of Quantitative Light Induced Fluorescnece Digital measurement value (p<0.05). Experimental group decreased more and more the result of changes in the reduction of the average of the PCR. But control group was reduced to 3 weeks and increased back to the middle 16 weeks. There was also support interaction between the measurement point and the groups (p<0.05). Re-visit adherence of fit, 12.1% in the control group, the experimental group was 43.7% in the period of participation in the oral health care program. Thus, visit adherence of the experimental group was higher. In this study, a group that has motivational interviewing, It was able to confirm the improvement of oral health state. Discussion of the motivational interviewing can be applied to oral health care program.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.12-25
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• 2003

Objectives：As increasing number of new antidepressants have been being introduced in clinical practice, pharmacological understanding has been broadened. These changes mandate new information and theories to be incorporated into the treatment process of children with depressive disorders. In light of newly coming knowledge, this review intended to recapitulate the characteristics of new antidepressants and to consider the pivotal issues to develope guidelines for the treatment of depression in childhood and adolescence. Methods：Searching the Pub-Med online database for the articles with the key words of 'new', 'antidepressants' and 'children' ninety-seven headings of review articles were obtained. The author selected the articles of pertinent subjects in terms of either treatment guideline or psychopharmacology of new antidepressants. When required, articles about the clinical effectiveness of individual antidepressants were separatedly searched. In addition, the safety information of new antidepressants was acquired by browsing the official sites of the United States Food and Drugs Administration and Department of Health and Human Services. Results：1) For the clinical course, treatment phase, and treatment outcome, the reviews or treatment guidelines adopted the information from adult treatment guidelines. 2) Systematic and critical reviews unambiguously concluded that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors(SSRIs) excelled tricyclic antidepressants( TCAs) for both efficacy and side effect profiles, and were recommend for the first-line choice for the treatment of children with depressive disorders. 3) New antidepressants generally lacked treatment experiences and randomized controlled clinical trials. 4) SSRIs and other new antidepressants, when used together, might result in pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic drug-to-drug interaction. 5) The difference of the clinical effectiveness of antidepressants between children and adults should be addressed from developmental aspects, which required further evidence. Conclusion：Treatment guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of childhood and adolescence depression could be constructed on the basis of clinical trial findings and practical experiences. Treatment guidelines are to best serve as the frame of reference for a clinician to make reasonable decisions for a particular therapeutic situation. In order to fulfill this role, guidelines should be updated as soon as new research data become available.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.57 no.4
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• pp.147-175
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• 2005

Efforts to identify the public's perception of social welfare as an academic discipline have never been conducted in Korea since the establishment of social welfare department in 1947 at Ewha Womans University. Such efforts are very meaningful in identifying directions and tasks to strengthen Korean social welfare as well as in clarifying and promoting our understanding concerning status of the academic discipline. This study attempts to explore and describe the degree of the public's perception in Korea with analyzing data surveyed in 2004 by our interdisciplinary research team. This study develops and uses a questionnaire having a Likert scale format that is composed of 8 points and measures the public's perception in the following dimensions: (1) personal interests on academic discipline; (2) contribution of academic discipline; (3) prospect of academic discipline; (4) importance of academic discipline; (5) expertise of academic discipline; and (6) personal knowledge on academic discipline. To avoid social desirability and promote objectivity with comparative measurement, this study selects ten representative academic disciplines as follows: medicine; physics; biology; social welfare; economics; psychology; sociology; political science; library science; and communication & journalism. This study attempts to identify (1) the degree of the public's perception on ten academic disciplines; (2) the position of social welfare by comparing it with each academic discipline and by comparing mean of social welfare with overall mean of six social science disciplines in the six dimensions; (3) the differences in the public's perceptions of social welfare on six dimensions by the respondents' status factor(high school students, college and graduate students, and citizens) and gender factor by using MANCOVA, and (4) the differences in the public's perceptions of social welfare on six dimensions by major factor(social welfare, social science majors, and natural science majors) and gender factor of college and graduate school students by using MANCOVA. The results of data analysis are as follows: (1) while the 3,319 respondents gave relatively high rating on natural sciences in the dimensions of contribution and expertise, they did the same on social sciences in the dimensions of personal interests and personal knowledge; (2) in overall comparisons, while the 3,319 respondents gave relatively high rating on social welfare in the dimensions of contribution, prospect and importance, they gave the lowest rating on the expertise of social welfare; (3) in the comparisons with social science disciplines, while the 3,319 respondents gave relatively high rating on social welfare in the dimensions of contribution, prospect and importance, they gave the lowest rating on the expertise of social welfare; (4) when analyzing all the respondents, there were differences in the vector of personal interests, contribution, prospect, importance, expertise, and personal knowledge by status factor, gender factor, and interaction effect factor; and (5) when analyzing only the respondents in college and graduate schools, there were differences in the vector of personal interests, contribution, prospect, importance, expertise, and personal knowledge by only major factor and gender factor. The results provide empirical backgrounds for discussing current image, status and major characteristics of social welfare as a discipline in Korea. Indeed, this study provides new meaningful and thoughtful guide for further investigation on the topic. In addition, contributing to clarifying and broadening our understandings about the public's perception on social welfare in Korea, this study discusses the tasks for dealing with expertise issue that is the most vulnerable issue of Korean social welfare discipline and research directions to strengthen and promote social welfare discipline in Korea.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.209-220
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• 2012

Most oats are used for livestock feed in the world. This experiment was conducted at Iksan city of Korea from 2007 to 2008. The objective of this study was to select eminent oat (Avena sativa L.) cultivars with high-yielding and a quality for forage adaptable in each planting seasons. Experimental design was split-plot design with three replications. A split plot design was used with seeding date on the main plots and other treatments fully randomized in sub-plots. A factorial arrangement of treatments included three different ecotypes cultivars, winter type (Sanmhan, Donghan and Chohan), summer type (High-speed, Darkhorse, and Swan), and naked oats near to spring type (Daeyang, Choyang, and Sunyang) and twelve seeding dates (twice a month from March to November). Plant height, dry matter yield, and percent TDN was significantly affected by seeding dates, cultivars, and the interaction of cultivars ${\times}$ seeding dates. There was a decrease in plant height, dry matter yield, and percent total digestible nutrients (TDN) as seeding was delayed from early March to late June and it also from early September to early November. The winter type oat cultivars such as Samhan, Donghan, and Chohan adapted to fall seeding and early summer harvest, while summer type cultivars such as High-speed, Darkhorse, and Swan showed high productivity either to summer seeding and mid-fall harvest or to spring seeding and early summer harvest. Naked type cultivars, Choyang and Daeyang, showed high forage yield by spring and summer seeding except for fall seeding because of cold damage. Summer type oat cultivars such as High-speed, Darkhorse, and Swan can supplement high forage production in spring. TDN yield showd the most at seeding in October 10 (780 kg $10a^{-1}$), followed at seeding in March 23 (627 kg $10a^{-1}$).

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.427-443
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• 2009

Cretaceous intrusive and extrusive rocks in the southwestern part of the Yeongnam Massif are possibly the result of intensive magmatism which occurred in response to subduction of the Pacific plate beneath the northeast portion of the Eurasian plate. Geochemical and petrological study on the granitic rocks were carried out in order to constrain the petrogenesis of the granitic magma and to establish the paleotectonic environment of the area. Whole rock chemical data of the granitic rocks from the study area indicate that all the rocks have characteristics of calc-alkaline series in the subalkaline field. The overall geochemical features show systematic variations in each granitic body, but the source materials of each granitic body are thought to have been different in their chemical composition. The granodiorites distributed around Donggyori in the Bognae area (DGd) are different from other granitic rocks within the study area in the contents and differentiation trends of $Al_2O_3$ and MgO as well as in the contents of the trace elements such as Ba, Sr, Pb, Ni, Cr and Y DGd have geochemical features similar to slab-derived adakites such as high $Al_2O_3$, Sr contents and high Sr/Y, La/Yb ratios, but low Y and Yb contents. The major and trace element contents of the DGd fall well within the adakitic field, whereas other Cretaceous granites in the study area are plotted in the island arc ADR area in Sr/Y vs. Y diagram. On the ANK vs. A/CNK and tectonic discrimination diagrams, parental magma type of the granites corresponds to I-type and volcanic arc granite (VAG). Interpretations of the chemical characteristics of the granitic rocks favor their emplacement in a compressional tectonic regime at continental margin during the subduction of Pacific plate. The geochemical and tectonic features reveal that adakite-like signatures of the DGd were generated by the interaction of mantle peridotite and subducted slab-derived adakitic melts (caused by the thermal effect of ridge subduction), and which slightly modified by crustal contamination during emplacement.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.106 no.1
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• pp.40-53
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of container types on physiological characteristics of Zelkova serrata, Fraxinus rhynchophylla and Quercus serrata in the container nursery stage. We used 16 container types [4 growing densities (100, 144, 196 and $256\;seedlings/m^2$)${\times}4$ cavity volumes (460, 380, 300 and $220cm^3/cavity$)] and performed two-way ANOVA to test the differences in photosynthesis, photochemical efficiency and chlorophyll content among container types. Also, multiple regression analysis was conducted to correlate container dimensions with photosynthetic rate. Container types had a strong influence on photosynthesis of three species seedlings. Growing densities and cavity volumes had a significant interaction effect on photosynthetic rate, water use efficiency, stomatal conductance and chlorophyll contents except stomatal conductance of Q. serrata. In all three species, however, interactions between the two factors of container type were not found with regard to photochemical efficiency. Growing density was negatively correlated with photosynthetic rate of F rhynchophylla and Q. serrata, while cavity volumes positively affected on those of three species seedlings. The range of optimal container types was determined by multiple regression analysis based on photosynthetic rate. Consequently, optimal growing density and cavity volume of container by each tree species were found to be approximately $160{\sim}210\;seedlings/m^2$ and $430{\sim}460cm^3/cavity$ for Z. serrata, $130{\sim}150\;seedlings/m^2$ and $390{\sim}440cm^3/cavity$ for F. rhynchophylla and $130{\sim}170\;seedlings/m2$ and $420{\sim}460cm^3/cavity$ for Q. serrata, respectively. Application of adequate container will induce higher quality seedling production in nursery stage, which will also increase seedling growth in plantation stage.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.64-79
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• 2010

Students with intellectual disabilities typically have great difficulties communicating their needs and wants and may get frustrated, anxious or show signs of aggressive behaviour. They are often unable to understand the concept of relationships with other people as well. This lack of social communication and interaction leads to poor motivation which increases other areas of difficulty in their lives. Therefore, to teach students with intellectual disabilities, it is essential to find special teaching methods to support their positive behavior. This paper proposes that special educational curriculum for students with intellectual impairments utilize natural environments(forests) and materials. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Educational Programs Utilizing Forests on maladjusted behavior of students with mental retardation and to examine the positive effects of such planning practices. The subjects were middle school students who attended a special school for mentally-retarded students. They were divided into two separate groups- an experimental group and a control group. All subjects received the pre and post test using the same method. This program was applied to the formal educational process of middle school from March 1st to October 30th, 2009. In this experiment the results indicate that the effect of using a natural environment(forest) and the materials within a formal educational curriculum was positive as a type of horticultural therapy and that it supports positive behavior strategies in students with intellectual impairments. The usage of various natural materials including plants and flowers within the natural environments provide students with increased opportunities to participate. Teaching methods including natural materials help teachers engage with their students more easily during routine activities as their interest is already stimulated. This project will help students with intellectual impairments to build skills which enable effective participation and increase independence throughout their lives. This should be embedded into both routine and planned activities of the classroom Also, it offers a needed interior plan for the treatment space through an analysis of psychological factors of how the environment affects students.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.110-114
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• 1981

These experiments were carried out to define the effects of NAA, 2, 4-D and Benzyladenine on the callus induction and the organ differentiation from the explants and to find out the vegetative propagation method of Korean ginseng. The results obtained are summarized as follows; 1. NAA was significantly effective in forming roots from the ginseng stem segment and the number of roots was increased by increasing NAA concentration in the medium. The roots were formed from both distal and proximal ends of the ginseng stem segments grown on the medium containing more than 2mg/L of NAA. 2. The amount of callus growth increased proportionatly with NAA concentration in the range of 4.0mg per liter in the medium. The callus was easly induced from stem segment than leaf segment and 2, 4-D was more effective in callus induction and growth than NAA. 3. The benzyladenine showed the significant inhibition effect in forming roots from ginseng explant. The callus was not induced with BA alone, but in BA and 2, 4-D or BA and NAA added medium, the callus was easily induced and its growth was also accelerated. The interaction effects between 2, 4-D and BA on the callus induction and growth were significantly higher than those between NAA and BA. 4. As the ginseng embryos were cultured on the M.S. medium supplemented with 2mg per liter NAA, number of shoots was significantly increased and the percentage of embryo which had shown more than 4 shoots later was 22.2%. On the medium containing 8mg per liter NAA, the ginseng embryo showed the normal growth of shoots and leaves, but increased roots and callus induction on the basal part of shoots. 5. When the shoots with 3 leaflets were cut in 1.5cm long and grown on the Blayde's medium containing NAA 1.0mg per liter, roots were formed at the proximal end of shoot, and a new ginseng seedling was successfully obtained.