• 생약학회지
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.201-208
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• 2011

Obesity occur from the imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure. Obesity is a complex chronic disease that is suggested to cause other metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and arteriosclerosis. In this study, our purpose is to investigate the anti-hyperglycemic and anti-obesitic effects of Maydis stigma water extract in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and db/db mice. Maydis stigma water extract at dose of 100 and 500 ${\mu}g/ml$ slowly inhibited cell viability as compared to that of control in mature adipocytes. Also, the additions of 50 and 250 ${\mu}g/ml$ of Maydis stigma water extract significantly inhibited the lipid accumulations and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein(C/EBP) ${\alpha}$ and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor(PPAR) ${\gamma}$ expressions with dose-dependent manner in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Maydis stigma water extract at 250, 500, and 1000 ${\mu}g/ml$ only showed the increasing pattern on lipolysis activity. The oral treatment of Maydis stigma water extract (100 or 400 mg/kg body weight) in db/db mice only showed tendency to decrease body weight, food efficiency ratio (FER), HbA1c, blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and the adipocyte size of in db/db mice. However, Maydis stigma water extract increased the insulin level in a dose dependent manner. Thus these results indicate that Maydis stigma water extracxt inhibits adipogenesis through regulation of C/EBP${\alpha}$ and PPAR${\gamma}$ expressions in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and shows anti-hyperglycemic effect through increase of insulin secretion in db/db mice.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.35-42
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• 2019

Fish shows great difference in growth rate between individuals during larval development and early growth. This difference seriously reduces the production efficiency in fish culture. Growth hormone (GH)/Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) system is said to play some pivotal roles in fish growth. In this study, we investigated differences of GH, IGF1 and GHR gene expressions in juvenile red spotted grouper (Epinephelus akaara) with different growth performance. Red spotted groupers were reared under the same environmental condition (water temperature $24{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, natural light) for 96 days after hatching. They were divided into 3 groups by size (fast growing, middle growing and slow growing groups: FGG, MGG, and SGG, respectively). RNA was extracted from the brain, liver and muscle tissues from each group, and target gene expression was examined by real-time PCR. In the brain with pituitary gland, expression of GH gene in FGG was significantly higher than the expression in SGG, but the expression of IGF1 and GHR genes in the muscle was highest in SGG. Difference of GHR and IGF1 mRNA in the liver between groups with different growth performance was less clear than that in other tissues, although level of IGF1 mRNA was higher in SGG than in MGG. These results suggest that hormonal governing of growth is not the same in fast growing and slow growing fish, and size grading could cause a shift of hormonal state and growth pattern in this species.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.149-157
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• 2009

Objectives : This study was designed to investigate the effects of Cheunggyeongsamul-tang extract on the growth of longitudinal bone in adolescent female rats. Methods : Longitudinal bone growth was measured by fluorescent microscopy. To examine the effects on the growth plate metabolism, the total height of growth plate, the induction of local insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), IGF-1 receptor, bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), BMPR-1A, indian hedgehog (IHH), and parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTH-rP) were measured. Results : Cheunggyeongsamul-tang extract enhanced longitudinal bone growth and total height of the growth plate. Also, it promoted the induction of local IGF-1, BMP-2, IHH and PTH-rP of the growth plate. Conclusions : This study shows that the Cheunggyeongsamul-tang extract effects longitudinal bone growth in adolescent rats and might be used for both stunted adolescents and inherent growth failure patients.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.593-597
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• 2009

자궁은 임신에 필수불가결한 기관으로, 에스트로겐(E2)과 프로게스테론(P4)은 태아와 자궁 사이의 상호 신호전달을 적절하게 조절하여, 임신을 확립하게 하는 필수적 요소이다. 임신 초기 E2는 배아의 안정적인 착상을 위하여 자궁의 성장을 촉진하는 역할을 담당한다. 이 시기 자궁에서 분비되는 인슐린유사 성장인자-I(IGF-I)와 E2/P4 간의 상호 신호전달이 임신 확립에 있어서 매우 중요한 역할을 한다. E2는 에스트로겐 수용체(ER)에 의해 그 작용이 결정되어지는데, 임신 돼지 자궁에서는 ER-${\alpha}$만이 발현됨을 증명하였다. 자궁에서 ER-${\alpha}$의 발현은 임신 중기나 말기보다 임신 초기 단계에서 높게 발현됨이 관찰되었다. 이는 배아에서 분비되는 E2가 ER-${\alpha}$의 발현을 증가시키는 역할을 함을 보여주는 결과이다. IGF-I이 E2 표적 유전자임을 증명하기 위하여 난소를 제거한 쥐에 E2/P4를 처리한 후 IGF-I의 발현을 측정한 결과, E2를 처리한 샘플에서는 IGF-I의 발현이 크게 증가하였으나, P4를 처리한 샘플에서는 큰 영향을 받지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 이 결과는 E2가 자궁에서 IGF-I의 발현을 증가시키는 역할을 수행함을 직접적으로 증명하였다. 임신한 돼지의 자궁에서 임신 시기별로 IGF-I 유전자의 발현을 조사한 결과 임신 초기에 가장 높은 발현을 보였고, 이 양상은 ER-${\alpha}$의 발현 형태와 아주 유사한 패턴을 나타내었다. 이는 임신 자궁에서 ER-${\alpha}$와 IGF-I의 발현이 상호 연관되어 있으며 ER-${\alpha}$와 IGF-I은 E2에 의해서 조절되어지는 유전자이며, 임신초기 배아에서 분비되는 E2가 자궁에서 ER-${\alpha}$의 발현을 증진시키고, 나아가서 이 ER-${\alpha}$가 자궁에서 IGF-I 유전자의 발현을 증가시키는 역할을 함을 보여주는 결과이다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.430-436
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• 2010

The objective of the present studies was to develop and validate a system for isolation, purification and extended culture of pigment-producing cells in alpaca skin (melanocytes) responsible for coat color and to determine the effect of alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone treatment on mRNA expression for the melanocortin 1 receptor, a key gene involved in coat color regulation in other species. Skin punch biopsies were harvested from the dorsal region of 1-3 yr old alpacas and three different enzyme digestion methods were evaluated for effects on yield of viable cells and attachment in vitro. Greatest cell yields and attachment were obtained following dispersion with dispase II relative to trypsin and trypsin-EDTA treatment. Culture of cells in medium supplemented with basic fibroblast growth factor, bovine pituitary extract, hydrocortisone, insulin, 12-O-tetradecanolphorbol-13-acetate and cholera toxin yielded highly pure populations of melanocytes by passage 3 as confirmed by detection of tyrosinase activity and immunocytochemical localization of melanocyte markers including tyrosinase, S-100 and micropthalmia-associated transcription factor. Abundance of mRNA for tyrosinase, a key enzyme in melanocyte pigment production, was maintained through 10 passages showing preservation of melanocyte phenotypic characteristics with extended culture. To determine hormonal responsiveness of cultured melanocytes and investigate regulation of melanocortin 1 receptor expression, cultured melanocytes were treated with increasing concentrations of ${\alpha}$-melanocyte stimulating hormone. Treatment with ${\alpha}$-melanocyte stimulating hormone increased melanocortin receptor 1 mRNA in a dose dependent fashion. The results demonstrated culture of pure populations of alpaca melanocytes to 10 passages and illustrate the potential utility of such cells for studies of intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of genes controlling pigmentation and coat color in fiber-producing species.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.138-148
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• 2018

Objective: Fusarium mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN), common contaminants in the feed of farm animals, cause immune function impairment and organ inflammation. Consequently, the main objective of this study was to elucidate DON and ZEN effects on the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and other immune related genes in the kidneys of piglets. Methods: Fifteen 6-week-old piglets were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments for 4 weeks: control diet, and diets contaminated with either 8 mg DON/kg feed or 0.8 mg ZEN/kg feed. Kidney samples were collected after treatment, and RNA-seq was used to investigate the effects on immune-related genes and gene networks. Results: A total of 186 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened (120 upregulated and 66 downregulated). Gene ontology analysis revealed that the immune response, and cellular and metabolic processes were significantly controlled by these DEGs. The inflammatory stimulation might be an effect of the following enriched Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathway analysis found related to immune and disease responses: cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, chemokine signaling pathway, toll-like receptor signaling pathway, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), tuberculosis, Epstein-Barr virus infection, and chemical carcinogenesis. The effects of DON and ZEN on genome-wide expression were assessed, and it was found that the DEGs associated with inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 10 receptor, beta, chemokine [C-X-C motif] ligand 9, CXCL10, chemokine [C-C motif] ligand 4), proliferation (insulin like growth factor binding protein 4, IgG heavy chain, receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase C, cytochrome P450 1A1, ATP-binding cassette sub-family 8), and other immune response networks (lysozyme, complement component 4 binding protein alpha, oligoadenylate synthetase 2, signaling lymphocytic activation molecule-9, ${\alpha}$-aminoadipic semialdehyde dehydrogenase, Ig lambda chain c region, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, isozyme 4, carboxylesterase 1), were suppressed by DON and ZEN. Conclusion: In summary, our results indicate that high concentrations of DON and ZEN suppress the inflammatory response in kidneys, leading to potential effects on immune homeostasis.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제30권7호
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• pp.640-650
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• 2020

간, 췌장 및 지방 조직에서 많은 수준으로 합성되는 섬유 아세포 성장 인자 21(FGF21)은 FGF19과 FGF23와 함께 FGF 패밀리의 비정형 구성원에 속해 있다. FGF21은 발현 조직에 따라 endo/paracrine특징을 보여주며, 포도당 대사 및 에너지 항상성을 포함하는 많은 종류의 대사 경로를 조절하고 있다. 생리학적 조건 하에서 많은 종류의 스트레스가 조직 별 FGF21의 합성을 유도한다고 알려져 있고, 이렇게 증가한 FGF21은 위와 같은 스트레스에 적응하거나 방어하기 위한 세포 내 기전을 활성화 시키게 된다. 이 과정에서 peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) 및 peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα)가 지방 및 간 조직에서 FGF21의 발현을 조절하는 대표적인 전사 조절자로 알려져 있다. 지난 10년간의 연구를 통해 약리학적 FGF21 투여는 체중을 감소시키고 비만 마우스 및 2 형 당뇨병 환자에서 인슐린 감수성 및 지단백질 프로파일을 개선시키는 것으로 보고되었고, 이를 바탕으로 FGF21은 제 2 형 당뇨병, 비만 및 비 알콜 성 지방간 질환(NAFLD)의 치료제로서 큰 주목을 받아 왔다. 그러나 조직 별 상이한 FGF21 발현의 역설적 조건 및 생리 약학적 기능의 차이로 인해 FGF21의 이해는 여전히 부족한 수준에 있다. 따라서 본 총설을 통해 FGF21의 조직 특정 기능 및 해당 동작 메커니즘을 포함한 이전 연구들에서 발생하였던 흥미로운 문제를 논의하고, FGF21 아날로그를 이용한 임상 시험의 현 상황을 요약하고자 한다.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.36-42
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• 2016

Purpose: Stress activates the sympathetic nervous system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and induces the release of glucocorticoids. Saccharin is 300 times sweeter than sucrose, but does not increase blood insulin levels. Thus, this study was designed to evaluate the effect of saccharin intake in restraint-induced stress response reduction in rats. Methods: Adult male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats had stress induced by restraint for 2 hours/day for 1 week. Saccharin was provided in sufficient amounts to allow them to intake it voluntarily at 0.1% diluted in water. The Y-maze test and forced swim test (FST) were performed to evaluate cognitive function and the depressive behavior of the rats. The protein expression of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in hippocampal cornu ammonis (CA) 1 was investigated by using immunohistochemistry. Results: It was found that, the percentage of alternation in the Y-maze test was significantly (p<.01) higher in the Stress + saccharin group than in the Stress group. Immobility time in the FST was significantly (p<.01) lower in the Stress + saccharin group than in the Stress group. Also, the positive cells of GR in hippocampus CA1 were significantly (p<.05) lower in the Stress + saccharin group than in the Stress group. Conclusion: This study showed that there was an effect of saccharin intake in restraint-induced stress response reduction in rats.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.1286-1294
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• 2004

In a previous study by the current authors, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was determined to be epidemiologically sex-dependent, and the incidence and multiplicity of HCC found to decrease in estradiol-3 benzoate (EB)-treated F344 rats. Therefore, to ascertain the anticancer mechanism of EB, a commercially available cDNA microarray, with a total of 14,815 cDNA rat gene clones, was used to determine the differentially expressed genes in nontreated livers, EB-treated livers, and diethynitrosolamine (DEN)-induced HCC. In the sequenced experiment, a total of 85 genes were differentially expressed at either two or more times the rate of the normal expression, where 33 genes were downregulated by EB, and 52 genes upregulated. Candidate genes were selected according to significant changes observed in the mRNA expression in the EB-treated livers compared with the nontreated livers, then these genes were filtered according to their different expression patterns in the DEN-induced tumors compared to the estrogen-treated livers. To confirm the microarray data, a real-time PCR analysis was performed for ten selected genes: the H-ras revertant protein 107 (H­rev107), insulin-like growth factor binding protein (lOFBP), parathyroid hormone receptor (PI'HR), SH3 domain binding protein (SH3BP), metallothionein, src-suppressed C-kinase substrate (SSeCK) gene, phosphodiesterase I, CD44, epithelial membrane protein 3 (EMP3), and estrogen receptor a (ERa). The SSeCK and phosphodiesterase I genes were both upregulated in the DEN-induced hepatocarcinomas, yet their possible carcinogenic functions remain unknown. Meanwhile, the other genes were downregulated, including the genes related to growth regulation (IOFBP, H-revI07, ER$\alpha$), adipogenesis inhibition (PTHR), and tumor suppression (metallothionein).

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.93-97
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• 2006

To study the signaling effect of insulin-like growth factor-I(IGF-1), transgenic mice containing IGF-1 Receptor (IGF-1R) cDNA fused to metallothionein promoter were produced by DNA microinjection into the pronucleus of mouse zygote. Three founders were produced with transgenic mice containing IGF-1R gene. Transgenic mice lines contained approximately $4{\sim}20$ copies of transgenes per cell and transmission of this gene into the progeny with Mendelian manner were determined. The founder mice were mated with normal mice to produce $F_1$ mice and then $F_2$ mice. Transmission rates of IGF-1R transgene in the progeny mice were $25{\sim}60%$ in $F_1$ generation and $40{\sim}50%$ in $F_2$ generation. The mRNA expression of IGF-1R transgene in liver was analyzed using RT-PCR for IGF-1R gene in liver. When body weights of transgenic pups were measured during 4, 10 and 14 weeks after birth, IGF-1R transgenic mice grew faster than non transgenic littermates. This study indicated that growth regulation by IGF-1 signaling through IGF-1R can be elucidated using IGF-1R transgenic mice.