• 한국분무공학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.30-36
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate the fuel spray characteristics that made most important at an homogeneous air fuel mixture, in a common rail direct injection type HCCI engine. As a study conducted relation which a back pressure and injection pressure are influenced to air fuel mixture characteristics, we tried to offer date even through we select suitable to a HCCI engine running condition of the fuel injection condition. To accomplish the study, to measure a injection rate of common rail type injector and to visualize and simulate a fuel spray was conducted. From the result of injection rate, a common rail injector was confirmed to appear a initial delay of 0.3msec and a latter period delay of 0.7msec. Therefore, real injection duration was determined by about 0.5msec increasing. From the result of fuel spray, the spray penetration was proportional to 1/4 exponent of atmosphere pressure. An experimental equation was deduced from the spray penetration of spray visualization experiment and the relation of injection duration and penetration was estimated in HCCI engine using an experimental equation.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.9-18
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• 2005

The objective of this study is to analyse the spray characteristics according to the injection duration under the ambient pressure condition, and the injection timing in the visualization engine. In order to investigate the spray behavior, we obtained the spray velocity using the PIV method that has been an useful optical diagnostics technology, and calculated the vorticity from spray velocity component. These results elucidated the relationship between vorticity and entropy which play an important role in the diffusion process for the early injection case and the stratification process for the late injection case. In addition, we quantified the homogeneous diffusion rate of spray using the entropy analysis based on the Boltzmann's statistical thermodynamics. Using these method, it was found that the concentration of spray droplets caused by the increase of injection duration is more effective than the increase of momentum dissipation. We also found that the homogeneous diffusion rate increased as the injection timing moved to the early intake stroke process and BTDC $50^{\circ}$ was the most efficient injection timing for the stratified mixture formation during the compression stroke.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.176-180
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• 2005

Background: Epidural steroid injections benefit certain patients with radicular pain, and often have only a limited duration. We compared the efficacy of hyaluronidase and triamcinolone and triamcinolone alone in patients with lumbar herniated disc disease treated with transforaminal epidural block. Methods: Forty patients who had undergone a transforaminal epidural injection were retrospectively reviewed. The T group received triamcinolone and local anesthetics; whereas, the HT group received hyaluronidase, triamcinolone and local anesthetics. We evaluated the improvement as being good, moderate, mild or no improvement, and in those where the improvement was good or moderate, also evaluated the duration of pain relief. Data were collected from the medical records of patients or via phone calls, which were analyzed using Student t- and chi-squared tests. A value of P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: There were no significant differences in the degree of pain improvement or duration of pain relief between the two groups. Conclusions: A hyaluronidase and triamcinolone injection during transforaminal epidural block has on benefit with respect to the degree of pain improvement or its duration compared to a triamcinolone only injection.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.39-47
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• 2004

The objective of this study is to analyse the spray characteristics according to the injection duration under ambient pressure condition and to investigate the relationship between vorticity and entropy for controlling diffusion process that is the most important thing during the intake stroke injection process. Therefore, the spray velocity was obtained by using the PIV method that has been an useful optical diagnostics technology, and vorticity calculated from spray velocity component with vorticity algorithm. In addition, the homogeneous diffusion rate of spray was quantified by using the entropy analysis based on the Boltzmann's statistical thermodynamics. From these method, we found that as injection duration increases, spray velocity increases and the location of vortex is moved to the downstream of spray. In the same condition, as the entropy decrease, mean vorticity increases. This means that the concentration of spray droplets caused by the increase of injection duration is more effective than the increase of momentum dissipation.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.89-95
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• 2013

In this work, the evaluation of swirl nozzle injector performance was conducted by investigating effective area ($A_{eff}$), injection mass ($m_{inj}$), injection rate ($Q_{inj}$), and injection delay ($t_{delay}$) under various test conditions. To achieve these, fuel injection analysis system which was composed of fuel supply system, injection system, and control system was installed. At the same time, the swirl nozzle that had 12 orifice hole with $120^{\circ}$ injection angle was used in this work. It was revealed that the difference of injection mass ($m_{inj}$) between base and swirl nozzle injector increased as the injection pressure ($P_{inj}$) and energizing duration ($t_{eng}$) decreased under the same test conditions. The maximum injection rate ($Q_{inj}$) of swirl nozzle injector was higher than base nozzle injector about 2~5%. The injection performance of swirl nozzle was better than base nozzle at low injection pressure ($P_{inj}$) and short energizing duration ($t_{eng}$) conditions.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제3권6호
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• pp.134-144
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• 1995

The solenoid actuated hydrogen injector and the capacitive peak-hold type driving circuit were designed and made, and the hydrogen supply system for in-cylinder injection was constructed with these. The performance of the injector was investigated through measuring the pintle lift profiles and the injection quantities, and the performance of the hydrogen supply system was confirmed through the experiments at the single cylinder engine. The injection quantity increased linearly as the duration of driving signal increased. At the single cylinder engine, the hydrogen injector was operated stably. The hydrogen flow rate of the injector with the peak-hold type driving circuit could be controlled precisely at high engine speed or low load condition only with the variation of signal duration.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.270-275
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 디젤 연료 온도에 따른 실제 분사되는 연료량, 분사율 그리고 거시적 분무 발달 과정에 대한 특성을 파악하고자 하였다. 시험 결과 동일한 분사 시작 신호 및 분사 기간 신호를 입력하였음에도 불구하고, 연료 온도가 낮아짐에 따라 실제 연료 분사량이 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 분사율 측정 결과를 통해 연료 온도가 낮은 조건에서 실제 분사 시작 시점이 지연되며, 실제 분사가 유지되는 기간이 짧아지는 것을 확인하였으며, 이를 통해 실제 분사되는 연료량 저감에 대한 근거를 찾을 수 있었다. 거시적 분무 이미지 촬영 결과를 연료 온도 별 분무 도달 거리로 표현하여 비교 하였으며, 낮은 연료 온도 조건에서 분무 미립화 성능 악화로 인해 분무 도달 거리가 길어지는 것을 확인하였다. 저온 조건에서의 연소 개선을 위해 향후 시도할 선행 평가로서 피스톤 타켓팅 평가를 수행하였으며, 이른 시기에 분사되는 파일럿 연료가 크레비스 영역으로 유입되는 것을 확인하였으며, 이를 통해 파일럿 분사 방식 적용 시 연료량 분배 및 분사 시기 선정이 매우 중요한 인자가 됨을 파악하였다.

• 한국분무공학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.61-65
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• 2013

In case of GDI engine, shape of injected fuel and injection mass are one of the most important factors for good fuel efficiency and power. But it should be too inefficient and difficult to acquire injection mass data by experiment because condition in engine vary with temperature, pressure, and so on. So, this paper suggests the AMESim (Advanced Modeling Environment for Simulation of Engineering Systems) as simulation program to calculate injection mass. For both simulation and experiment, n-heptane is used as fuel. In AMESim, I modeled the GDI injector and simulated several cases. In experiment, I acquired the injection mass using Bosch method to apply ambient pressure. The AMESim show reasonable result in comparison with experimental data especially at injection pressure 15 MPa. Other conditions are also in good accord with experimental data but error is a little bit large because the injection mass is so low.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.37-43
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• 2003

The objective of this work is to investigate the effect of swirl, injection pressure and pilot injection on D.I. diesel combustion by using a transparent engine system. The test engine is equipped with common rail injection system to obtain high pressure and to control injection timing and duration. In this study, the combustion analysis and steady flow test were conducted to estimate the heat release rate from in-cylinder pressure. Soot distribution in diffusion flame according to swirl ratio, injection pressure and pilot injection was investigated by using LII technique. As the results, high injection pressure was found to shorten ignition delay as well as enhance peak pressure and heat release rate was greatly affected by injection timing and pilot injection. In addition, the results showed that the period of soot formation corresponded to the diffusion flame.

• 한국분무공학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.121-127
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• 2012

The study is to investigate the mixing stability, fuel properties, and macroscopic spray characteristics of diesel-gasoline blended fuels in a common-rail injection system of a diesel engine. The test fuels were mixed diesel with gasoline fuel, which were based volume fraction of gasoline from 0 to 100% in 20% intervals. In order to analyze the blended effect of gasoline to diesel fuel, the properties of test fuels such as density, viscosity, and surface tension were measured. In addition, the spray behavior characteristics were studied by investigating the spray tip penetration and spray angle using a spray images through a spray visualization system. It was revealed that the density, kinematic viscosity and surface tension of diesel-gasoline blending fuels were decreased with the increase of gasoline fuel. The injection quantity of test fuels were almost similar level at short energizing duration condition. On the other hand, the increase of energizing duration shows the decrease of injection quantity compared to short energizing duration. The test blending fuels have similar growth in Spray tip penetration and Spray cone angle.