• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.259-269
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• 2010

Resistance training (RT) is associated with reduced risk of low grade inflammation related diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. The majority of the data studying cytokines and exercise comes from endurance exercise. In contrast, evidence establishing a relationship between RT and inflammation is more limited. This review focuses on the cytokine responses both following an acute bout, and after chronic RT. In addition, the effect of RT on low grade systemic inflammation such as individuals at risk for type 2 diabetes is reviewed. Cytokines are secreted proteins that influence the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of immune cells and other organ systems. Cytokines function as intracellular signals and almost all cells in the body either secrete them or have cytokine receptors. Thus, understanding cytokine role in a specific physiological situation such as a bout of RT can be exceedingly complex. The overall effect of long term RT appears to ameliorate inflammation, but the specific effects on the inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor alpha are not clear, requiring further research. Furthermore, it is critical to differentiate between chronically and acute Interleukin-6 levels and its sources. The intensity of the RT and the characteristics of the training protocol may exert singular cytokine responses and as a result different adaptations to exercise. More research is needed in the area of RT in healthy populations, specifically sorting out gender and age RT acute responses. More importantly, studies are needed in obese individuals who are at high risk of developing low grade systemic inflammatory related diseases. Assuring adherence to the RT program is essential to get the benefits after overcoming the first acute RT responses. Hence RT could be an effective way to prevent, and delay low grade systemic inflammatory related diseases.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.285-290
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• 2011

Naegleria fowleri, a ubiquitous free-living ameba, causes fatal primary amebic meningoencephalitis in humans. N. fowleri trophozoites are known to induce cytopathic changes upon contact with microglial cells, including necrotic and apoptotic cell death and pro-inflammatory cytokine release. In this study, we treated rat microglial cells with amebic lysate to probe contact-independent mechanisms for cytotoxicity, determining through a combination of light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy whether N. fowleri lysate could effect on both necrosis and apoptosis on microglia in a time- as well as dose-dependent fashion. A $^{51}Cr$ release assay demonstrated pronounced lysate induction of cytotoxicity (71.5%) toward microglial cells by 24 hr after its addition to cultures. In an assay of pro-inflammatory cytokine release, microglial cells treated with N. fowleri lysate produced TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6, and IL-$1{\beta}$, though generation of the former 2 cytokines was reduced with time, and that of the last increased throughout the experimental period. In summary, N. fowleri lysate exerted strong cytopathic effects on microglial cells, and elicited pro-inflammatory cytokine release as a primary immune response.

• Food Industry And Nutrition
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.50-54
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• 2002

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.426-434
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• 2011

In this study, to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of kaempferol and its rhamnosides isolated from Hibiscus cannabinus L. leaves, we investigated UVB-induced inhibitory effects on inflammatory reaction by measuring the cytokine as the prostaglandin ($PGE_2$), interleukine-6 (IL-6) and interleukine-8 (IL-8). We investigated the inhibitory effects of kaempferol and its rhamnosides on TARC (thymus and activation-regulated chemokine) and $PGE_2$. Kaempferol and ${\alpha}$-rhamnoisorobin showed inhibition activity of TARC generated to compared to positive control. Kaempferol, ${\alpha}$-rhamnoisorobin and afzelin Inhibited the release of $PGE_2$. Also, only kaempferol significantly inhibited interleukine-6 (IL-6), interleukine-8 (IL-8) among UVB-induced inflammatory cytokine.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.315-321
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• 2005

The effects of the extracts from the bran part of pigmented rices on inflammation was evaluated by determining their inhibitory action on the histamine and ${\beta}-hexosaminidase$ release, together with inflammatory cytokine productions ($IL-1{\beta},\;TNF-{\alpha}$ and IL-6). Examination of the inhibitory effects on the histamine and ${\beta}-hexosaminidase$ release from a basophilic cell line RBL-2H3 cells and rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMC) showed that the pigmented rice extract inhibited these inflammation-mediating substances (10.19% and 110.03% inhibition in histamine and ${\beta}-hexosaminidase$ release, respectively), while normal brown rice extract rather increased their release. For RPMC, the pigmented rice extract was found to have 8 or 3-fold stronger inhibitory activity than normal brown rice toward histamine or ${\beta}-hexosaminidase$ release, respectively. Expression of $IL-1{\beta},\;TNF-{\alpha}$ and IL-6 was measured as the representative inflammatory cytokine species showed that the pigmented rice extract had a higher inhibitory activity than the normal rice counterpart. ELISA analysis for determining cytokine release demonstrated a more effective blockading ability of the pigmented rice to the release of $IL-{\beta},\;TNF-{\alpha}$ and IL-6 compared to normal rice. These results showed us the superiority of the pigmented rice bran extract not only in suppressing the release of inflammation-mediating substances such as histamine and ${\beta}-hexosaminidase$, but also in repression of the inflammatory cytokine expression.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.24 no.8
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• pp.1133-1142
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• 2014

Interleukin-32 (IL-32) is a cytokine and inducer of various proinflammatory cytokines such as $TNF{\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, and IL-6 as well as chemokines. There are five splicing variants (${\alpha}$, ${\beta}$, ${\gamma}$, ${\delta}$, and ${\varepsilon}$) and IL-$32{\gamma}$ is the most active isoform. We generated human IL-$32{\gamma}$ transgenic (IL-$32{\gamma}$ TG) mice to express high level of IL-$32{\gamma}$ in various tissues, including immune cells. The pathology of sepsis is based on the systemic inflammatory response that is characterized by upregulating inflammatory cytokines in whole body, particularly in response to gram-negative bacteria. We investigated the role of IL-$32{\gamma}$ in a mouse model of experimental sepsis by using lipopolysaccharides (LPS). We found that IL-$32{\gamma}TG$ mice resisted LPS-induced lethal endotoxemia. IL-$32{\gamma}$ reduced systemic cytokines release after LPS administration but not the local immune response. IL-$32{\gamma}TG$ increased neutrophil influx into the initial foci of the primary injected site, and prolonged local cytokines and chemokines production. These results suggest that neutrophil recruitment in IL-$32{\gamma}TG$ occurred as a result of the local induction of chemokines but not the systemic inflammatory cytokine circulation. Together, our results suggest that IL-$32{\gamma}$ enhances an innate immune response against local infection but inhibits the spread of immune responses, leading to systemic immune disorder.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.490-495
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• 2004

Brain cells produce cytokines and chemokines during the inflammatory process of many neuronal diseases both in animal models and in patients. Inflammatory cytokines are the main responsible for the onset of inflammatory cascade. During the past decade, a growing corpus of evidence has indicated an important role of these cytokines in the development of brain damage. ZhenganXifeng-tang (ZGXFT) is a Korean herbal prescription, which has been successfully applied for the treatment of various neuronal diseases. However, its effect in experimental models remains unknown. Astrocytes are predominant neuroglial cells of the central nervous system and are actively involved in cytokine-mediated events in inflammatory disease. An inflammatory response associated with β-amyloid (Aβ) and interleukin (IL)-1β is responsible for the pathology of inflammation disease. To investigate the biological effect of ZGXFT, the author examined cytotoxicity, effect of cytokines (IL-6 and IL-8) secretion and expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) on human astrocytoma cell line U373MG stimulated with IL-1β plus M fragment 25-35 (Aβ [25-35]). ZGXFT by itself had no effect on cell viability on human astrocytoma cells. The secretion of IL-6 and IL-8 was inhibited by pre-treatment with ZGXFT in human astrocytoma cells. In addition, the expression of COX-2 was induced by IL-1β plus AB[25-35] and was partially inhibited by treatment with ZGXFT. The author demonstrates the regulatory effects of inflammatory reactions by ZGXFT in human astrocytes for the first time and suggest the anti-inflammatory effect of ZGXFT may reduce and delay pathologic events of inflammatory disease.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.202-210
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• 2018

Abeliophyllum distichum is a medicinal plant used in regional traditional medicine to relieve pain in inflammatory processes. In this study, anti-inflammatory effects of Abeliophyllum distichum flower (ADF) extract were examined. Furthermore, possible molecular mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory effects were dissected. The anti-inflammatory activity was investigated by inhibition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production in murine macrophage-like cell line Raw264.7 cells. The measurement of the induced pro-inflammatory cytokine levels were carried out by ELISA. The phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK, and MAPK, and the nuclear expression of nuclear factor NF-${\kappa}B$ p65 were investigated by Western blot analysis. The extract of ADF significantly decreased the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In addition, the extract suppressed the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 MAPK, and the nuclear translocation of NF-${\kappa}B$ p65 in activated cells. Our findings provide evidence for the popular use of Abeliophylli distichum in inflammation around Goesan region and also suggest that the flower extract has potential therapeutic benefits against various inflammatory diseases.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.126-132
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• 2016

Purpose: The aims of this study were to analyze the association between inflammatory cytokine and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and to evaluate treatment outcome and changes of plasma inflammatory cytokine levels after oral appliance therapy. Methods: Twenty-seven subjects who visited Department of Oral Medicine in Seoul National University Dental Hospital were performed nocturnal polysomnography and analyzed plasma C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$ levels. Each subject was evaluated with Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). The subjects were classified into 12 OSA patients (apnea-hypopnea index [AHI] >5) and 15 control (AHI ${\leq}5$) groups. The OSA group was treated with mandibular advancement device (MAD) for 3 months and re-evaluated nocturnal polysomnography and plasma inflammatory cytokine levels. Results: Plasma TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-10, and IL-6 levels were significantly higher in OSA patients compared to controls. Total AHI showed significant positive correlations with plasma IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$ levels. Percentage time of $SpO_2$ <90 and lowest $SpO_2$ were significantly correlated with plasma TNF-${\alpha}$ level. ESS showed significant positive correlation with plasma IL-10 level. Total AHI, percentage time of $SpO_2$ <90, lowest $SpO_2$, and mean $SpO_2$ were significantly improved after the MAD therapy. Plasma TNF-${\alpha}$ level was significantly decreased after MAD therapy. Conclusions: We suggest that MAD therapy is an effective treatment modality for patients with OSA and can decrease plasma cytokine level.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.121-129
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• 2006

BACKGROUND : Socheongryong-Tang(小靑龍湯, SCRT), a herbal medicine, has been widely used for the control of respiratory disease in Eastern countries. Recent years SCRT was known as anti-allergic agent. However, its therapeutic mechanisms, especially an inhibitory effect on inflammatory cell infiltration and airway remodeling in allergic asthma are unclear. METHODS : We investigated the effects of SCRT on levels of IL-4, and IFN-g using flow cytometric analysis and infiltration of inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF) using cytospin methods in allergen-induced asthma. RESULTS : SCRT decreased levels of IL-4, a Th2-driven cytokine. But INF-g, a Th1-driven cytokine, was not changed. With SCRT treatment, infiltration of inflammatory cells showed reduced tendency. CONCLUSION : In conclusion, we demonstrated that regulation of Th1/Th2 imbalance may be one of mechanism contributed to reduction of inflammatory cell infiltration.