• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.327-333
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• 2016

Reinforced concrete structures have found wide usage in land and maritime applications. However, the corrosion of reinforced concrete has been recognized as a serious problem from economic and safety standpoints. In previous studies, the corrosion behavior of the inner steel bar embedded in mortar (W/C: 0.4, 0.5) was investigated using electrochemical methods. In this study, multiple mortar test specimens (W/C: 0.6) with six different cover thicknesses were prepared and immersed in flowing seawater for five years. Subsequently, equations related to the cover thickness, period of immersion, and corrosion characteristics of the embedded steel bar were evaluated using electrochemical methods. Prior to immersion, the corrosion potentials indicated an increase with increasing cover thickness, and after five years, all corrosion potentials demonstrated a trend in the positive direction irrespective of the cover thickness. However, the relationships between the corrosion potential and cover thickness were not in complete agreement. Furthermore, after five years, all of the corrosion potentials indicated values that were nobler compared to those obtained prior to immersion, and their corrosion current densities also decreased compared to their values obtained prior to immersion. It was considered that the embedded steel bar was easily corroded because of the aggression of water, dissolved oxygen, and chloride ions; a higher W/C ratio also assisted the corrosion process. The corrosive products deposited on the surface of the steel bar for five years cast a resistance polarizing effect shifting the corrosion potential in the nobler direction. Consequently, it was considered that the W/C ratio of 0.6 showed nearly same results as those of W/C of 0.4 and 0.5. Therefore, the corrosion potential as well as various parameters such as the cover thickness, period of immersion, and W/C ratio must be considered at once for a more accurate evaluation of the corrosion property of reinforced steel exposed to marine environment for a long period.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.301-311
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• 2019

Purpose and Method: In this study, a questionnaire interview survey was conducted for the victims living in the temporary house by the Pohang earthquake, and improvements were derived. Results: As a result, major improvements in terms of facilities are as follows. First, in order to expand the toilet and cooking space, the existing inner gate and the wall are removed and the width of the toilet is expanded. Minimize the inconvenience by adding a cooking table as wide as the extended toilet. Second, a separate sleep compartment is set up to secure storage space in a limited area. And the storage closet is installed below and used as a storage space. At this time, the size of the sleeping space is set to double bed size. Third, curtains and blinds are installed on both windows to secure privacy, thereby protecting privacy and psychological stability. Conclusion: If the remodeling of the temporary house proposed in this study is utilized and applied, it is possible to provide a better living environment. In addition, it is expected that it will be possible to improve the efficiency of space and overcome existing spatial limitations by minimizing inconveniences reflecting the needs of the victims.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.78-85
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• 2019

Membrane proteins are involved in many common diseases, including heart disease and cancer. In various disease states, such as cancer, abnormal signaling pathways that are related to the membrane proteins cause the cells to divide out of control and the expression of membrane proteins can be altered. Membrane proteins have the hydrophobic environment of a lipid bilayer, which makes an analysis of the membrane proteins notoriously difficult. Therefore, this study evaluated the efficacy of two different methods for optimal membrane protein extraction. High-speed centrifuge and reagent-based method with a -/+ filter aided sample preparation (FASP) were compared. As a result, the high-speed centrifuge method is quite effective in analyzing the mitochondrial inner membranes, while the reagent-based method is useful for endoplasmic reticulum membrane analysis. In addition, the function of the membrane proteins extracted from the two methods were analyzed using GeneGo software. GO processes showed that the endoplasmic reticulum-related responses had higher significance in the reagent-based method. An analysis of the process networks showed that one cluster in the high-speed centrifuge method and four clusters in the reagent-based method were visualized. In conclusion, the two methods are useful for the analysis of different subcellular membrane proteins, and are expected to assist in selecting the membrane protein extraction method by considering the target subcellular membrane proteins for study.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.64-77
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• 2013

In China, archaeological research on Xiongnu started later than in foreign countries. In the late $19^{th}$ century, several Russian archaeologists started to study Xiongnu's archaeological culture. However, since the late $20^{th}$ century, archaeological research of the Xiongnu in China quickly gained speed. The Xiongnu culture has been reported in Mongolia, northern steppe of China and eastern part of Eurasian steppe. Mainly, Xiongnu sites, dated from the late 2nd century B.C. to the 1st century A.D., are reported on the west side of Baikal Lake(Zabaikal), Mongolia and the Inner Mongolia of China. Based on the historical records and the archaeological remains, the North Xiongnu culture is defined to be the remains of Zabaikal, and the South Xiongnu culture the archaeological remains of Northern China. The expelled North Xiongnu, while fleeing to the western part of Eurasia, left traces of their own archaeological remains in southern Kazakhstan, Xinjiang of China, Altai, and finally appeared in the Europe as Huns. In order to adapt to the environment of northern steppe of China, Xiongnu used a nomadic economic system, giving uniqueness to its iron works. The most characteristic iron works of the Xiongnu is the highly-sophisticated iron weapons. Compared with the iron works of agricultural economic society, Xiongnu iron-works are short of production tools and various vessels. The "Nomadic type" iron works found in Xiongnu area date back to the Warring Country period or slightly later. Further research need to be conducted on "Nomadic type" Xiongnu iron works.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.138-153
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• 2015

A Jincheon Seokjangri B23 furnace was reconstructed and iron smelting experiment was performed to investigate an ancient Baekjae iron production process. The work mainly described in this paper is the $1^{st}$ and $2^{nd}$ experiments among the several experiments carried out at Jungwon National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage. Iron ore(magnetite) and oak charcoal were used as a source and a foot bellow was used for air supply. Common results of the experiments are masses of iron, slag and charcoal formed in the furnace. Most iron lumps were formed nearby the tuyere rather than the area of tapping hole. Metallographic and chemical analysis shows that the iron lumps can be used for either forge or cast depending on their carbon content. Low Fe content and glassy texture of the inner slags suggest that the operation environment was quite reducing. Based on the results of the iron smelting experiments, measurements and analysis, various information was obtained regarding physical-chemical and metallurgical processes of the ancient iron smelting process. It is firmly believed that its undisclosed contents can be revealed more in depth with continual reconstitution experiments.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.49-56
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• 2019

Urban green spaces have been contributing to the improvement of environmental, mental, and physical health for humans. In addition, recent studies showed the potential role of vegetation in reducing the amount of crime in inner-city neighborhoods at the micro-scale level. However, little is known about the positive role of urban green areas in improving urban safety at the regional level. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between urban green areas and actual outdoor crime rates, while also considering socio-demographic factors. The study area is the city of Austin, Texas, USA, which consists of 506 block groups. This study utilized socio-demographic factors based on U.S. Census data and vegetation-related factors utilizing GIS and ENVI software. For analyses, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and an ordinary least square (OLS) regression were utilized. The results from ANOVA showed that yearly crime rates per acre for areas having 0%~25% trees in their neighborhoods were 0.46% and 1.05% higher than those of having 25%~50% and >50% trees in the neighborhoods, respectively. The results from the OLS regression represented that income, NDVI and park rates in neighborhoods were negatively associated with the crime rate per acre, whereas the percentage of minorities and the percentage of teenage school dropouts were positively associated with the crime rate per acre. This study implies that urban green areas may help to improve the safety of urban areas.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.13-24
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• 2020

This study derives the characteristics of the private external space planning in multi-family housing through the analysis of the good case built after 2000 in Europe. First, the cases were categorized into block or block perimeter, linear and point type to examine the relationship between the type of building in urban context and the location of private external space. By block or block perimeter and linear type, private external spaces are planned in the inner courtyards or open space between buildings used as common space for residents, inducing communications between neighbors. And the direction of private external space depends on the arrangement of the building mass in urban context. In the classification as point type, there are many cases, where private external spaces are arranged in all directions, connected almost all interior spaces. Second, based on the above results, the planned characteristics of the private external space are derived by dividing it into three categories: intermediated space between inside and outside, intermediate space between private and public /individual and collective space and the identity of the intermediate space. (1) In most cases, direction, size of enclosed area and location of private extern space is designed to fit the surrounding context, so residents can perceive as much of the assets of the surrounding environment as possible, and it can be used as an extended area of living space. In another cases, it is divided into various sub-areas to experience the spatial transition from inside to outside or vice versa. 2) The private external space, which is placed in a courtyard or in a collective open space, is partially enclosed and blocked, allowing interaction with the neighbors without pressure. Along the street, they are designed to allow residents to experience the vitality of the city and to be formative element of the facade, which could confidently reveal the lifestyle and taste of residents. 3) By some of point types, which facade is three-demensional layer as a habitable external space, the private external space is very flexible for use. This intermediate space is composed of diverse spaces for various needs, or it has generous size with positional conditions connected with all interior spaces to be used multi-functional.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.465-476
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• 2021

Scale and rust generation in water pipes is a common phenomenon when cast iron water pipes have been used for a long time. A physical water treatment device is known among various means for suppressing rust in a water pipe, and a zinc ionization device for putting zinc metal into a pipe and emitting the zinc cation into water is one of such devices. This research measured the amount of zinc ion generated, which is known to exhibit an effect of inhibiting rust and scale generation in a pipe, and examined the scale and rust inhibition effect of the ionization device installed for ground or building water supply. In the case of distilled water, the concentration of zinc ion increased by circulating water in the ionization device several times, and it was verified to be hundreds of ㎍/L, and in the case of discharging ground or tap water, it was verified to be tens of ㎍/L. In addition, a verification pipe was installed to confirm the change inside the pipe before and after installation of the zinc ionization device, and the internal condition of the pipe was observed 3 months to several years after installation. It was confirmed that the corrosion area of the surface of the pipe was no longer increased by installing a corrosion inhibitor, and if the pipe was already filled with corrosion products, the amount of corrosion products gradually decreased every year after installation. The phenomenon of fewer corrosion products could be interpreted as expanding the space in the pipe due to the corrosion product as Fe₂O₃ adhered to the inner surface of the pipe and turned into a smaller black Fe₃O₄. In addition, we found that scale such as CaCO₃ together in the corrosion by-products gradually decreased with the attachment of the ionization device.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Earth Science Education
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.234-246
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• 2023

This study uses Gagne's 'Differentiated Model of Giftedness and Talent (DMGT)' to collect and extract major life events of Jang Young-sil, and to investigate how giftedness was formed and developed in his life history, and what factors enabled him to demonstrate his talent in the field of science and technology. In addition, based on the framework of Gagne's Differentiation Model for Giftedness and Talent(DMGT), we analyzed the mechanism of giftedness manifestation of Jang Young-sil and sought to explore the direction of gifted education based on this. To sum up the results of the study, first, in Giftedness(G), it was found that Jang Young-sil had excellent scientific and technological skills. Second, motivation, determination, self-management, and personality factors that constitute the inner catalyst(IC) of the individual have had an impact on the development of giftedness. Third, it influenced the social environment and peer giftedness in environmental catalysis(EC). Fourth, the catalyst of chance or chance(C) was the factor that had the greatest influence on Jang Young-sil's manifestation of giftedness. Fifth, informal learning and non-institutional formal learning in the developmental process(LP) influenced the manifestation of giftedness. In this way, the talent development factors of people such as Jang Young-sil provide implications for the need to understand the manifestation mechanism of giftedness in the future, develop examination tools that can detect giftedness, and develop customized programs that can develop giftedness.

• Korean Journal of Comparative Education
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.211-240
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• 2009

Radical changes in modern society have influenced on the nature of the works and the importance of the career education is emphasized more than any time. Various scholars have continuously emphasized the importance of the career education in regular schools. Most career educations in regular schools, however, consist of one-time event-oriented programs because of the systematic limitations immanent in Korean school system. To overcome the limitations of the school system, scholars have contended that career educations in regular schools should be integrated into the existing subjects and the curricula. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze exemplary cases of the career education through the subjects integration in developed countries. The target of the analysis in this study was the career education related content in Australia because Australian federal and local governments have made great efforts in integrating the career education into the regular school curricula. With interviews and literature analysis, the current status of the career education through the subjects integration in federal and local governmental levels and the career education related contents in the regular school curricula of local governmental level were analyzed. Major findings of the study were as follows: 1) Career education components were mainly contained in the PDHPE(personal development, health and physical education) subject in New South Wales; 2) Understandings of a wide range of work were emphasized in the cross-curricular perspective in South Australia; 3) Career education components were mainly contained in the SOSE(studies of society and environment) subject in Victoria; and 4) Career education related contents were integrated mainly in the 'inner learner' unit in Essential Learning subject in Northern Territory. The conclusions were derived from the outcomes of the study and the recommendations were proposed for the applications of the study results and the future researches.