• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
• /
• v.44 no.4
• /
• pp.49-58
• /
• 2007

Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) has been proposed by Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to compensate for such problems as handover latency and signaling overhead in employing Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6). HMIPv6 supports micro-mobility within a domain and introduces a new entity, namely mobility anchor point (MAP) as a local home agent. However, HMIPv6 causes load concentration at a particular MAP and longer handover latency when inter-domain handover occurs. In order to solve such problems, this paper establishes a virtual domain (VD) of a higher layer MAP and proposes a MAP changing algorithm in which the routing path changes between mobile node (MN) and correspondent node(CN) according to the mobile position and the direction of the MN before inter-domain handover occurs. The proposed algorithm not only enables complete handover binding-update of the on-link care of address (LCoA) only when inter-domain handover occurs, but concentrated load of a particular MAP is distributed as well. This is because the MNs registered with higher layer MAP and lower layer MAP coexist in the VD. We simulate the performance of the proposed algorithm and compare with HMIPv6.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
• /
• v.12 no.1
• /
• pp.201-210
• /
• 2012

Now, there are many mobile nodes are efficient and stable when they move to operate with variety techniques have emerged.Recently, there is a growing interest about PMIPv6(Proxy Mobile IPv6) and, in this proposal of essay is the based on the way to mobility support system will stand on the basis from PMIPv6 network to NEMO(Network Mobility). PMIPv6 is mobility support system from single domain, it actual network is composed with nested in a multiple domain structural system. The proposed technique in the domain of two or more, the LMA(Local Mobility Anchor) communication between LMA(Local Mobility Anchor) and MAG(Mobile Access Gateway) of movable domain can increase performance by handover delay and signaling.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
• /
• v.44 no.10
• /
• pp.119-126
• /
• 2007

Recently, the mobility of users and mobile communication technologies have developed rapidly. The users in this state also want to connect their devices and to receive services anywhere, anytime. Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) has been proposed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to compensate for such problems as handover latency and signaling overhead when employing Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6). HMIPv6 supports micro-mobility within a domain and introduces a new entity, namely Mobility Anchor Point (MAP) as a local home agent. However, HMIPv6 has been found to cause longer handover latency when the inter-domain handover occurs. This is because a Mobile Node (MN) has to generate two addresses and register them to Home Agent (HA) a MAP, respectively. In order to solve such problems, we propose a scheme that an MN generates one address and registers it to HA for supporting fast handover during the inter-domain handover process. In the proposed scheme, the load of MAP and MAP domain is reduced because the number of MNs which are managed by MAP is decreased and the MAP does not perform proxy Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP) to intercept packets destined to MNs. We evaluate the performance of proposed scheme in comparison to HMIPv6 through the simulation and numerical analysis.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
• /
• v.12 no.4
• /
• pp.211-221
• /
• 2012

The development of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is progressed slowly due to limited resources, but it is in progress to the development of the latest IP-based IP-WSN by the development of hardware and power management technology. IPv6 over Low power WPAN (6LoWPAN) is capable of IPv6-built low-power devices. In these IP-based WSNs, existing IP-based techniques which was impossible in WSNs becomes possible. 6LoWPAN is based on the IEEE 802.15.4 sensor networks and is a IPv6-supported technology. Host-based mobility management scheme in IP-WSNs are not suitable due to the additional signaling, network-based mobility management scheme is more suitable. In this paper, we propose an enhanced PMIPv6-based route optimization scheme which consider multi-6LoWPAN network environments. All SLMA (Sensor Local Mobility Anchor) of the 6LoWPAN domain are connected with the SPIG (Sensor Proxy Internetworking Gateway) and performs distributed mobility control for the 6LoWPAN-based inter-domain operations. All information of SLMA in 6LoWPAN domain is maintained by SMAG (Sensor Mobile Access Gateway), and then is performed the route optimization quickly. The status information of the route optimization from SPIG is stored to SLMA and it is supported without additional signaling.

• ETRI Journal
• /
• v.30 no.2
• /
• pp.238-248
• /
• 2008

At the extremes of the complexity-performance plane, there are two exemplary QoS management architectures: Integrated Services (IntServ) and Differentiated Services (DiffServ). IntServ performs ideally but is not scalable. DiffServ is simple enough to be adopted in today' core networks, but without any performance guarantee. Many compromise solutions have been proposed. These schemes, called quasi-stateful IntServ or stateful DiffServ, however, have not attracted much attention due to their inherently compromising natures. Two disruptive flow-based architectures have been recently introduced: the flow-aware network (FAN) and the flow-state-aware network (FSA). FAN's control is implicit without any signaling. FSA's control is even more sophisticated than that of IntServ. In this paper, we survey established QoS architectures, review disruptive architectures, discuss their rationales, and points out their disadvantages. A new QoS management architecture, flow-aggregate-based services (FAbS), is then proposed. The FAbS architecture has two novel building blocks: inter-domain flow aggregation and endpoint implicit admission control.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartC
• /
• v.19C no.2
• /
• pp.99-118
• /
• 2012

In PMIPv6-based network, mobile nodes can be made smaller and lighter because the network nodes perform the mobility management-related functions on behalf of the mobile nodes. The one of the protocols, Fast Handovers for Proxy Mobile IPv6(FPMIPv6)[1] has studied by the Internet Engineering Task Force(IETF). Since FPMIPv6 adopts the entities and the concepts of Fast Handovers for Mobile IPv6(FMIPv6) in Proxy Mobile IPv6(PMIPv6), it reduces the packet loss. Conventional scheme has proposed that it cooperated with an Authentication, Authorization and Accounting(AAA) infrastructure for authentication of a mobile node in PMIPv6, Despite the best efficiency, without begin secured of signaling messages, PMIPv6 is vulnerable to various security threats such as the DoS or redirect attAcks and it can not support global mobility between PMIPv. In this paper, we analyze Kang-Park & ESS-FH scheme, and then propose an Enhanced Security scheme for FPMIPv6(ESS-FP). Based on the CGA method and the pubilc key Cryptography, ESS-FP provides the strong key exchange and the key independence in addition to improving the weaknesses for FPMIPv6. The proposed scheme is formally verified based on Ban-logic, and its handover latency is analyzed and compared with that of Kang-Park scheme[3] & ESS-FH and this paper propose inter-domain fast handover sheme for PMIPv6 using proxy-based FMIPv6(FPMIPv6).

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.33 no.6
• /
• pp.523-529
• /
• 2023

Ubiquitination is a post-translational modification that is involved in the quality control of proteins and responsible for modulating a variety of cellular physiological processes. Protein ubiquitination and deubiquitination are reversible processes that regulate the stability of target substrates. The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) helps regulate tumor-promoting processes, such as DNA repair, cell cycle, apoptosis, metastasis, and angiogenesis. The UPS comprises a combination of ubiquitin, ubiquitin-activating enzymes (E1), ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2), and ubiquitin-ligase enzymes (E3), which complete the degradation of target proteins. Ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (UBE2s) play an inter-mediate role in the UPS process by moving activated ubiquitin to target proteins through E3 ligases. UBE2s consist of 40 members and are classified according to conserved catalytic ubiquitin-conjugating (UBC) domain-flanking extensions in humans. Since UBE2s have specificity to substrates like E3 ligase, the significance of UBE2 has been accentuated in tumorigenesis. The dysregulation of multiple E2 enzymes and their critical roles in modulating oncogenic signaling pathways have been reported in several types of cancer. The elevation of UBE2 expression is correlated with a worse prognosis in cancer patients. In this review, we summarize the basic functions and regulatory mechanisms of UBE2s and suggest the possibility of their use as therapeutic targets for cancer.