• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2006

We applied fMRI to examine brain activation at intentionality detection (ID) task. The main purpose of this study was to explore whether brain activation regions involved in intentionality detection (known as the basic mechanism of theory of mind) differ or not, according to prior instruction. Left uncus, superior temporal gyrus and right inferior occipital gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, inferior parietal lobule, thalamus (medial dorsal nucleus), and precuneus were activated with prior instruction. In contrast, ID task with no instruction activated merely inferior parietal lobule and superior parietal lobule. Common activated area between the two instruction conditions was inferiordparietal lobule. Our results suggest thar prior instruction activated ID-related brain regions more explicitly. furtherdinvestigations would be loused on spontaneity of intentionality detector and characteristic of participants.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.87-116
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• 2007

The School Library Instruction(SLI) is one of the tool subjects for information literacy. Therefore, the connection with school curricula Is the activation strategy of SLI. The school library Integrated curriculum is Integrating a thinking strategy of SLI and subjects of subject education curricula. The purpose of the school library Integrated curriculum is to strengthen the educational role of teacher-librarian and self-directed learning. In this study, a presented example of the school library Integrated curriculum for the 10th students is based on the cross-curriculum subjects as a strategy of connection and integration.

• JSTS:Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2009

This paper describes design of high energy efficiency 32 bit parallel processor core using instruction-levels data gating and dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) techniques. We present instruction-levels data gating technique. We can control activation and switching activity of the function units in the proposed data technique. We present instruction-levels DVS technique without using DC-DC converter and voltage scheduler controlled by the operation system. We can control powers of the function units in the proposed DVS technique. The proposed instruction-levels DVS technique has the simple architecture than complicated DVS which is DC-DC converter and voltage scheduler controlled by the operation system and a hardware implementation is very easy. But, the energy efficiency of the proposed instruction-levels DVS technique having dual-power supply is similar to the complicated DVS which is DC-DC converter and voltage scheduler controlled by the operation system. We simulate the circuit simulation for running test program using Spectra. We selected reduced power supply to 0.667 times of the supplied power supply. The energy efficiency of the proposed 32 bit parallel processor core using instruction-levels data gating and DVS techniques can improve about 88.4% than that of the 32 bit parallel processor core without using those. The designed high energy efficiency 32 bit parallel processor core can utilize as the coprocessor processing massive data at high speed.

• Journal of the Korean BIBLIA Society for library and Information Science
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.5-23
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• 2016

The aim of this study is to analyze the effect and limitation of teacher librarians' self-reported appraisals and suggest it's activation plans about school library based instruction (SLBI). According to results of analyses, the SLBI begin with subject teachers' demand for learning materials and teacher librarians play their educational role in Information search & access and representation & synthesis of information during the instruction. Compared with previous studies, the limitations of SLBI we can see in this study are restricted role of teacher librarians, exclusive attitude and antipathy to classroom opening of subject teachers under the SLBI. The bars of promoting the SLBI are also the difficulty of collaborative working with several same subject teachers and subject classroom system. The ways of activating the SLBI suggested in their self-reported appraisals are building intimacy with subject teachers and participating actively curriculum council, peer-supervision and demonstration classes.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.163-184
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• 2011

The aim of this study is providing basic data to design successful in-service training program for teacher librarians by analyzing their preference on subjects of customized intensive programs for indicators of teacher expertise development. According to the survey, teacher librarians seem to regard training subjects such as Reading Education and Information Literacy Instruction related educational information services as core jobs and prefer developing instructional contents and materials. Under the levels of school it seems that teacher librarians in the elementary school are interested in programs for library activation, management of volunteers, analyses of users' needs and curricula, evaluations of user instruction and information literacy instruction. Older teacher librarians favor an understanding of metadata, building and supporting information system and instruction. Therefore, training subjects for teacher librarians should be formed by linking strategies between school library instruction and subject curricula. And in terms of the method of training, case studies and practical training might be better than lectures based on the theory.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.721-733
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• 2007

The purpose of this research was to determine the effects of the functional lateralization of the brain variables related to the sex, the scientific attitude and the scientific exploration skills. The science instruction is divided in each type of the lecturing class with the experiment class. As for the degree of SMR brainwave activation in each stage are presented while accumulating the brain waves from the right, left and the whole brain waves are analyzed during the science learning activities. It is therefore reasonable to consider the science instruction types and brain lateralization to enhance the science learning effectiveness. Sensorimotor rhythm brainwave as the low Beta is represented well to show the thought process. Category quantification scores and objective scores are calculated to show the visual positioning map for the relationships of the categories by homogeneity analysis.

• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• no.3
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• pp.95-122
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• 1997

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of content and formal schema on reading comprehension. Five hundred fiftynine subjects from high school were assigned to one of the following levels and treatment conditions : (1) Higher level & Schema Activation, (2) Higher level & Non-schema Activation, (3) Lower level & Schema Activation, and (4) Lower level & Non-schema Activation. To evaluate the effects of schema activation. two experiments were conducted : one was related to the content schema and the other to the formal schema. To evaluate the effects of content schema, three different types of tests were conducted : (1) cloze test, (2) guessing the meanings of nonsense words, and (3) immediate recall test. To evaluate the effects of formal schema instruction, four kinds of tests were conducted : (1) sorting the sentences according to the importance, (2) identifying the signal words, (3) immediate recall test, and (4) identifying the specific information. For content schema condition, results indicated that the subjects given the titles or pictures before reading in "Content Schema Activation" treatment had better grades than those of the other treatment in all types of tests. regardless of their levels. Schema activation helped the subjects to increase the cognitive predictability of missing words and to participate in the tasks more actively with risk-taking. And it was also shown that good readers tend to process the words meaningfully, while poor readers tend to process the words phonetically or morphologically. Formal schema activation through teaching the text organization also had a significant influence on three types of tests: sorting the sentences according to the importance, identifying the signal words, and immediate recall test, but not on identifying the specific information. The implications from this study can be briefly noted as follows : (l) In teaching reading, the student's background knowledge should be activated as a pre-reading activity. (2) In reading, it is more important to emphasize the student's schema than the features of the text. (3) Various educational interventions should be introduced, especially for the lower level students. (4) Teaching text structures can be a powerful method for the top-down processing strategy.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.209-214
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• 2020

Objective: Using biofeedback in instructing pelvic floor muscle (PFM) activation is a great method to provide information on muscle contraction. This study aimed to determine the immediate effectiveness of a mobile game-based instruction with an extracorporeal biofeedback device (EBD) to improve PFM contraction in healthy subjects. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Sixteen healthy subjects (4 men and 12 nulliparous women; age, 31±5 years) were enrolled. The subjects were randomly categorized into two groups, those who were to receive instructions on how to contract the PFM by using the EBD (n=7) and those who were to undergo a transabdominal ultrasonography (TAUS; n=9) with biofeedback. PFM function was measured as the displacement (mm) of PFM elevation by using the TAUS before and after the instructions in each group. Results: The EBD and TAUS groups showed a significant increase in the displacement of PFM elevation after the instructions from 5.93±4.03 mm to 7.62±3.77 mm and from 5.27±3.39 mm to 7.47±2.79 mm, respectively (p<0.05). No significant differences were found between the two groups. Conclusions: The results of this study indicated that instructions for PFM contraction using the EBD and TAUS showed an immediate effect; however, no significant difference in effectiveness was observed between the two instruction methods. Therefore, not only can the TAUS method be used but the EBD method can also be used as a PFM instruction method for noninvasive procedures. However, further studies are needed to demonstrate the effectiveness of training and exercise on larger sample sizes that includes patient populations with PFM dysfunction.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.241-246
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• 2003

To evaluate the usefulness if functional MR imaging(MRI) for the determination of language dominance system and to assess differences in the visual and auditory instrument language generation task according to activation task or activated area. Functional maps of the language area were obtained during visual and auditory instructions in word generation tasks in 6 healthy volunteer with right-handness were examined on a 1.5T scanner and the EPI BOLD technique, and three pulse sequence technique get of the true axial planes. Both task consisted of 96 phases including 6 activations and rests contents. Postprocessing were done on MRDx program by using cross correlation method. Two task compare the blain activation area surveyed of 1anguage lateralization index. To evaluated of the detection rates of Broca. Wernicke, pre-frontal lobe, Supplementary Motor Area (SMA) and pre-motor cortex areas and the differences of language lateraliaztion among two word generation task To lateralization index survey in 1anguage area on right and left in brain get to activation area pixel in brain. Compared to visual and auditory instrument task in the language areas get to the lateralization index. Two language generation task high detection rates of Broca and Wernicke areas. The visual instruction no detected in the auditory area, and auditory instruction no detected in the visual area. There was statistics significant different of them among language generation task. 1'his indicated that language area obtained image of the brain functional MR imaging usefulness in the visual and auditory task instrument.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.88-96
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• 2022

Objective: Purpose of this study was to compare muscle activity ratio of multifidus to erector spinalis according to various cueing including tactile stimulation to provide an effective strategy to provide verbal and tactile feedback during exercise to provoke multifidus muscle activation. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Participants of this study included 28 healthy adults. Muscle activities of the multifidus and erector spinalis were measured while the participants performed tasks according to the three different methods of verbal cueing and three different tactile stimulation. Surface EMG was used to measure the muscular activity of the muscles during all the tasks. Results: Tactile stimulation to abdomen and lumbar vertebrae showed no significant difference in the muscle activity ratio (p>0.05). However, muscle activity ratio of the multifidus in relation to the erector spinalis was increased when subjects were given verbal instructions to make lumbar curvature with little force and to make lumbar curvature while pulling navel (p<0.05). However, it was decreased when they were provided with verbal instruction to make lumbar curvature with strong force (p<0.05). Conclusions: According to the results, proper verbal instruction was an effective tool to increase the muscular activity of multifidus. This study aimed to find and provide the most appropriate verbal cueing while doing exercises to activate multifidus.