• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.411-417
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• 2017

본 연구는 "축산물의 가공기준 및 성분규격"에 기준규격은 설정되어 있지 않으나, 국제 기준과의 조화를 위해 콜린의 분석법을 마련하고자 수행하였다. 조제유류에 함유된 콜린 함량 분석을 위해 IC를 이용한 분석법을 확립하고 시중에 유통 중인 제품을 대상으로 적용성을 검토하였다. 콜린 표준품을 이용하여 IC를 이용한 기기분석조건을 확립하고 시료중의 콜린을 추출하여 분석하였다. 분석법 검증은 특이성, 직선성, 검출한계 및 정량한계, 정확성, 정밀성에 대해 수행되었다. 0.5~10 mg/L의 농도범위에서 $R^2=0.999$ 이상의 우수한 직선성을 확인할 수 있었으며, LOD와 LOQ는 각각 0.14, 0.43 mg/L였다. CRM (NIST SRM 1849a) 및 표준물질 첨가법을 이용하여 정확성을 검토하였으며, CRM에서 95%, 조제분유에서 90~91%, 조제우유에서 81~98%의 회수율을 확인할 수 있었다. 정밀성을 검토한 결과 시료 채취량에 따른 반복성은 RSD값이 조제분유 0.4~2.0%, 조제우유 0.5~1.5%, 영아용조제식 0.6~1.0%, 성장기용조제식 0.8~2.7%,로 확인하였으며, 실험일자에 따른 재현성은 조제분유 3.1%, 조제우유 2.5%, 영아용조제식 4.8%, 성장기용조제식 2.7%로 확인하였다. 본 연구에서 확립된 분석법을 적용하여 조제분유 11건, 조제우유 2건, 성장기용조제분유 9건, 영아용조제식 2건, 성장기용조제식 8건 등 국내 유통 중인 조제유류 및 영아용 성장기용조제식 등 32건에 대해 적용성 검토를 실시한 결과 전체 시료에서 분석이 용이하였으며, 모두 표시기준에 적합함을 확인하였다.

• 한국간호교육학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.38-53
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• 2001

The main purpose of this study was to present the basic materials that help the nursing of the infants and consultation of childcare by examinating the knowledge and practice of the mothers about the weaning diet. The data for this study was collected from 205 mothers with infants(6-36 months) who visited two hospitals or one university hospital in Seoul, who were living in one apartment Suwon area between July. 7. and September 10, 2000. The 57 questionnaires were used for collecting the data and SAS program was used to analyse the data. The results are as follows. 1. The items of low score in the result of the knowledge data were as follows. [Initial weaning time, the important nutritional problem in infant, considering factor during feeding, the relation of proper weaning food & age, the time of used by cup, to apply of proper spicies in weaning food, the time of completing weaning, the time of stopping weaning at abnormal sign, and the inappopriate reason of dry mixed powdered food (Sunsik) as a weaning food.] 2. Higher educated mothers presented more high score than lower educated mothers in the knowledge about the weaning. (p<0.05) 3. Before the weaning, more mothers were using the commercial milk (51.2%) than the breast milk (13.2%). 4. Mothers get the knowledge about the weaning from the infants care book of cook books(26.4%). 68% of mothers had not received any consulting service with regard to the weaning, 10.2% of them consulted Pediatrician about the weaning and 0.5% of them with nurse. 5. Most mothers began supplymentary food, from four to six months (65.4%). the ratio was about the same as the ratio of mothers who knEw the appropriate time for the introduction of supplymentary food(83.2%) 6. The main solid food was commercial food, not home-prepared food. 7. Higher educated mothers used home-prepared weaning food more often than lower educated mothers(P<0.05). 8. The used rate by spoon was 57.4%, but the rate of mother's knowledge data was 95.0%. 9. The time of completing the weaning was in 12-18 months(53.8%). It is similar to the mother's knowledge data(52.7%) Conclusion ; According to knowledge data, it turns out that most mothers know moderatly about the weaning (everage 60/100). However their knowledge and practice on the methods & procedures on the weaning were inadquate. Especially, most mothers did not consult with those qualification about the weaning. Therefore, the role of the nurse as a provider of information on the weaning should be emphasized with varied educational programs in many health care center.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.309-321
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• 1992

A study was designed to assess the current status of infant feeding and weaning practice through an retrospective survey on feeding method, a period of weaning and various kinds of weaning food. Analysing a few influential environmental factors while assessing the level of knowledge today's mothers have on infant nutrition. The results are as follows: 1. As random samples for this study, a total of 516 mothers having infants under the age of 3 were surveyed. Among them, 235 were from Seoul and 281 were from Kyongi province (Yongin, Suwon, Bupyong, Poil, Kihung, Ansan(Chungbuk)). 2. Among the infants who fell under the category of normality (Kaup index $15{\sim}18$), the infants from Seoul area amounted to 60.7%, surpassing the percentage of the infants from Kyongi province, 41.9%. The percentage of the infants belong to a group of under nutrition (Kaup index <13) was relatively higher than that of the infants in a group of overnutrition (Kaup index >20). 3. 16.1% of mother surveyed were breast-fed, 54.6% were formula-fed and 29.3% were mixed-fed. The result indicated that the percentage of breast-fed infants of high-educated, working mothers were relatively lower than those of low-educated housewives. 4. Most of the respondents knew the significance or the necessity of supplementary food in terms of weaning. 5. 98.8% of those surveyed responded that the mother's adequate knowledge on weaning was necessary. 70.1% of them replied that they wanted to get various and in-depth information in printed materials such as books or other kinds of publications. They, also showed deep interest in recipe of weaning food. 6. The average period when those surveyed began weaning of their infants was $4.3{\pm}1.8$ months. The tendency of earlier weaning in 3 months was founded among 41.1% of them. About half of the respondents, 52.3%, started weaning of their infants in $4{\sim}6$ months. In overall, 93.4% of them set on weaning in less than 6 months after babies were born. The survey, in addition, revealed an interesting fact that earlier weaning of infants was shown in the group of high-educated mothers. 7. According to the study, finishing period of weaning was $13.3{\pm}5.4$ months on average. Only 38.9% of the respondents ended weaning of their infants in 12 months, the proper period recommended by renowned experts. In general, the infants on formula-feeding finished their weaning later than those on breast-feeding (p<0.05).

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.130-136
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the interactions between maternal folate deficiency and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) polymorphism increase the risk of elevated maternal serum homocysteine, short gestation and reduced infant birthweight. Healthy pregnant (n = 170; 24-28 gestational weeks; 20-40 years old) women were analyzed for the MTHFR genotype and serum levels of folate and homocysteine, and were then followed for gestational age and infant birthweight. The mean infant birthweight was highest in mothers carrying MTHFR CC and with a normal folate range, and they were followed by mothers carrying MTHFR CT or TT and a normal range of folate or a folate deficiency. Birthweight was the lowest in mothers whose carrying MTHFR CC with folate deficiency. Using two way ANOVA, we found that folate level and the MTHFR polymorphism interacted to affect birth-weight of infants (p=0.05). Among those mothers carrying MTHFR CC, those with folate deficiency showed a 543 g reduction in infant birthweight compared with those with normal folate levels. However, infant birthweight was no different for mothers, those who with folate deficiency compared to those with normal range of folate among mothers carrying the MTHFR CT or TT genotypes. This study suggests an interaction between maternal serum folate and the MTHFR polymorphisms of the mother on the risk of delivering reduced birthweight offspring. Folate supplementation of folate deficient pregnant women with the MTHFR wild type is suggested to reduce the risk of low birthweight.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.371-375
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• 2007

한국인 모유에는 cis-9, trans-11 CLA 이성체만 동정되었고, 그 함량은 $4.32{\sim}10.12\;mg/100\;mL$(평균 $6.27{\pm}0.28\;mg/100\;mL$)이었고, 지방함량 중에는 $1.35{\sim}3.13\;mg/g$(평균 $1.96{\pm}0.06\;mg/g$)으로 개인에 따라 큰 차이가 있었다. 한국인 모유에 함유된 CLA의 함량은 외국의 CLA 함량에 비해 낮았고, 그 이유는 식사의 차이 때문인 것으로 추정되었다. 국내에서 제조된 조제분유에서도 cis-9, trans-11 CLA만 동정되었는데, 그 함량은 $2.35{\sim}22.82\;mg/100\;g$으로 평균치는 $17.45{\pm}1.24\;mg/100\;g$이었고, 지방에 함유된 cis-9, trans-11 CLA 함량은 $0.45\;mg/g{\sim}0.85\;mg/g$으로 그 평균치는 $0.65{\pm}0.02\;mg/g$이었다. 영유아가 조제분유 제조사의 지시된 13% 조제분유를 섭취할 경우 cis-9, trans-11 CLA를 2.27 mg 섭취하는 것으로 모유 100 mL에 함유되어 있는 양에 비해 낮다. 따라서 조제분유를 조제할 때 모유와 동일한 cis-9, trans-11 CLA를 섭취할 수 있도록 조제분유를 제조하는 것이 바람직하다.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.41-64
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• 1987

The main objectives of the present study were to understand the knowledge and practice of breastfeeding mothers about the feeding and supplementary food and to analyze the factors related to it. The data for the present study collected from July 9 to July 31, 1984 for 302 mothers in Seoul. 1. The Knowledge of Breastfeeding Mothers about the Fee4ing and Supplementary Food (1) In the knowledge of mothers on the appropriate feeding pattern before 6 month, 69.3% of total women believed that breast-fed babies are healthier. There was a singificant difference in the type of feeding in order to education level, socio-economic state, and. mass-media exposure. (2) In the knowledge of mothers on an appropriate duration of lactation, the mean duration of breastfeeding is 8. 1 month. The duration of breastfeeding gradually decreases in order of education level, socio-economic state, mass-media exposure, and employment status. (3) In the knowledge of mothers on an appropriate time of introduction of supplementary food, the mean time of introduction of supplementary food is 4. 7 month. It is gradually decrease in order of education level, socioeconomic state, mass-media exposure, and employment state. 2. The Practice of Breastfeeding Mothers about the Feeding and Supplementary Food (1) The practice of mothers on infant-feeding before 6 month and that education level, socio-economic state and mass media exposure are the higher, the rate of breast feeding is the less. (2) The mean duration of breastfeeding is 9 month. It is 1 month longer the knowledge of mothers on an appropriate feeding pattern before 6 month. (3) The time of introduction of supplementary food is average 4.75 month. It is similar to the knowledge of mothers on an appropriate time about introduction of supplementary food. The result of this study indicate that the knowledge and practice of breast feeding is maintained comparatively high in low educated group, whereas it is noticeably decreasing among the high educated group. High educated group believed that the short duration of breastfeeding better than long, and they practiced breastfeeding so short period. And high educated group also thought early introduction of supplementary food is good for the babies health. Consequently, in this study, for the most part, elite group is found to have rather wrong opinions and practice about infant nutrition. Therefore the accurate information of infant nutrition is must be encouraged to mothers.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.79-86
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• 2017

Aflatoxin $M_1$ ($AFM_1$) after its bioconversion from aflatoxin $B_1$ in animal liver becomes the part of milk while heavy metals get entry into milk and milk products during handling in the supply chain. Aflatoxin $M_1$ and heavy metals being toxic compounds are needed to be monitored continuously to avoid any ailments among consumers of foods contaminated with such toxicants. Thirteen commercially available infant formula milk (IFM) brands available in Pakistani markets were analyzed for the quantitative determination of $AFM_1$ and heavy metals through ELISA and atomic absorption spectrophotometer, respectively. $AFM_1$ was found positive in 53.84% samples while 30.76% samples were found exceeding the maximum EU limit i.e. $0.025 {\mu}g/kg$ for $AFM_1$ in IFM. Heavy metals lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) were found below the detection limits in any of the sample, whereas the concentrations of iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and nickel (Ni) ranged between 45.40-97.10, 29.72-113.50 and <$0.001-50.90 {\mu}g/kg$, respectively. The concentration of Fe in all the tested brands was found in normal ranges while the concentrations of Zn and Ni were found exceeding the standard norms. Elevated levels of $AFM_1$, Zn and Ni in some of the tested IFM brands indicated that a diet completely based on these IFM brands might pose sever health implications in the most vulnerable community i.e., infants.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.635-640
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• 2016

Lactobacillus acidophilus n.v. Er2 317/402 strain Narine is known as a health beneficial functional probiotic culture and supplementary source of nutrition for newborns. In this study, in vitro antimicrobial activities of Narine-lyophilized (Narine-L), Narine-heat treated (Narine-HT), and Narine crude cell-free extract (Narine-CCFE) were evaluated against pathogen Cronobacter sakazakii (C. sakazakii) in agar as well as in a reconstituted powdered infant formula (RPIF) model. Inhibition zones of 30 mg Narine-L and Narine-HT were both 150 U, whereas inhibition zone of 30 mg Narine-CCFE was 200 U. Narine-L (1 g) and Narine-HT (1 g) were added to 10 mL of artificially contaminated RPIF, respectively, containing 100 μL of C. sakazakii (1.62×10⁸ colony forming unit (CFU)/mL). After treatment with Narine-L and Narine-HT for 3 h and 6 h at 37℃, less than ≤107 CFU/mL of C. sakazakii was detected in RPIF. Without Narine-L and Narine-HT treatment, the population of C. sakazakii increased up to 5.36×10⁹ CFU/mL after 6 h. Examination by transmission electron microscopy confirmed C. sakazakii cells were damaged by Narine-CCFE. Thus, employing Narine culture as a natural and safe bio-preservative may protect infants from C. sakazakii.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.189-195
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• 2004

본 연구에서는 조제분유 중에 영양강화를 위해 첨가하는 비타민 A와 E의 함량측정을 위해 각기 다른 실험방법을 사용하지 않고 2가지 비타민을 동시에 분석하는 신속분석법을 위와 같이 수행하였다. 비타민 A와 E를 유기용매로 동시에 신속하게 추출하고 역상컬럼과 PDA-HPLC를 이용하여 각각의 성분으로 모두 분리한 후 동시에 검출하는 방법을 사용하였다. 국제표준인증물질 및 조제분유를 시료로 사용하여 본 연구의 실험방법에 의해 측정된 값을 식품공전방법 및 AOAC방법에 의한 측정값과 비교한 결과 유사한 측정결과를 얻을 수 있었다. 또한 본 연구의 실험방법에 의하여 수행한 국제인증표준물질중의 비타민 A와 E의 함량측정 결과는 인증된 표준값내의 결과를 보여주었다. 따라서, 비타민 A또는 E를 강화한 분유, 이유식 등의 분말 유제품 중에서 비타민 A와 E의 함량을 측정 하고자 할 때 한정된 장비와 인력으로 각각의 2가지 실험방법을 수행하기가 어렵거나 시간단축이 필요한 경우, 본 연구에서 수행한 실험방법과 같이 시료 전처리를 간단하고 신속하게 수행할 뿐만 아니라 역상컬럼과 PDA-HPLC에 의해 비타민 A와 E를 동시에 분석함으로써 보다 효율적인 분석을 진행 할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.894-898
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• 2004

본 연구에서는 방사선 조사 기술을 이용하여 에너지 밀도가 증대되고 미생물학적으로 안전한 이유식의 공급을 위해 쌀미음의 적절한 방사선 조사 시기 및 선량을 결정하였다. 쌀과 쌀미음에 각각 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 20 kGy로 감마선 조사한 후 물성특성과 총균수를 측정하였다. 쌀과 쌀미음에 2.5 kGy선량으로 감마선 조사하는 경우 점성이 각각 22%, 98%로 감소하였다. 저장 2주째 비조사구의 총균수는 6 log CFU/g이었으나, 2.5 kGy 조사구의 경우 3 log CFU/g 수준을 유지하였으며 7.5 kGy 조사구의 경우 저장기간 동안 어떠한 미생물도 검출되지 않았다. 따라서 총고형분 함량을 증대시키기 위해서는 점성저하와 미생물학적인 측면을 고려하여 쌀미음 상태에서 감마선 조사하는 것이 적절할 것으로 사료되며, 이유식의 에너지밀도를 증대시키기 위한 기술의 일환으로 감마선 조사 기술의 이용가능성을 시사하는 바이다.