• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.141-150
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• 2002

The ionosphere plays an important role in the electrodynamics of space environment. In particular, the information on the ionospheric conductivity distribution is indispensable in understanding the electrodynamics of the magnetosphere and ionosphere coupling study. To meet such a requirement, several attempts have been made to estimate the conductivity distribution over the polar ionosphere. As one of such attempts we compare the ionospheric plasma convection patterns obtained from the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN), from which the electric field distribution is estimated, and the simultaneously measured ground magnetic disturbance. Specifically, the electric field measured from the Goose Bay and Stokkseyri radars and magnetic disturbance data obtained from the west coast chain of Greenland are compared. In order to estimate ionospheric conductivity distribution with these information, the overhead infinite sheet current approximation is employed. As expected, the Hall conductance, height-integrated conductivity, shows a wide enhancement along the center of the auroral electrojet. However, Pedersen conductance shows negative values over a wide portion of the auroral oval region, a physically unacceptable situation. To alleviate this problem, the effect of the field-aligned current is taken into account. As a result, the region with negative Pedersen conductance disappears significantly, suggesting that the effect of the field-aligned current should be taken into account, when one wants to estimate ionospheric conductance based on ground magnetic disturbance and electric field measurements by radars.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.12 no.10
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• pp.85-97
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• 2014

Purpose - This study aims to clarify through which process asset specificity and supplier development project (SDP) affect performance. Cooperation, partnership, the level of information exchange, and the importance of information sharing are considered significant variables as mediators related to the process. Finally, the performance formation model of the supply chain through asset specificity and supplier development project would be suggested as being a result of this study. Research design, data, and methodology - Data collection was as follows: questionnaires were distributed to 250 companies that have business ties with H Company. The empirical study to test our hypothesis was based on statistical analysis (using SPSS 19.0 and AMOS 19.0). The hypothesis of this paper is that the asset specificity and supplier development project variables have positive effects on the following variables: mediators such as cooperation and partnership (reliability and dependence); and the cooperation and partnership variables have a positive effect on the following variables: level of information sharing, the importance of information sharing, and level of information sharing; the importance of information sharing has a positive effect on supply chain performance. We tested our hypothesized model utilizing path analysis with latent variables. Results - First, it was found that asset specificity has significant positive effects on cooperation (H1), reliability (H2), and dependability (H3). Second, it was proved that the level of comprehension on the purpose of SDP has positive effects significantly on cooperation (H4), reliability (H5), and dependability (H6). Third, the hypotheses related to cooperation were all significantly accepted. The relationships of cooperation with the level (H7) and importance (H8) of information sharing were significant. Fourth, the hypotheses related to reliability were all significantly accepted. The relationships of reliability with the level (H9) and importance (H10) of information sharing were significant. In terms of dependability, however, the hypotheses were partially accepted. The effect of dependability was significant on the importance of information sharing (H12), but insignificant on the level of information sharing (H11). Finally, the causal relationships from the level of information sharing to SCM performance (H13) and from the importance of information sharing to SCM performance (H14) were both significantly accepted. Conclusion - First, with rapid changes in the business environment, enterprises should acquire the right information to properly implement SCM. For successful SCM, firms should understand the supplier development project. Second, asset specificity and the level of comprehension on SDP have significant effects both on cooperation and partnership (reliability and dependability). Third, mediators such as cooperation, reliability, and dependability significantly affect the level and importance of information sharing. Fourth, the level and importance of information sharing have significant impacts on SCM performance. This paper makes a meaningful contribution to further the understanding of how SDP affects SCM performance. Finally, successful SCM performance is achieved by information sharing through a collaborative environment and partnership (confidence & dependence) rather than by investing only in setting up an information system.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.55-62
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• 2013

Purpose - This study aims to determine the problems and limitations of the Commercial Area Activation System, which was created by a special law for promoting traditional markets and shopping districts to revitalize and efficiently manage the central commercial area in different regions. We also suggest different options for its improvement. Research design, data, and methodology - We also look into the problems of which is being promoted as a demonstration project, from the aspects of legal text and guidelines. Results - The current commercial area activation system has several problems. First, the establishment of a comprehensive basic plan on the commercial area activation is not a requirement. Second, the benefit principle should be established to prevent the moral laxity of merchants who serve important roles in the main components of the commercial area activation business when they conduct their business. Third, the current special law constrains the commercial management organization, as under the civil law yields a limitation on finding a profitable business model. Fourth, to efficiently, constructing a system that links the other central government businesses and is needed. into a regional development budget or a budget for funding small businesses that the central government can control, which is effective. Further, we offer some suggestions for medium- and long-term policies. First, an integrated coordination mechanism at the central office level should be installed while setting the basic policy to revitalize the Based on this policy, local governments need a system that exclusively based on the after establishing a comprehensive plan for urban regeneration and getting approval from the integration organization. Second, a system that enables an understanding of the problems with business promotion by monitoring the procedure of supporting projects and regularly assessing business achievements is needed. Third, a plan is needed for resolving conflicts between various interested parties that adopts the commercial area activation system for carrying out a total redevelopment of the commercial area where small shops are densely located. A market maintenance project has been conducted as a means to recover our traditional market, which was economically depressed, and to revive the local economy, but it is mostly conducted in the form of reconstruction or redevelopment and represents the interests of landowners and merchants. Thus, it is most likely to lead to a gradual disappearance of traditional markets. Conclusions - This study looks primarily into the problems that appeared in the legal text or the guidelines regarding the direction of improvement of the commercial area activation business that has been going on as a demonstration project since 2011 and suggests some solutions.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.356-363
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• 1998

In general weed vegetation analysis has been applied to the study of weed population shift. However, it is a limited tool for understanding a problem region and a specific weed species in a certain area. Recently GIS may be used as an important tool to solve this target or to conduct specific field analysis which enables to introduce a reasonable management strategy. Thus, the GIS study was carried out to understand an integrated weed population changes between 1981 and 1992 in Korea. The nationwide weed survey was performed through the whole rice paddy fields in 1981 and 1992. Weed occurrence was totally different over whole country based on these data. In 1981 a region with high weed occurrence was at western and central areas of Korea in terms of weed population density but this was changed into western and southern area in 1992. In both years there were high weed population density at Taean, Seosan county of Chungnam province in Korea. Thus, this particular area may be needed to introduce a special strategy to reduce weed population density and/or to control problem weed species.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.625-634
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• 2014

This study has investigated the factors that make a science teacher effective by analyzing students' perception of teacher knowledge required in enhancing their science learning. The basic components of teacher knowledge identified by previous researchers have been confirmed through Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). Based on the findings of the EFA, the questionnaire has been further analyzed using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) by means of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). In addition, the differences in students' perception on the identified factors of effectiveness have also been analyzed in terms of gender and achievement level. The findings of the EFA showed that five factors of science teacher effectiveness were identified; namely, substantive knowledge, syntactic knowledge, knowledge of students' understandings, knowledge of instructional strategies, and knowledge of assessment. These five components have been divided into two categories of teacher knowledge, SMK and PCK. What we found from the CFA was the respective high correlation between substantive and syntactic knowledge, knowledge of students' understanding and instructional strategies and the low correlation between substantive knowledge and knowledge of instructional strategies. Students perceived substantive knowledge as the most effective factor, knowledge of assessment as the least effective factor. Also, there have been considerable differences in students' perception by gender and achievement level. We proposed, based on the findings, that SMK and PCK need to be integrated into a coherent manner for the effective science teaching practice. This study provides some implications for science teacher professional development and the improvement of science teacher preparation program.

• Strategy21
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• s.41
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• pp.232-260
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• 2017

The purpose of this paper is to open a debate about what kind of deterrent strategy the ROK military should pursue in the era of NK's weapons of mass destruction and missile threats. I argue that the ROK military needs a comprehensive deterrent strategy that reflects the international security situations and trends and that builds on clear understanding of the basic concepts and how deterrence operates. The paper starts with surveying the basic knowledge of deterrence from the perspectives of both theory and practice. Then, it provides explanations on why deterrence against NK can be particularly difficult given the security environment in and around the Korean peninsula. For example, South Korea and North Korea hardly share 'common knowledge' that serves as a basic element for the operation of deterrence. Deterrence against North Korea involves complex situations in that both deterrence and compellence strategies may be relevant particularly to North Korea's WMD and missile threats. It also involves both immediate and general deterrence. Based on the discussion, I suggest several ideas that may serve as guidelines for establishing a deterrent strategy against NK. First, our threats for deterrence should be the ones that can be realized, particularly in terms of the international norms. In other words, they must be considered appropriate among other nations in the international community. Second, there should be separate plans for the different kinds of threats: one is conventional, local provocations and the other is WMD/missile related provocations. Third, we should pursue much closer cooperative relations with the U.S. military to enhance the effectiveness of immediate deterrence in the Korean peninsula. Fourth, the ROK military should aim to accomplish 'smart deterrence' maximizing the benefits of technological superiority. Fifth, the ROK military readiness and structure should be able to deny emerging North Korean military threats such as the submarine-launched ballistic missiles and intercontinental ballistic missiles. Lastly, in executing threats, we should consider that the current action influences credibility and reputation of the ROK, which in turn affect the decisions for future provocations. North Korea's WMD/missile threats may soon become critical strategic-level threats to South Korea. In retrospect, the first debate on building a missile defense system in South Korea dates back to the 1980s. Mostly the debate has centered on whether or not South Korea's system should be integrated into the U.S. missile defense system. In the meantime, North Korea has become a small nuclear power that can threaten the United States with the ballistic missiles capability. If North Korea completes the SLBM program and loads the missiles on a submarine with improved underwater operation capability, then, South Korea may have to face the reality of power politics demonstrated by Thucydides through the Athenians: "The strong do what they have the power to do, the weak accept what they have to accept."

• Industry Promotion Research
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.93-103
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to provide a basis for the sustainability of cooperatives, To provide theoretical support for healthy development and academic research. The purpose of this study is to improve people's understanding of cooperatives (farmer professional cooperatives) in China. First of all, we analyze the background and concept of the introduction of cooperatives and the use of the latest advance research in China and South Korea; Secondly, we propose the status of Chinese cooperatives and the growth process of the legal system; Thirdly, we focus on the law and system of Chinese farmer professional cooperatives. Therefore, this study proposes the following four enlightenments : First, China should continue to improve and improve its legal systems, such as the tax assistance legal system, financial preferential legal system, and technical assistance legal system. Secondly, it is necessary to strengthen government supervision of cooperatives, improve the internal system of farmer cooperatives, improve the financing policies of farmer cooperatives, grasp the relationship between development and regulation, and form a development model centered on farmers. Third, the development of farmer cooperatives must be integrated with the local culture. Fourth, we must strengthen the training of cooperative members and strive to improve the level of management and self-innovation.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.171-191
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• 2015

This study is about the exhibition and convention visitors' satisfaction level and the participating companies' perception on the performance. The two topics were approached with integrated model. Accordingly, this study examined how service quality and experiential quality affect exhibition and convention visitors' satisfaction level and the participating companies' perception on the performance, and how the correlation between exhibition and convention visitors' satisfaction level and the participating companies' perception on the performance is affected. The result demonstrates that the quality of experience exerts positive effect on the visitors' sense of satisfaction(Hypothesis 3), while service quality is not statistically significant when it comes to the visitors' satisfaction(Hypothesis 1). When the correlation between service quality and experiential quality, and the participating companies' perception on the performance is examined, service quality exerts positive effect on the participating companies' perception on the performance(Hypothesis 2), while experiential quality is not statistically significant on the participating companies' perception on the performance(Hypothesis 4), When the correlation between exhibition and convention visitors' satisfaction level and the participating companies' perception on the performance is examined, it was shown that positive effect is exerted just like the results of the previous studies(Hypothesis 5), lastly, correlation between participating companies' perception on the performance, companies' satisfaction and company loyalty was examined. In case of the participating companies' perception on the performance, it exerts positive effect on the companies' satisfaction(Hypothesis 6), while company loyalty is not statistically significant (Hypothesis 7). In case of companies' satisfaction, it exerts positive effect on the company loyalty (Hypothesis 8). The results of this study will provide help to increase overall understanding of the exhibition and convention visitors' satisfaction level and the participating companies' perception on the performance, and to provide important implications for the development of strategy for exhibition and convention's vitalization.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.58
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• pp.107-135
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• 2019

The purpose of this paper is to compare and analyze the similarities and differences between the security environment, information organization and information activities of Korea and the United States. The comparison will provide insight into Korea and other national intelligence agencies, as well as methodological advances in information research, by providing insight into the overall information and a broad understanding As the history, culture and national power of Korea and the U.S. are different, the organization and activities of intelligence agencies are also different. First of all, in terms of environment, the U.S. carries out intelligence activities for national interest and security in a wide range of areas ranging from North American continental countries to South America, the Middle East, Asia and Asia, while South Korea's intelligence activities are mainly aimed at North Korea and neighboring countries around the Korean Peninsula. In terms of information organization, U.S. intelligence agencies are separate, whereas domestic and foreign intelligence agencies are separate, whereas Korean intelligence agencies are a type of integrated intelligence agency that combines information and investigation, unlike the U.S. In the U.S., the U.S. also operates as an intelligence community, and there are many flexible organizations such as non-tier organizations and centers. Intelligence activities by U.S. intelligence agencies are mainly focused on analysis and overseas processing activities, while Korean intelligence agencies still account for a large portion of domestic information activities. Despite these differences, Korea's intelligence agency was created by imitating U.S. intelligence agencies, and thus has similar aspects in terms of evaluation of security, organization and activities. However, this similarity is shared by all intelligence agencies, so the article will focus on analyzing differences. Finally, for the development of Korean intelligence agencies, the establishment of an intelligence community and efficient control of the National Assembly will be proposed.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.362-371
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• 2016

Purpose: The increasing demand for esthetically pleasing results has contributed to the use of ceramics for dental implant abutments. The aim of this study was to compare the biological response of epithelial tissue cultivated on lithium disilicate ($LS_2$) and zirconium oxide ($ZrO_2$) ceramics. Understanding the relevant physicochemical and mechanical properties of these ceramics will help identify the optimal material for facilitating gingival wound closure. Methods: Both biomaterials were prepared with 2 different surface treatments: raw and polished. Their physicochemical characteristics were analyzed by contact angle measurements, scanning white-light interferometry, and scanning electron microscopy. An organotypic culture was then performed using a chicken epithelium model to simulate peri-implant soft tissue. We measured the contact angle, hydrophobicity, and roughness of the materials as well as the tissue behavior at their surfaces (cell migration and cell adhesion). Results: The best cell migration was observed on $ZrO_2$ ceramic. Cell adhesion was also drastically lower on the polished $ZrO_2$ ceramic than on both the raw and polished $LS_2$. Evaluating various surface topographies of $LS_2$ showed that increasing surface roughness improved cell adhesion, leading to an increase of up to 13%. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that a biomaterial, here $LS_2$, can be modified using simple surface changes in order to finely modulate soft tissue adhesion. Strong adhesion at the abutment associated with weak migration assists in gingival wound healing. On the same material, polishing can reduce cell adhesion without drastically modifying cell migration. A comparison of $LS_2$ and $ZrO_2$ ceramic showed that $LS_2$ was more conducive to creating varying tissue reactions. Our results can help dental surgeons to choose, especially for esthetic implant abutments, the most appropriate biomaterial as well as the most appropriate surface treatment to use in accordance with specific clinical dental applications.